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Title: Beowulf
Author: James A. Harrison and Robert Sharp, eds.
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** Preface to the Project Gutenberg Edition of Beowulf **
This text is a revised and corrected version of the fourth edition of
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some of the markings of vowel length do not reflect current scholarly
consensus.) In a few instances, quotations in the glossary use the correct
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Where an uncorrected problem may confuse the reader, I have inserted a note
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Explanation of the Vowel Accenting
In general, Harrison and Sharp use circumflex accents over vowels to mark
long vowels. For ash, however, the actual character 'æ' represents the long
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ēa, etc.) are indicated with an acute accent over the second vowel (eó, eá,
etc.).
Vowel Equivalents in Different Versions:
Orig. Revised Orig. Revised
ä æ Ô Ō
Ä Æ û ū
æ ǣ Û Ū
Æ Ǣ ý ȳ
â Ä Ã YÌ„
 Ā eá ēa
ê ē Eá Ēa
Ê Ē eó ēo
î ī Eó Ēo
Î Ī ié īe
ô Šió īo
** End of PG Preface **
I. BÄ’OWULF:
AN ANGLO-SAXON POEM.
II. THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURH:
A FRAGMENT.
WITH TEXT AND GLOSSARY ON THE
BASIS OF M. HEYNE.
EDITED, CORRECTED, AND ENLARGED, BY
JAMES A. HARRISON, LL.D., LITT. D.,
PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH AND MODERN LANGUAGES,
WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY,
AND
ROBERT SHARP (PH.D. LIPS.),
PROFESSOR OF GREEK AND ENGLISH,
TULANE UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA.
FOURTH EDITION. REVISED, WITH NOTES.
GINN & COMPANY
BOSTON-NEW YORK-CHICAGO-LONDON
Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1883, by
JAMES ALBERT HARRISON AND ROBERT SHARP
in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
DEDICATED
TO
PROFESSOR F. A. MARCH,
OF LAFAYETTE COLLEGE, PA.,
AND
FREDERICK J. FURNIVALL, ESQ.
FOUNDER OF THE "NEW SHAKSPERE SOCIETY,"
THE "CHAUCER SOCIETY," ETC., ETC.
PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION.
The favor with which the successive editions of "BÄ“owulf" have been
received during the past thirteen years emboldens the editors to continue
the work of revision in a fourth issue, the most noticeable feature of
which is a considerable body of explanatory Notes, now for the first time
added. These Notes mainly concern themselves with new textual readings,
with here and there grammatical, geographical, and archæological points
that seemed worthy of explanation. Parallelisms and parallel passages are
constantly compared, with the view of making the poem illustrate and
explain itself. A few emendations and textual changes are suggested by the
editors with all possible diffidence; numerous corrections have been made
in the Glossary and List of Names; and the valuable parts of former
Appendices have been embodied in the Notes.
For the Notes, the editors are much indebted to the various German
periodicals mentioned on page 116, to the recent publications of Professors
Earle and J. L. Hall, to Mr. S. A. Brooke, and to the Heyne-Socin edition
of "BÄ“owulf." No change has been made in the system of accentuation, though
a few errors in quantity have been corrected. The editors are looking
forward to an eventual fifth edition, in which an entirely new text will be
presented.
October, 1893.
NOTE TO THE THIRD EDITION.
This third edition of the American issue of BÄ“owulf will, the editors hope,
be found more accurate and useful than either of the preceding editions.
Further corrections in text and glossary have been made, and some
additional new readings and suggestions will be found in two brief
appendices at the back of the book. Students of the metrical system of
BÄ“owulf will find ample material for their studies in Sievers' exhaustive
essay on that subject (Beiträge, X. 209-314).
Socin's edition of Heyne's BÄ“owulf (called the fifth edition) has been
utilized to some extent in this edition, though it unfortunately came too
late to be freely used. While it repeats many of the omissions and
inaccuracies of Heyne's fourth edition, it contains much that is valuable
to the student, particularly in the notes and commentary. Students of the
poem, which has been subjected to much searching criticism during the last
decade, will also derive especial help from the contributions of Sievers
and Kluge on difficult questions appertaining to it. Wülker's new edition
(in the Grein Bibliothek) is of the highest value, however one may dissent
from particular textual views laid down in the 'Berichtigter Text.' Paul
and Braune's Beiträge contain a varied miscellany of hints, corrections,
and suggestions principally embodying the views of Kluge, Cosijn, Sievers,
and Bugge, some of the more important of which are found in the appendices
to the present and the preceding edition. Holder and Zupitza, Sarrazin and
Hermann Möller (Kiel, 1883), Heinzel (Anzeiger f.d. Alterthum, X.), Gering
(Zacher's Zeitschrift, XII.), Brenner (Eng. Studien, IX.), and the
contributors to Anglia, have assisted materially in the textual and
metrical interpretation of the poem.
The subject of Anglo-Saxon quantity has been discussed in several able
essays by Sievers, Sweet, Ten Brink (Anzeiger, f.d. Alterthum, V.), Kluge
(Beiträge, XI.), and others; but so much is uncertain in this field that
the editors have left undisturbed the marking of vowels found in the text
of their original edition, while indicating in the appendices the now
accepted views of scholars on the quantity of the personal pronouns (mē,
wē, þū, þē, gē, hē); the adverb nū, etc. Perhaps it would be best to banish
absolutely all attempts at marking quantities except in cases where the Ms.
has them marked.
An approximately complete Bibliography of BÄ“owulf literature will be found
in Wülker's Grundriss and in Garnett's translation of the poem.
JAMES A. HARRISON,
ROBERT SHARP.
WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, LEXINGTON, VA., May, 1888.
NOTE TO THE SECOND REVISED EDITION.
The editors feel so encouraged at the kind reception accorded their edition
of BÄ“owulf (1883), that, in spite of its many shortcomings, they have
determined to prepare a second revised edition of the book, and thus
endeavor to extend its sphere of usefulness. About twenty errors had,
notwithstanding a vigilant proof-reading, crept into the text,-errors in
single letters, accents, and punctuation. These have been corrected, and it
is hoped that the text has been rendered generally accurate and
trustworthy. In the List of Names one or two corrections have been made,
and in the Glossary numerous mistakes in gender, classification, and
translation, apparently unavoidable in a first edition, have been
rectified. Wherever these mistakes concern single letters, or occupy very
small space, they have been corrected in the plates; where they are longer,
and the expense of correcting them in the plates would have been very
great, the editors have thought it best to include them in an Appendix of
Corrections and Additions, which will be found at the back of the book.
Students are accordingly referred to this Appendix for important longer
corrections and additions. It is believed that the value of the book has
been much enhanced by an Appendix of Recent Readings, based on late
criticisms and essays from the pens of Sievers, Kluge, Cosijn, Holder,
Wülker, and Sweet. A perplexed student, in turning to these suggested
readings, will often find great help in unravelling obscure or corrupt
passages.
The objectionable ä and æ, for the short and the long diphthong, have been
retained in the revised edition, owing to the impossibility of removing
them without entirely recasting the plates.
In conclusion, the editors would acknowledge their great indebtedness to
the friends and critics whose remarks and criticisms have materially aided
in the correction of the text,-particularly to Profs. C.P.G. Scott,
Baskervill, Price, and J.M. Hart; to Prof. J.W. Bright; and to the
authorities of Cornell University, for the loan of periodicals necessary to
the completeness of the revision. While the second revised edition still
contains much that might be improved, the editors cannot but hope that it
is an advance on its predecessor, and that it will continue its work of
extending the study of Old English throughout the land.
JUNE, 1885.
NOTE I.
The present work, carefully edited from Heyne's fourth edition, (Paderborn,
1879), is designed primarily for college classes in Anglo-Saxon, rather
than for independent investigators or for seekers after a restored or ideal
text. The need of an American edition of "BÄ“owulf" has long been felt, as,
hitherto, students have had either to send to Germany for a text, or
secure, with great trouble, one of the scarce and expensive English
editions. Heyne's first edition came out in 1863, and was followed in 1867
and 1873 by a second and a third edition, all three having essentially the
same text.
So many important contributions to the "BÄ“owulf" literature were, however,
made between 1873 and 1879 that Heyne found it necessary to put forth a new
edition (1879). In this new, last edition, the text was subjected to a
careful revision, and was fortified by the views, contributions, and
criticisms of other zealous scholars. In it the collation of the unique
"BÄ“owulf" Ms. (Vitellius A. 15: Cottonian Mss. of the British Museum), as
made by E. Kölbing in Herrig's Archiv (Bd. 56; 1876), was followed wherever
the present condition of the Ms. had to be discussed; and the researches of
Bugge, Bieger, and others, on single passages, were made use of. The
discussion of the metrical structure of the poem, as occurring in the
second and third editions, was omitted in the fourth, owing to the many
controversies in which the subject is still involved. The present editor
has thought it best to do the same, though, happily, the subject of Old
English Metrik is undergoing a steady illumination through the labors of
Schipper and others.
Some errors and misplaced accents in Heyne's text have been corrected in
the present edition, in which, as in the general revision of the text, the
editor has been most kindly aided by Prof. J.M. Garnett, late Principal of
St. John's College, Maryland.
In the preparation of the present school edition it has been thought best
to omit Heyne's notes, as they concern themselves principally with
conjectural emendations, substitutions of one reading for another, and
discussions of the condition of the Ms. Until Wülker's text and the
photographic fac-simile of the original Ms. are in the hands of all
scholars, it will be better not to introduce such matters in the school
room, where they would puzzle without instructing.
For convenience of reference, the editor has added a head-line to each
"fit" of the poem, with a view to facilitate a knowledge of its episodes.
WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, LEXINGTON, VA., June, 1882.
NOTE II.
The editors now have the pleasure of presenting to the public a complete
text and a tolerably complete glossary of "BÄ“owulf." The edition is the
first published in America, and the first of its special kind presented to
the English public, and it is the initial volume of a "Library of
Anglo-Saxon Poetry," to be edited under the same auspices and with the
coöperation of distinguished scholars in this country. Among these scholars
may be mentioned Professors F.A. March of Lafayette College, T.K. Price of
Columbia College, and W.M. Baskervill of Vanderbilt University.
In the preparation of the Glossary the editors found it necessary to
abandon a literal and exact translation of Heyne for several reasons, and
among others from the fact that Heyne seems to be wrong in the translation
of some of his illustrative quotations, and even translates the same
passage in two or three different ways under different headings. The
orthography of his glossary differs considerably from the orthography of
his text. He fails to discriminate with due nicety the meanings of many of
the words in his vocabulary, while criticism more recent than his latest
edition (1879) has illustrated or overthrown several of his renderings. The
references were found to be incorrect in innumerable instances, and had to
be verified in every individual case so far as this was possible, a few
only, which resisted all efforts at verification, having to be indicated by
an interrogation point (?). The references are exceedingly numerous, and
the labor of verifying them was naturally great. To many passages in the
Glossary, where Heyne's translation could not be trusted with entire
certainty, the editors have added other translations of phrases and
sentences or of special words; and in this they have been aided by a
careful study of the text and a comparison and utilization of the views of
Kemble and Professor J.M. Garnett (who takes Grein for his foundation).
Many new references have been added; and the various passages in which
Heyne fails to indicate whether a given verb is weak or strong, or fails to
point out the number, etc., of the illustrative form, have been corrected
and made to harmonize with the general plan of the work. Numerous misprints
in the glossary have also been corrected, and a brief glossary to the
Finnsburh-fragment, prepared by Dr. Wm. Hand Browne, and supplemented and
adapted by the editor-in-chief, has been added.
The editors think that they may without immodesty put forth for themselves
something more than the claim of being re-translators of a translation: the
present edition is, so far as they were able to make it so, an adaptation,
correction, and extension of the work of the great German scholar to whose
loving appreciation of the Anglo-Saxon epic all students of Old English owe
a debt of gratitude. While following his usually sure and cautious
guidance, and in the main appropriating his results, they have thought it
best to deviate from him in the manner above indicated, whenever it seemed
that he was wrong. The careful reader will notice at once the marks of
interrogation which point out these deviations, or which introduce a point
of view illustrative of, or supplementary to, the one given by the German
editor. No doubt the editors are wrong themselves in many places,-"BÄ“owulf"
is a most difficult poem,-but their view may at least be defended by a
reference to the original text, which they have faithfully and constantly
consulted.
A good many cognate Modern English words have been introduced here and
there in the Glossary with a view to illustration, and other addenda will
be found between brackets and parenthetical marks.
It is hoped that the present edition of the most famous of Old English
poems will do something to promote a valuable and interesting study.
JAMES A. HARRISON, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va.
ROBERT SHARP, University of Louisiana, New Orleans.
April, 1883.
The responsibility of the editors is as follows: H. is responsible for the
Text, and for the Glossary from hrīnan on; S. for the List of Names, and
for the Glossary as far as hrīnan.
ARGUMENT.
The only national [Anglo-Saxon] epic which has been preserved entire is
BÄ“owulf. Its argument is briefly as follows:-The poem opens with a few
verses in praise of the Danish Kings, especially Scild, the son of Sceaf.
His death is related, and his descendants briefly traced down to Hroðgar.
Hroðgar, elated with his prosperity and success in war, builds a
magnificent hall, which he calls Heorot. In this hall Hroðgar and his
retainers live in joy and festivity, until a malignant fiend, called
Grendel, jealous of their happiness, carries off by night thirty of
Hroðgar's men, and devours them in his moorland retreat. These ravages go
on for twelve years. BÄ“owulf, a thane of Hygelac, King of the Goths,
hearing of Hroðgar's calamities, sails from Sweden with fourteen
warriors-to help him. They reach the Danish coast in safety; and, after an
animated parley with Hroðgar's coastguard, who at first takes them for
pirates, they are allowed to proceed to the royal hall, where they are well
received by Hroðgar. A banquet ensues, during which Bēowulf is taunted by
the envious Hunferhð about his swimming-match with Breca, King of the
Brondings. BÄ“owulf gives the true account of the contest, and silences
Hunferhð. At night-fall the King departs, leaving Bēowulf in charge of the
hall. Grendel soon breaks in, seizes and devours one of BÄ“owulf's
companions; is attacked by BÄ“owulf, and, after losing an arm, which is torn
off by Bēowulf, escapes to the fens. The joy of Hroðgar and the Danes, and
their festivities, are described, various episodes are introduced, and
BÄ“owulf and his companions receive splendid gifts. The next night Grendel's
mother revenges her son by carrying off AEschere, the friend and councillor
of Hroðgar, during the absence of Bēowulf. Hroðgar appeals to Bēowulf for
vengeance, and describes the haunts of Grendel and his mother. They all
proceed thither; the scenery of the lake, and the monsters that dwell in
it, are described. BÄ“owulf plunges into the water, and attacks Grendel's
mother in her dwelling at the bottom of the lake. He at length overcomes
her, and cuts off her head, together with that of Grendel, and brings the
heads to Hroðgar. He then takes leave of Hroðgar, sails back to Sweden, and
relates his adventures to Hygelac. Here the first half of the poem ends.
The second begins with the accession of BÄ“owulf to the throne, after the
fall of Hygelac and his son Heardred. He rules prosperously for fifty
years, till a dragon, brooding over a hidden treasure, begins to ravage the
country, and destroys BÄ“owulf's palace with fire. BÄ“owulf sets out in quest
of its hiding-place, with twelve men. Having a presentiment of his
approaching end, he pauses and recalls to mind his past life and exploits.
He then takes leave of his followers, one by one, and advances alone to
attack the dragon. Unable, from the heat, to enter the cavern, he shouts
aloud, and the dragon comes forth. The dragon's scaly hide is proof against
BÄ“owulf's sword, and he is reduced to great straits. Then Wiglaf, one of
his followers, advances to help him. Wiglaf's shield is consumed by the
dragon's fiery breath, and he is compelled to seek shelter under BÄ“owulf's
shield of iron. BÄ“owulf's sword snaps asunder, and he is seized by the
dragon. Wiglaf stabs the dragon from underneath, and BÄ“owulf cuts it in two
with his dagger. Feeling that his end is near, he bids Wiglaf bring out the
treasures from the cavern, that he may see them before he dies. Wiglaf
enters the dragon's den, which is described, returns to BÄ“owulf, and
receives his last commands. BÄ“owulf dies, and Wiglaf bitterly reproaches
his companions for their cowardice. The disastrous consequences of
BÄ“owulf's death are then foretold, and the poem ends with his funeral.-H.
Sweet, in Warton's History of English Poetry, Vol. II. (ed. 1871). Cf. also
Ten Brink's History of English Literature.
BÄ’OWULF.
I. THE PASSING OF SCYLD.
Hwæt! wÄ“ GÄr-Dena in geÄr-dagum
þēod-cyninga þrym gefrūnon,
hÅ« Ã¾Ä Ã¦Ã°elingas ellen fremedon.
Oft Scyld Scēfing sceaðena þrēatum,
5 monegum mǣgðum meodo-setla oftēah.
Egsode eorl, syððan ǣrest wearð
fÄ“a-sceaft funden: hÄ“ þæs frÅfre gebÄd,
wÄ“ox under wolcnum, weorð-myndum ðÄh,
oð þæt him Ç£ghwylc þÄra ymb-sittendra
10 ofer hron-rÄde hyÌ„ran scolde,
gomban gyldan: þæt wæs gÅd cyning!
þǣm eafera wæs æfter cenned
geong in geardum, þone god sende
folce tÅ frÅfre; fyren-þearfe ongeat,
15 þæt hīe ǣr drugon aldor-lēase
lange hwīle. Him þæs līf-frēa,
wuldres wealdend, worold-Äre forgeaf;
Bēowulf wæs brēme (blǣd wīde sprang),
Scyldes eafera Scede-landum in.
20 SwÄ sceal geong guma, gÅde gewyrcean,
fromum feoh-giftum on fæder wine,
þæt hine on ylde eft gewunigen
wil-gesīðas, þonne wīg cume,
lēode gelǣsten: lof-dǣdum sceal
25 in mǣgða gehwǣre man geþēon.
Him Ã¾Ä Scyld gewÄt tÅ gescæp-hwÄ«le
fela-hrÅr fÄ“ran on frÄ“an wÇ£re;
hÄ« hyne Ã¾Ä Ã¦tbÇ£ron tÅ brimes faroðe.
swÇ£se gesīðas, swÄ hÄ“ selfa bæd,
30 þenden wordum wēold wine Scyldinga,
lÄ“of land-fruma lange Ähte.
Þǣr æt hȳðe stÅd hringed-stefna,
īsig and ūtfūs, æðelinges fær;
Ä-lÄ“don Ã¾Ä lÄ“ofne þēoden,
35 bēaga bryttan on bearm scipes,
mÇ£rne be mæste. Þǣr wæs mÄdma fela,
of feor-wegum frætwa gelǣded:
ne hȳrde ic cȳmlīcor cēol gegyrwan
hilde-wǣpnum and heaðo-wǣdum,
40 billum and byrnum; him on bearme læg
mÄdma mænigo, Ã¾Ä him mid scoldon
on flÅdes Ç£ht feor gewÄ«tan.
Nalas hÄ« hine lÇ£ssan lÄcum tÄ“odan,
þēod-gestrÄ“onum, þonne Ã¾Ä dydon,
45 þē hine æt frumsceafte forð onsendon
ǣnne ofer ȳðe umbor wesende:
Ã¾Ä gyÌ„t hÄ«e him Äsetton segen gyldenne
hēah ofer hēafod, lēton holm beran,
gÄ“afon on gÄr-secg: him wæs geÅmor sefa,
50 murnende mÅd. Men ne cunnon
secgan tŠsoðe sele-rǣdende,
hæleð under heofenum, hwÄ Ã¾Ç£m hlæste onfÄ“ng.
II. THE HALL HEOROT.
ÃžÄ wæs on burgum BÄ“owulf Scyldinga,
lÄ“of lÄ“od-cyning, longe þrÄge
55 folcum gefrǣge (fæder ellor hwearf,
aldor of earde), oð þæt him eft onwÅc
hēah Healfdene; hēold þenden lifde,
gamol and gūð-rēow, glæde Scyldingas.
Þǣm fēower bearn forð-gerīmed
60 in worold wÅcun, weoroda rÇ£swan,
HeorogÄr and HrÅðgÄr and HÄlga til;
hȳrde ic, þat Elan cwēn Ongenþēowes wæs
Heaðoscilfinges heals-gebedde.
ÃžÄ wæs HrÅðgÄre here-spÄ“d gyfen,
65 wÄ«ges weorð-mynd, þæt him his wine-mÄgas
georne hȳrdon, oð þæt sēo geogoð gewēox,
mago-driht micel. Him on mÅd bearn,
þæt heal-reced hÄtan wolde,
medo-ærn micel men gewyrcean,
70 þone yldo bearn ǣfre gefrūnon,
and þǣr on innan eall gedǣlan
geongum and ealdum, swylc him god sealde,
būton folc-scare and feorum gumena.
ÃžÄ ic wÄ«de gefrægn weorc gebannan
75 manigre mǣgðe geond þisne middan-geard,
folc-stede frætwan. Him on fyrste gelomp
ǣdre mid yldum, þæt hit wearð eal gearo,
heal-ærna mÇ£st; scÅp him Heort naman,
sē þe his wordes geweald wīde hæfde.
80 HÄ“ bÄ“ot ne ÄlÄ“h, bÄ“agas dÇ£lde,
sinc æt symle. Sele hlīfade
hÄ“ah and horn-gÄ“ap: heaðo-wylma bÄd,
lÄðan lÄ«ges; ne wæs hit lenge Ã¾Ä gÄ“n
þæt se ecg-hete Äðum-swerian
85 æfter wæl-nīðe wæcnan scolde.
ÃžÄ se ellen-gÇ£st earfoðlÄ«ce
þrÄge geþolode, sÄ“ þe in þyÌ„strum bÄd,
þæt hÄ“ dÅgora gehwÄm drÄ“am gehyÌ„rde
hlūdne in healle; þǣr wæs hearpan swēg,
90 swutol sang scopes. Sægde sē þe cūðe
frum-sceaft fīra feorran reccan,
cwæð þæt se ælmihtiga eorðan worhte,
wlite-beorhtne wang, swÄ wæter bebÅ«geð,
gesette sige-hrēðig sunnan and mÅnan
95 lēoman tŠlēohte land-būendum,
and gefrætwade foldan scēatas
leomum and lÄ“afum; lÄ«f Ä“ac gesceÅp
cynna gehwylcum, þÄra þe cwice hwyrfað.
SwÄ Ã¾Ä driht-guman drÄ“amum lifdon
100 Ä“adiglÄ«ce, oð þæt Än ongan
fyrene fremman, fēond on helle:
wæs se grimma gæst Grendel hÄten,
mÇ£re mearc-stapa, sÄ“ þe mÅras hÄ“old,
fen and fæsten; fīfel-cynnes eard
105 won-sǣlig wer weardode hwīle,
siððan him scyppend forscrifen hæfde.
In Caines cynne þone cwealm gewræc,
Ä“ce drihten, þæs þe hÄ“ Ä€bel slÅg;
ne gefeah hē þǣre fǣhðe, ac hē hine feor forwræc,
110 metod for þyÌ„ mÄne man-cynne fram.
Þanon untyÌ„dras ealle onwÅcon,
eotenas and ylfe and orcnēas,
swylce gÄ«gantas, Ã¾Ä wið gode wunnon
lange þrÄge; hÄ“ him þæs lÄ“an forgeald.
III. GRENDEL'S VISITS.
115 GewÄt Ã¾Ä nÄ“osian, syððan niht becÅm,
hēan hūses, hū hit Hring-Dene
æfter bēor-þege gebūn hæfdon.
Fand Ã¾Ä Ã¾Ç£r inne æðelinga gedriht
swefan æfter symble; sorge ne cūðon,
120 won-sceaft wera. Wiht unhǣlo
grim and grÇ£dig gearo sÅna wæs,
rēoc and rēðe, and on ræste genam
þrÄ«tig þegna: þanon eft gewÄt
hūðe hrÄ“mig tÅ hÄm faran,
125 mid þǣre wæl-fylle wīca nēosan.
ÃžÄ wæs on Å«htan mid Ç£r-dæge
Grendles gūð-cræft gumum undyrne:
Ã¾Ä wæs æfter wiste wÅp up Ähafen,
micel morgen-swēg. Mǣre þēoden,
130 æðeling Ç£r-gÅd, unblīðe sæt,
þolode þrȳð-swȳð, þegn-sorge drēah,
syððan hÄ«e þæs lÄðan lÄst scÄ“awedon,
wergan gÄstes; wæs þæt gewin tÅ strang,
lÄð and longsum. Næs hit lengra fyrst,
135 ac ymb Äne niht eft gefremede
morð-beala mÄre and nÅ mearn fore
fÇ£hðe and fyrene; wæs tÅ fæst on þÄm.
ÃžÄ wæs Ä“að-fynde, þē him elles hwÇ£r
gerÅ«mlÄ«cor ræste sÅhte,
140 bed æfter bÅ«rum, Ã¾Ä him gebÄ“acnod wæs,
gesægd sÅðlÄ«ce sweotolan tÄcne
heal-þegnes hete; hēold hine syððan
fyr and fæstor, sē þǣm fēonde ætwand.
SwÄ rÄ«xode and wið rihte wan
145 Äna wið eallum, oð þæt Ä«del stÅd
hūsa sēlest. Wæs sēo hwīl micel:
twelf wintra tīd torn geþolode
wine Scyldinga, wēana gehwelcne,
sÄ«dra sorga; forþÄm syððan wearð
150 ylda bearnum undyrne cūð,
gyddum geÅmore, þætte Grendel wan,
hwÄ«le wið HrÅðgÄr;-- hete-nīðas wæg,
fyrene and fǣhðe fela missēra,
singÄle sæce, sibbe ne wolde
155 wið manna hwone mægenes Deniga
feorh-bealo feorran, fēo þingian,
nē þǣr nǣnig witena wēnan þorfte
beorhtre bÅte tÅ banan folmum;
atol ǣglǣca ēhtende wæs,
160 deorc dēað-scūa duguðe and geogoðe
seomade and syrede. Sin-nihte hēold
mistige mÅras; men ne cunnon,
hwyder hel-rūnan hwyrftum scrīðað.
SwÄ fela fyrena fÄ“ond man-cynnes,
165 atol Än-gengea, oft gefremede
heardra hȳnða; Heorot eardode,
sinc-fÄge sel sweartum nihtum
(nÅ hÄ“ þone gif-stÅl grÄ“tan mÅste,
mÄððum for metode, nÄ“ his myne wisse);
170 þæt wæs wrǣc micel wine Scyldinga,
mÅdes brecða. Monig-oft gesæt
rīce tŠrūne; rǣd eahtedon,
hwæt swīð-ferhðum sēlest wǣre
wið fǣr-gryrum tŠgefremmanne.
175 Hwīlum hīe gehēton æt hærg-trafum
wīg-weorðunga, wordum bǣdon,
þæt him gÄst-bona gÄ“oce gefremede
wið þēod-þrēaum. Swylc wæs þēaw hyra,
hǣðenra hyht; helle gemundon
180 in mÅd-sefan, metod hÄ«e ne cūðon,
dǣda dēmend, ne wiston hīe drihten god,
nē hīe hūru heofena helm herian ne cūðon,
wuldres waldend. WÄ bið þǣm þe sceal
þurh slīðne nīð sÄwle bescÅ«fan
185 in fyÌ„res fæðm, frÅfre ne wÄ“nan,
wihte gewendan; wÄ“l bið þǣm þe mÅt
æfter dēað-dæge drihten sēcean
and tŠfæder fæðmum freoðo wilnian.
IV. HYGELAC'S THANE.
SwÄ Ã¾Ä mÇ£l-ceare maga Healfdenes
190 singÄla sÄ“að; ne mihte snotor hæleð
wēan onwendan: wæs þæt gewin tŠswȳð,
lÄð and longsum, þē on Ã¾Ä lÄ“ode becÅm,
nȳd-wracu nīð-grim, niht-bealwa mǣst.
Þæt fram hÄm gefrægn HigelÄces þegn,
195 gÅd mid GÄ“atum, Grendles dÇ£da:
sē wæs mon-cynnes mægenes strengest
on þǣm dæge þysses līfes,
æðele and ēacen. Hēt him ȳð-lidan
gÅdne gegyrwan; cwæð hÄ“ gūð-cyning
200 ofer swan-rÄde sÄ“cean wolde,
mÇ£rne þēoden, Ã¾Ä him wæs manna þearf.
Þone sīð-fæt him snotere ceorlas
lyÌ„t-hwÅn lÅgon, þēah hÄ“ him lÄ“of wÇ£re;
hwetton higerÅfne, hÇ£l scÄ“awedon.
205 Hæfde se gÅda GÄ“ata lÄ“oda
cempan gecorone, þÄra þe hÄ“ cÄ“noste
findan mihte; fīftȳna sum
sund-wudu sÅhte; secg wÄ«sade,
lagu-cræftig mon, land-gemyrcu.
210 Fyrst forð gewÄt: flota wæs on ȳðum,
bÄt under beorge. Beornas gearwe
on stefn stigon; strēamas wundon
sund wið sande; secgas bǣron
on bearm nacan beorhte frætwe,
215 gūð-searo geatolīc; guman ūt scufon,
weras on wil-sīð wudu bundenne.
GewÄt Ã¾Ä ofer wÇ£g-holm winde gefyÌ„sed
flota fÄmig-heals fugle gelÄ«cost,
oð þæt ymb Än-tÄ«d Åðres dÅgores
220 wunden-stefna gewaden hæfde,
þæt Ã¾Ä līðende land gesÄwon,
brim-clifu blīcan, beorgas stēape,
sÄ«de sÇ£-næssas: Ã¾Ä wæs sund liden,
eoletes æt ende. Þanon up hraðe
225 Wedera lēode on wang stigon,
sǣ-wudu sǣldon (syrcan hrysedon,
gūð-gewǣdo); gode þancedon,
þæs þe him ȳð-lÄde Ä“aðe wurdon.
ÃžÄ of wealle geseah weard Scildinga,
230 sē þe holm-clifu healdan scolde,
beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas,
fyrd-searu fūslīcu; hine fyrwyt bræc
mÅd-gehygdum, hwæt Ã¾Ä men wÇ£ron.
GewÄt him Ã¾Ä tÅ waroðe wicge rÄ«dan
235 þegn HrÅðgÄres, þrymmum cwehte
mægen-wudu mundum, meðel-wordum frægn:
"Hwæt syndon gē searo-hæbbendra
"byrnum werede, þē þus brontne cēol
"ofer lagu-strÇ£te lÇ£dan cwÅmon,
240 "hider ofer holmas helmas bǣron?
"Ic wæs ende-sǣta, ǣg-wearde hēold,
"þæt on land Dena lÄðra nÇ£nig
"mid scip-herge sceððan ne meahte.
"NŠhēr cūðlīcor cuman ongunnon
245 "lind-hæbbende; nē gē lēafnes-word
"gūð-fremmendra gearwe ne wisson,
"mÄga gemÄ“du. NÇ£fre ic mÄran geseah
"eorla ofer eorðan, þonne is ēower sum,
"secg on searwum; nis þæt seld-guma
250 "wǣpnum geweorðad, næfne him his wlite lēoge,
"ǣnlīc an-sȳn. Nū ic ēower sceal
"frum-cyn witan, ǣr gē fyr heonan
"lēase scēaweras on land Dena
"furður fēran. Nū gē feor-būend,
255 "mere-līðende, mīnne gehȳrað
"Än-fealdne geþÅht: ofost is sÄ“lest
"tŠgecȳðanne, hwanan ēowre cyme syndon."
V. THE ERRAND.
Him se yldesta andswarode,
werodes wīsa, word-hord onlēac:
260 "Wē synt gum-cynnes Gēata lēode
"and HigelÄces heorð-genÄ“atas.
"Wæs mīn fæder folcum gecȳðed,
"æðele ord-fruma Ecgþēow hÄten;
"gebÄd wintra worn, Ç£r hÄ“ on weg hwurfe,
265 "gamol of geardum; hine gearwe geman
"witena wēl-hwylc wīde geond eorðan.-
"WÄ“ þurh holdne hige hlÄford þinne,
"sunu Healfdenes, sÄ“cean cwÅmon,
"lÄ“od-gebyrgean: wes þū Å«s lÄrena gÅd!
270 "Habbað wē tŠþǣm mǣran micel ǣrende
"Deniga frēan; ne sceal þǣr dyrne sum
"wesan, þæs ic wÄ“ne. Þū wÄst, gif hit is,
"swÄ wÄ“ sÅðlice secgan hyÌ„rdon,
"þæt mid Scyldingum sceaða ic nÄt hwylc,
275 "dēogol dǣd-hata, deorcum nihtum
"ēaweð þurh egsan uncūðne nīð,
"hyÌ„nðu and hrÄ-fyl. Ic þæs HrÅðgÄr mæg
"þurh rūmne sefan rǣd gelǣran,
"hÅ« hÄ“ frÅd and gÅd fÄ“ond oferswȳðeð,
280 "gyf him ed-wendan ǣfre scolde
"bealuwa bisigu, bÅt eft cuman
"and Ã¾Ä cear-wylmas cÅlran wurðað;
"oððe Ä syððan earfoð-þrÄge,
"þrēa-nȳd þolað, þenden þǣr wunað
285 "on hēah-stede hūsa sēlest."
Weard maðelode, þǣr on wicge sæt
ombeht unforht: "Ǣghwæðres sceal
"scearp scyld-wiga gescÄd witan,
"worda and worca, sē þe wēl þenceð.
290 "Ic þæt gehȳre, þæt þis is hold weorod
"frēan Scyldinga. Gewītað forð beran
"wǣpen and gewǣdu, ic ēow wīsige:
"swylce ic magu-þegnas mÄ«ne hÄte
"wið fēonda gehwone flotan ēowerne,
295 "nīw-tyrwedne nacan on sande
"Ärum healdan, oð þæt eft byreð
"ofer lagu-strēamas lēofne mannan
"wudu wunden-hals tÅ Weder-mearce.
"Gūð-fremmendra swylcum gifeðe bið,
300 "þæt þone hilde-rÇ£s hÄl gedÄ«geð."
Gewiton him Ã¾Ä fÄ“ran (flota stille bÄd,
seomode on sÄle sÄ«d-fæðmed scyp,
on ancre fæst); eofor-līc scionon
ofer hlēor-beran gehroden golde
305 fÄh and fyÌ„r-heard, ferh wearde hÄ“old.
GūðmÅde grummon, guman Ånetton,
sigon ætsomne, oð þæt hȳ sæl timbred
geatolÄ«c and gold-fÄh ongytan mihton;
þæt wæs fore-mǣrost fold-būendum
310 receda under roderum, on þǣm se rÄ«ca bÄd;
līxte se lēoma ofer landa fela.
Him Ã¾Ä hilde-dÄ“or hof mÅdigra
torht getǣhte, þæt hīe him tŠmihton
gegnum gangan; gūð-beorna sum
315 wicg gewende, word æfter cwæð:
"Mǣl is mē tŠfēran; fæder alwalda
"mid Är-stafum Ä“owic gehealde
"sīða gesunde! ic tŠsǣ wille,
"wið wrÄð werod wearde healdan."
VI. BÄ’OWULF'S SPEECH.
320 StrÇ£t wæs stÄn-fÄh, stÄ«g wÄ«sode
gumum ætgædere. Gūð-byrne scÄn
heard hond-locen, hring-īren scīr
song in searwum, Ã¾Ä hÄ«e tÅ sele furðum
in hyra gryre-geatwum gangan cwÅmon.
325 Setton sǣ-mēðe sīde scyldas,
rondas regn-hearde wið þæs recedes weal,
bugon Ã¾Ä tÅ bence; byrnan hringdon,
gūð-searo gumena; gÄras stÅdon,
sǣ-manna searo, samod ætgædere,
330 æsc-holt ufan grǣg: wæs se īren-þrēat
wÇ£pnum gewurðad. ÃžÄ Ã¾Ç£r wlonc hæleð
Året-mecgas æfter æðelum frægn:
"Hwanon ferigeað gē fǣtte scyldas,
"grǣge syrcan and grīm-helmas,
335 "here-sceafta hÄ“ap?-- Ic eom HrÅðgÄres
"Är and ombiht. Ne seah ic el-þēodige
"þus manige men mÅdiglÄ«cran.
"Wēn' ic þæt gē for wlenco, nalles for wræc-sīðum,
"ac for hige-þrymmum HrÅðgÄr sÅhton."
340 Him Ã¾Ä ellen-rÅf andswarode,
wlanc Wedera lēod word æfter spræc,
heard under helme: "WÄ“ synt HigelÄces
"bēod-genēatas; Bēowulf is mīn nama.
"Wille ic Äsecgan suna Healfdenes,
345 "mǣrum þēodne mīn ǣrende,
"aldre þīnum, gif hē ūs geunnan wile,
"þæt wÄ“ hine swÄ gÅdne grÄ“tan mÅton."
WulfgÄr maðelode (þæt wæs Wendla lÄ“od,
wæs his mÅd-sefa manegum gecȳðed,
350 wÄ«g and wÄ«s-dÅm): "ic þæs wine Deniga,
"frēan Scildinga frīnan wille,
"bÄ“aga bryttan, swÄ Ã¾Å« bÄ“na eart,
"þēoden mǣrne ymb þīnne sīð ;
"and þē Ã¾Ä andsware Ç£dre gecȳðan,
355 "þē mÄ“ se gÅda Ägifan þenceð."
Hwearf Ã¾Ä hrædlÄ«ce, þǣr HrÅðgÄr sæt,
eald and unhÄr mid his eorla gedriht;
Ä“ode ellen-rÅf, þæt hÄ“ for eaxlum gestÅd
Deniga frēan, cūðe hē duguðe þēaw.
360 WulfgÄr maðelode tÅ his wine-drihtne:
"HÄ“r syndon geferede feorran cumene
"ofer geofenes begang Gēata lēode:
"þone yldestan Året-mecgas
"Bēowulf nemnað. Hȳ bēnan synt,
365 "þæt hÄ«e, þēoden mÄ«n, wið þē mÅton
"wordum wrixlan; nŠþū him wearne getēoh,
"þīnra gegn-cwida glædnian, HrÅðgÄr!
"Hȳ on wīg-geatwum wyrðe þinceað
"eorla geæhtlan; hūru se aldor dēah,
370 "sē þǣm heaðo-rincum hider wīsade."
VII. HROTHGAR'S WELCOME.
HrÅðgÄr maðelode, helm Scyldinga:
"Ic hine cūðe cniht-wesende.
"Wæs his eald-fæder Ecgþēo hÄten,
"þǣm tÅ hÄm forgeaf Hrēðel GÄ“ata
375 "Ängan dÅhtor; is his eafora nÅ«
"heard hÄ“r cumen, sÅhte holdne wine.
"þonne sægdon þæt sǣ-līðende,
"Ã¾Ä Ã¾e gif-sceattas GÄ“ata fyredon
"þyder tŠþance, þæt hē þrīttiges
380 "manna mægen-cræft on his mund-grīpe
"heaðo-rÅf hæbbe. Hine hÄlig god
"for Är-stafum us onsende,
"tŠWest-Denum, þæs ic wēn hæbbe,
"wið Grendles gryre: ic þǣm gÅdan sceal
385 "for his mÅd-þræce mÄdmas bÄ“odan.
"BÄ“o þū on ofeste, hÄt hig in gÄn,
"sēon sibbe-gedriht samod ætgædere;
"gesaga him ēac wordum, þæt hīe sint wil-cuman
"Deniga lÄ“odum." ÃžÄ wið duru healle
390 WulfgÄr Ä“ode, word inne ÄbÄ“ad:
"Ēow hēt secgan sige-drihten mīn,
"aldor Ēast-Dena, þæt hē ēower æðelu can
"and gē him syndon ofer sǣ-wylmas,
"heard-hicgende, hider wil-cuman.
395 "NÅ« gÄ“ mÅton gangan in Ä“owrum guð-geatawum,
"under here-grÄ«man, HrÅðgÄr gesÄ“on;
"lǣtað hilde-bord hēr onbidian,
"wudu wæl-sceaftas, worda geþinges."
Ä€rÄs Ã¾Ä se rÄ«ca, ymb hine rinc manig,
400 þrȳðlīc þegna hēap; sume þǣr bidon,
heaðo-rÄ“af hÄ“oldon, swÄ him se hearda bebÄ“ad.
Snyredon ætsomne, Ã¾Ä secg wÄ«sode
under Heorotes hrÅf; hyge-rÅf Ä“ode,
heard under helme, þæt hÄ“ on heoðe gestÅd.
405 BÄ“owulf maðelode (on him byrne scÄn,
searo-net sēowed smiðes or-þancum):
"Wes þū HrÅðgÄr hÄl! ic eom HigelÄces
"mǣg and mago-þegn; hæbbe ic mǣrða fela
"ongunnen on geogoðe. Mē wearð Grendles þing
410 "on mīnre ēðel-tyrf undyrne cūð:
"secgað sǣ-līðend, þæt þes sele stande,
"reced sēlesta, rinca gehwylcum
"īdel and unnyt, siððan ǣfen-lēoht
"under heofenes hÄdor beholen weorðeð.
415 "ÃžÄ mÄ“ þæt gelÇ£rdon lÄ“ode mÄ«ne,
"Ã¾Ä sÄ“lestan, snotere ceorlas,
"þēoden HrÅðgÄr, þæt ic þē sÅhte;
"forþan hīe mægenes cræft mīnne cūðon:
"selfe ofersÄwon, Ã¾Ä ic of searwum cwÅm,
420 "fÄh from fÄ“ondum, þǣr ic fÄ«fe geband,
"ȳðde eotena cyn, and on ȳðum slÅg
"niceras nihtes, nearo-þearfe drēah,
"wræc Wedera nīð (wÄ“an Ähsodon)
"forgrand gramum; and nū wið Grendel sceal,
425 "wið þÄm ÄglÇ£can, Äna gehegan
"þing wið þyrse. Ic þē nÅ« þÄ,
"brego Beorht-Dena, biddan wille,
"eodor Scyldinga, Änre bÄ“ne;
"þæt þū mē ne forwyrne, wīgendra hlēo,
430 "frÄ“o-wine folca, nÅ« ic þus feorran cÅm,
"þæt ic mÅte Äna and mÄ«nra eorla gedryht,
"þes hearda hēap, Heorot fǣlsian.
"Hæbbe ic Ä“ac geÄhsod, þæt se Ç£glÇ£ca
"for his won-hȳdum wǣpna ne rēceð;
435 "ic þæt þonne forhicge, swÄ mÄ“ HigelÄc sÄ«e,
"mÄ«n mon-drihten, mÅdes blīðe,
"þæt ic sweord bere oððe sīdne scyld
"geolo-rand tÅ gūðe; ac ic mid grÄpe sceal
"fÅn wið fÄ“onde and ymb feorh sacan,
440 "lÄð wið lÄðum; þǣr gelyÌ„fan sceal
"dryhtnes dÅme sÄ“ þe hine dÄ“að nimeð.
"WÄ“n' ic þæt hÄ“ wille, gif hÄ“ wealdan mÅt,
"in þǣm gūð-sele Gēatena lēode
"etan unforhte, swÄ hÄ“ oft dyde
445 "mægen Hrēðmanna. NÄ Ã¾Å« mÄ«nne þearft
"hafalan hȳdan, ac hē mē habban wile
"drÄ“ore fÄhne, gif mec dÄ“að nimeð;
"byreð blÅdig wæl, byrgean þenceð,
"eteð Än-genga unmurnlÄ«ce,
450 "mearcað mÅr-hopu: nŠþū ymb mÄ«nes ne þearft
"līces feorme leng sorgian.
"Onsend HigelÄce, gif mec hild nime,
"beadu-scrūda betst, þæt mīne brēost wereð,
"hrægla sÄ“lest; þæt is Hrēðlan lÄf,
455 "WÄ“landes geweorc. Gǣð Ä Wyrd swÄ hÄ«o scel!"
VIII. HROTHGAR TELLS OF GRENDEL.
HrÅðgÄr maðelode, helm Scyldinga:
"for were-fyhtum þū, wine mīn Bēowulf,
"and for Är-stafum Å«sic sÅhtest.
"GeslÅh þin fæder fÇ£hðe mÇ£ste,
460 "wearð hÄ“ HeaðolÄfe tÅ hand-bonan
"mid Wilfingum; Ã¾Ä hine Wedera cyn
"for here-brÅgan habban ne mihte.
"Þanon hÄ“ gesÅhte Sūð-Dena folc
"ofer ȳða gewealc, Ār-Scyldinga;
465 "Ã¾Ä ic furðum wÄ“old folce Deninga,
"and on geogoðe hēold gimme-rīce
"hord-burh hæleða: Ã¾Ä wæs HeregÄr dÄ“ad,
"mīn yldra mǣg unlifigende,
"bearn Healfdenes. Sē wæs betera þonne ic!
470 "Siððan Ã¾Ä fÇ£hðe fÄ“o þingode;
"sende ic Wylfingum ofer wæteres hrycg
"ealde mÄdmas: hÄ“ mÄ“ Äðas swÅr.
"Sorh is mē tŠsecganne on sefan mīnum
"gumena ǣngum, hwæt mē Grendel hafað
475 "hȳnðo on Heorote mid his hete-þancum,
"fǣr-nīða gefremed. Is mīn flet-werod,
"wīg-hēap gewanod; hīe Wyrd forswēop
"on Grendles gryre. God ēaðe mæg
"þone dol-scaðan dǣda getwǣfan!
480 "Ful oft gebēotedon bēore druncne
"ofer ealo-wÇ£ge Året-mecgas,
"þæt hīe in bēor-sele bīdan woldon
"Grendles gūðe mid gryrum ecga.
"Þonne wæs þēos medo-heal on morgen-tīd,
485 "driht-sele drÄ“or-fÄh, þonne dæg lÄ«xte,
"eal benc-þelu blÅde bestyÌ„med,
"heall heoru-drÄ“ore: Ähte ic holdra þyÌ„ lÇ£s,
"dÄ“orre duguðe, þē Ã¾Ä dÄ“að fornam.
"Site nū tŠsymle and onsǣl meoto,
490 "sige-hrēð secgum, swÄ Ã¾Ä«n sefa hwette!"
ÃžÄ wæs GÄ“at-mæcgum geador ætsomne
on bēor-sele benc gerȳmed;
þǣr swīð-ferhðe sittan ēodon
þrȳðum dealle. Þegn nytte behēold,
495 sē þe on handa bær hroden ealo-wǣge,
scencte scīr wered. Scop hwīlum sang
hÄdor on Heorote; þǣr wæs hæleða drÄ“am,
duguð unlȳtel Dena and Wedera.
IX. HUNFERTH OBJECTS TO BÄ’OWULF.
Unferð maðelode, EcglÄfes bearn,
500 þē æt fÅtum sæt frÄ“an Scyldinga;
onband beadu-rūne (wæs him Bēowulfes sīð,
mÅdges mere-faran, micel æf-þunca,
forþon þe hÄ“ ne ūðe, þæt Ç£nig Åðer man
Ç£fre mÇ£rða þon mÄ middan-geardes
505 gehēdde under heofenum þonne hē sylfa):
"Eart þū sē Bēowulf, sē þe wið Brecan wunne,
"on sīdne sǣ ymb sund flite,
"þǣr git for wlence wada cunnedon
"and for dol-gilpe on dēop wæter
510 "aldrum nēðdon? Nē inc ǣnig mon,
"nÄ“ lÄ“of nÄ“ lÄð, belÄ“an mihte
"sorh-fullne sīð; Ã¾Ä git on sund rÄ“on,
"þǣr git ēagor-strēam earmum þehton,
"mǣton mere-strǣta, mundum brugdon,
515 "glidon ofer gÄr-secg; geofon ȳðum wÄ“ol,
"wintres wylme. Git on wæteres ǣht
"seofon niht swuncon; hÄ“ þē æt sunde oferflÄt,
"hæfde mÄre mægen. ÃžÄ hine on morgen-tÄ«d
"on Heaðo-rǣmas holm up ætbær,
520 "þonon hÄ“ gesÅhte swÇ£sne ēðel
"lēof his lēodum lond Brondinga,
"freoðo-burh fægere, þǣr hÄ“ folc Ähte,
"burg and bēagas. Bēot eal wið þē
"sunu BÄ“anstÄnes sÅðe gelÇ£ste.
525 "Þonne wēne ic tŠþē wyrsan geþinges,
"þēah þū heaðo-rǣsa gehwǣr dohte,
"grimre gūðe, gif þū Grendles dearst
"niht-longne fyrst nēan bīdan!"
Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes:
530 "Hwæt! þū worn fela, wine mīn Unferð,
"bēore druncen ymb Brecan sprǣce,
"sægdest from his sīðe! SÅð ic talige,
"þæt ic mere-strengo mÄran Ähte,
"earfeðo on ȳðum, þonne Ç£nig Åðer man.
535 "Wit þæt gecwǣdon cniht-wesende
"and gebÄ“otedon (wÇ£ron bÄ“gen Ã¾Ä gÄ«t
"on geogoð-feore) þæt wit on gÄr-secg Å«t
"aldrum nēðdon; and þæt geæfndon swÄ.
"Hæfdon swurd nacod, Ã¾Ä wit on sund rÄ“on,
540 "heard on handa, wit unc wið hron-fixas
"werian þÅhton. NÅ hÄ“ wiht fram mÄ“
"flÅd-ȳðum feor flÄ“otan meahte,
"hraðor on holme, nŠic fram him wolde.
"ÃžÄ wit ætsomne on sÇ£ wÇ£ron
545 "fÄ«f nihta fyrst, oð þæt unc flÅd tÅdrÄf,
"wado weallende, wedera cealdost,
"nīpende niht and norðan wind
"heaðo-grim andhwearf; hrēo wǣron ȳða,
"Wæs mere-fixa mÅd onhrÄ“red:
550 "þǣr mÄ“ wið lÄðum lÄ«c-syrce mÄ«n,
"heard hond-locen, helpe gefremede;
"beado-hrægl brÅden on brÄ“ostum læg,
"golde gegyrwed. Mē tŠgrunde tēah
"fÄh fÄ“ond-scaða, fæste hæfde
555 "grim on grÄpe: hwæðre mÄ“ gyfeðe wearð,
"þæt ic ÄglÇ£can orde gerÇ£hte,
"hilde-bille; heaðo-rǣs fornam
"mihtig mere-dēor þurh mīne hand.
X. BÄ’OWULF'S CONTEST WITH BRECA.-THE FEAST.
"SwÄ mec gelÅme lÄð-getÄ“onan
560 "þrēatedon þearle. Ic him þēnode
"dÄ“oran sweorde, swÄ hit gedÄ“fe wæs;
"næs hīe þǣre fylle gefēan hæfdon,
"mÄn-fordÇ£dlan, þæt hÄ«e mÄ“ þēgon,
"symbel ymb-sǣton sǣ-grunde nēah,
565 "ac on mergenne mēcum wunde
"be ȳð-lÄfe uppe lÇ£gon,
"sweordum Äswefede, þæt syððan nÄ
"ymb brontne ford brim-līðende
"lÄde ne letton. LÄ“oht Ä“astan cÅm,
570 "beorht bēacen godes; brimu swaðredon,
"þæt ic sǣ-næssas gesēon mihte,
"windige weallas. Wyrd oft nereð
"unfǣgne eorl, ðonne his ellen dēah!
"Hwæðere mÄ“ gesÇ£lde, þæt ic mid sweorde ofslÅh
575 "niceras nigene. NŠic on niht gefrægn
"under heofones hwealf heardran feohtan,
"nē on ēg-strēamum earmran mannan;
"hwæðere ic fÄra feng fÄ“ore gedÄ«gde,
"siðes wÄ“rig. ÃžÄ mec sÇ£ oðbær,
580 "flÅd æfter faroðe, on Finna land,
"wadu weallendu. NŠic wiht fram þē
"swylcra searo-nīða secgan hȳrde,
"billa brÅgan: Breca nÇ£fre gÄ«t
"æt heaðo-lÄce, nÄ“ gehwæðer incer
585 "swÄ dÄ“orlÄ«ce dÇ£d gefremede
"fÄgum sweordum . . . . . . .
". . . . . . . nŠic þæs gylpe;
"þēah þū þīnum brÅðrum tÅ banan wurde,
"hēafod-mǣgum; þæs þū in helle scealt
590 "werhðo drēogan, þēah þīn wit duge,
"Secge ic þē tÅ sÅðe, sunu EcglÄfes,
"þæt nÇ£fre Grendel swÄ fela gryra gefremede,
"atol ǣglǣca ealdre þīnum,
"hȳnðo on Heorote, gif þīn hige wǣre,
595 "sefa swÄ searo-grim, swÄ Ã¾Å« self talast.
"Ac hÄ“ hafað onfunden, þæt hÄ“ Ã¾Ä fÇ£hðe ne þearf,
"atole ecg-þræce ēower lēode
"swīðe onsittan, Sige-Scyldinga;
"nymeð nyÌ„d-bÄde, nÇ£negum Ärað
600 "lēode Deniga, ac hē on lust wīgeð,
"swefeð ond sendeð, secce ne wēneð
"tÅ GÄr-Denum. Ac him GÄ“ata sceal
"eafoð and ellen ungeÄra nÅ«
"gūðe gebÄ“odan. Gǣð eft sÄ“ þe mÅt
605 "tÅ medo mÅdig, siððan morgen-lÄ“oht
"ofer ylda bearn Åðres dÅgores,
"sunne swegl-wered sūðan scīneð!"
ÃžÄ wæs on sÄlum sinces brytta
gamol-feax and gūð-rÅf, gÄ“oce gelyÌ„fde
610 brego Beorht-Dena; gehȳrde on Bēowulfe
folces hyrde fæst-rÇ£dne geþÅht.
Þǣr wæs hæleða hleahtor; hlyn swynsode,
word wǣron wynsume. Ēode Wealhþēow forð,
cwÄ“n HrÅðgÄres, cynna gemyndig,
615 grētte gold-hroden guman on healle,
and Ã¾Ä frÄ“olÄ«c wÄ«f ful gesealde
ǣrest Ēast-Dena ēðel-wearde,
bæd hine blīðne æt þǣre bēor-þege,
lēodum lēofne; hē on lust geþeah
620 symbel and sele-ful, sige-rÅf kyning.
Ymb-Ä“ode Ã¾Ä ides Helminga
duguðe and geogoðe dǣl ǣghwylcne;
sinc-fato sealde, oð þæt sÇ£l Älamp,
þæt hīo Bēowulfe, bēag-hroden cwēn,
625 mÅde geþungen, medo-ful ætbær;
grētte Gēata lēod, gode þancode
wīs-fæst wordum, þæs þe hire se willa gelamp,
þæt hēo on ǣnigne eorl gelȳfde
fyrena frÅfre. HÄ“ þæt ful geþeah,
630 wæl-rēow wiga æt Wealhþēon,
and Ã¾Ä gyddode gūðe gefyÌ„sed,
Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes:
"Ic þæt hogode, Ã¾Ä ic on holm gestÄh,
"sÇ£-bÄt gesæt mid mÄ«nra secga gedriht,
635 "þæt ic Änunga Ä“owra lÄ“oda
"willan geworhte, oððe on wæl crunge,
"fÄ“ond-grÄpum fæst. Ic gefremman sceal
"eorlīc ellen, oððe ende-dæg
"on þisse meodu-healle mīnne gebīdan."
640 ÞÄm wÄ«fe Ã¾Ä word wÄ“l lÄ«codon,
gilp-cwide GÄ“ates; Ä“ode gold-hroden
frēolīcu folc-cwēn tŠhire frēan sittan.
ÃžÄ wæs eft swÄ Ç£r inne on healle
þrȳð-word sprecen, þēod on sǣlum,
645 sige-folca swēg, oð þæt semninga
sunu Healfdenes sēcean wolde
Ç£fen-ræste; wiste æt þǣm ÄhlÇ£can
tŠþǣm hēah-sele hilde geþinged,
siððan hīe sunnan lēoht gesēon ne meahton,
650 oððe nīpende niht ofer ealle,
scadu-helma gesceapu scrīðan cwÅman,
wan under wolcnum. Werod eall ÄrÄs.
GrÄ“tte Ã¾Ä giddum guma Åðerne,
HrÅðgÄr BÄ“owulf, and him hÇ£l ÄbÄ“ad,
655 wÄ«n-ærnes geweald and þæt word Äcwæð:
"NÇ£fre ic Ç£negum men Ç£r ÄlyÌ„fde,
"siððan ic hond and rond hebban mihte,
"þrȳð-ærn Dena bÅ«ton þē nÅ« þÄ.
"Hafa nū and geheald hūsa sēlest;
660 "gemyne mǣrðo, mægen-ellen cȳð,
"waca wið wrÄðum! Ne bið þē wilna gÄd,
"gif þū þæt ellen-weorc aldre gedīgest."
XI. THE WATCH FOR GRENDEL.
ÃžÄ him HrÅðgÄr gewÄt mid his hæleða gedryht,
eodur Scyldinga Å«t of healle;
665 wolde wīg-fruma Wealhþēo sēcan,
cwēn tŠgebeddan Hæfde kyninga wuldor
Grendle tÅ-gÄ“anes, swÄ guman gefrungon,
sele-weard Äseted, sundor-nytte behÄ“old
ymb aldor Dena, eoton weard ÄbÄ“ad;
670 hūru Gēata lēod georne truwode
mÅdgan mægnes, metodes hyldo.
ÃžÄ hÄ“ him of dyde Ä«sern-byrnan,
helm of hafelan, sealde his hyrsted sweord,
īrena cyst ombiht-þegne,
675 and gehealdan hēt hilde-geatwe.
Gespræc Ã¾Ä se gÅda gylp-worda sum
Bēowulf Gēata, ǣr hē on bed stige:
"NÅ ic mÄ“ an here-wÇ£smum hnÄgran talige
"gūð-geweorca, þonne Grendel hine;
680 "forþan ic hine sweorde swebban nelle,
"aldre benēotan, þēah ic eal mǣge.
"NÄt hÄ“ þÄra gÅda, þæt hÄ“ mÄ“ on-gÄ“an slÄ“a,
"rand gehÄ“awe, þēah þe hÄ“ rÅf sÄ«e
"nīð-geweorca; ac wit on niht sculon
685 "secge ofersittan, gif hē gesēcean dear
"wīg ofer wǣpen, and siððan wītig god
"on swÄ hwæðere hond hÄlig dryhten
"mÇ£rðo dÄ“me, swÄ him gemet þince."
Hylde hine Ã¾Ä heaðo-dÄ“or, hlÄ“or-bolster onfÄ“ng
690 eorles andwlitan; and hine ymb monig
snellīc sǣ-rinc sele-reste gebēah.
NÇ£nig heora þÅhte þæt hÄ“ þanon scolde
eft eard-lufan ǣfre gesēcean,
folc oððe frÄ“o-burh, þǣr hÄ“ ÄfÄ“ded wæs,
695 ac hīe hæfdon gefrūnen, þæt hīe ǣr tŠfela micles
in þǣm wīn-sele wæl-dēað fornam,
Denigea lēode. Ac him dryhten forgeaf
wīg-spēda gewiofu, Wedera lēodum
frÅfor and fultum, þæt hÄ«e fÄ“ond heora
700 þurh Änes cræft ealle ofercÅmon,
selfes mihtum: sÅð is gecȳðed,
þæt mihtig god manna cynnes
wÄ“old wÄ«de-ferhð. CÅm on wanre niht
scrīðan sceadu-genga. Scēotend swǣfon,
705 Ã¾Ä Ã¾Ã¦t horn-reced healdan scoldon,
ealle bÅ«ton Änum. Þæt wæs yldum cūð,
þæt hÄ«e ne mÅste, Ã¾Ä metod nolde,
se syn-scaða under sceadu bregdan;
ac hÄ“ wæccende wrÄðum on andan
710 bÄd bolgen-mÅd beadwa geþinges.
XII. GRENDEL'S RAID.
ÃžÄ cÅm of mÅre under mist-hleoðum
Grendel gongan, godes yrre bær.
Mynte se mÄn-scaða manna cynnes
sumne besyrwan in sele þÄm hÄ“an;
715 wÅd under wolcnum, tŠþæs þe hÄ“ wÄ«n-reced,
gold-sele gumena, gearwost wisse
fÇ£ttum fÄhne. Ne wæs þæt forma sīð,
þæt hÄ“ HrÅðgÄres hÄm gesÅhte:
nǣfre hē on aldor-dagum ǣr nē siððan
720 heardran hæle, heal-þegnas fand!
CÅm Ã¾Ä tÅ recede rinc sīðian
drÄ“amum bedÇ£led. Duru sÅna onarn
fyÌ„r-bendum fæst, syððan hÄ“ hire folmum hrÄn;
onbræd Ã¾Ä bealo-hyÌ„dig, Ã¾Ä hÄ“ Äbolgen wæs,
725 recedes mūðan. Raðe æfter þon
on fÄgne flÅr fÄ“ond treddode,
Ä“ode yrre-mÅd; him of Ä“agum stÅd
līge gelīcost lēoht unfǣger.
Geseah hē in recede rinca manige,
730 swefan sibbe-gedriht samod ætgædere,
mago-rinca hÄ“ap: Ã¾Ä his mÅd ÄhlÅg,
mynte þæt hÄ“ gedÇ£lde, Ç£r þon dæg cwÅme,
atol ÄglÇ£ca, Änra gehwylces
lÄ«f wið lÄ«ce, Ã¾Ä him Älumpen wæs
735 wist-fylle wÄ“n. Ne wæs þæt wyrd Ã¾Ä gÄ“n,
þæt hÄ“ mÄ mÅste manna cynnes
þicgean ofer Ã¾Ä niht. Þrȳð-swȳð behÄ“old
mÇ£g HigelÄces, hÅ« se mÄn-scaða
under fǣr-gripum gefaran wolde.
740 NÄ“ þæt se ÄglÇ£ca yldan þÅhte,
ac hē gefēng hraðe forman siðe
slÇ£pendne rinc, slÄt unwearnum,
bÄt bÄn-locan, blÅd Ä“drum dranc,
syn-snÇ£dum swealh: sÅna hæfde
745 unlyfigendes eal gefeormod
fÄ“t and folma. Forð nÄ“ar ætstÅp,
nam Ã¾Ä mid handa hige-þīhtigne
rinc on ræste; rǣhte ongēan
fēond mid folme, hē onfēng hraðe
750 inwit-þancum and wið earm gesæt.
SÅna þæt onfunde fyrena hyrde,
þæt hē ne mētte middan-geardes
eorðan scēata on elran men
mund-gripe mÄran: hÄ“ on mÅde wearð
755 forht on ferhðe, nŠþȳ ǣr fram meahte;
hyge wæs him hin-fūs, wolde on heolster flēon,
sēcan dēofla gedræg: ne wæs his drohtoð þǣr,
swylce hē on ealder-dagum ǣr gemētte.
Gemunde Ã¾Ä se gÅda mÇ£g HigelÄces
760 Ç£fen-sprÇ£ce, up-lang ÄstÅd
and him fæste wiðfēng. Fingras burston;
eoten wæs Å«t-weard, eorl furður stÅp.
Mynte se mÇ£ra, þǣr hÄ“ meahte swÄ,
wīdre gewindan and on weg þanon
765 flēon on fen-hopu; wiste his fingra geweald
on grames grÄpum. Þæt wæs gÄ“ocor sīð,
þæt se hearm-scaða tÅ Heorute ÄtÄ“ah:
dryht-sele dynede, Denum eallum wearð,
ceaster-būendum, cēnra gehwylcum,
770 eorlum ealu-scerwen. Yrre wǣron bēgen,
rēðe rēn-weardas. Reced hlynsode;
Ã¾Ä wæs wundor micel, þæt se wÄ«n-sele
wiðhæfde heaðo-dēorum, þæt hē on hrūsan ne fēol,
fǣger fold-bold; ac hē þæs fæste wæs
775 innan and Å«tan Ä«ren-bendum
searo-þoncum besmiðod. Þǣr fram sylle ÄbÄ“ag
medu-benc monig mīne gefrǣge,
golde geregnad, þǣr Ã¾Ä graman wunnon;
þæs ne wēndon ǣr witan Scyldinga,
780 þæt hit Ä mid gemete manna Ç£nig
betlÄ«c and bÄn-fÄg tÅbrecan meahte,
listum tÅlÅ«can, nymðe lÄ«ges fæðm
swulge on swaðule. SwÄ“g up ÄstÄg
nÄ«we geneahhe; Norð-Denum stÅd
785 atelÄ«c egesa Änra gehwylcum
þÄra þe of wealle wÅp gehyÌ„rdon,
gryre-lēoð galan godes andsacan,
sige-lÄ“asne sang, sÄr wÄnigean
helle hæftan. Hēold hine tŠfæste
790 sē þe manna wæs mægene strengest
on þǣm dæge þysses līfes.
XIII. BÄ’OWULF TEARS OFF GRENDEL'S ARM.
Nolde eorla hlēo ǣnige þinga
þone cwealm-cuman cwicne forlǣtan,
nē his līf-dagas lēoda ǣnigum
795 nytte tealde. Þǣr genehost brægd
eorl BÄ“owulfes ealde lÄfe,
wolde frēa-drihtnes feorh ealgian
mÇ£res þēodnes, þǣr hÄ«e meahton swÄ;
hÄ«e þæt ne wiston, Ã¾Ä hÄ«e gewin drugon,
800 heard-hicgende hilde-mecgas,
and on healfa gehwone hÄ“awan þÅhton,
sÄwle sÄ“can, þæt þone syn-scaðan
ǣnig ofer eorðan īrenna cyst,
gūð-billa nÄn grÄ“tan nolde;
805 ac hē sige-wǣpnum forsworen hæfde,
ecga gehwylcre. Scolde his aldor-gedÄl
on þǣm dæge þysses līfes
earmlÄ«c wurðan and se ellor-gÄst
on fēonda geweald feor sīðian.
810 ÃžÄ Ã¾Ã¦t onfunde sÄ“ þe fela Ç£ror
mÅdes myrðe manna cynne
fyrene gefremede (hÄ“ wæs fÄg wið god)
þæt him se līc-homa lǣstan nolde,
ac hine se mÅdega mÇ£g HygelÄces
815 hæfde be honda; wæs gehwæðer Åðrum
lifigende lÄð. LÄ«c-sÄr gebÄd
atol ǣglǣca, him on eaxle wearð
syn-dolh sweotol, seonowe onsprungon
burston bÄn-locan. BÄ“owulfe wearð
820 gūð-hrēð gyfeðe; scolde Grendel þonan
feorh-sēoc flēon under fen-hleoðu,
sēcean wyn-lēas wīc; wiste þē geornor,
þæt his aldres wæs ende gegongen,
dÅgera dæg-rÄ«m. Denum eallum wearð
825 æfter þÄm wæl-rÇ£se willa gelumpen.
Hæfde Ã¾Ä gefÇ£lsod, sÄ“ þe Ç£r feorran cÅm,
snotor and swȳð-ferhð sele HrÅðgÄres,
genered wið nīðe. Niht-weorce gefeh,
ellen-mǣrðum; hæfde Ēast-Denum
830 Gēat-mecga lēod gilp gelǣsted,
swylce oncȳððe ealle gebētte,
inwid-sorge, þē hīe ǣr drugon
and for þrēa-nȳdum þolian scoldon,
torn unlyÌ„tel. Þæt wæs tÄcen sweotol,
835 syððan hilde-dÄ“or hond Älegde,
earm and eaxle (þǣr wæs eal geador
Grendles grÄpe) under gÄ“apne hrÅf.
XIV. THE JOY AT HEOROT.
ÃžÄ wæs on morgen mÄ«ne gefrÇ£ge
ymb Ã¾Ä gif-healle gūð-rinc monig:
840 fērdon folc-togan feorran and nēan
geond wīd-wegas wundor scēawian,
lÄðes lÄstas. NÅ his lÄ«f-gedÄl
sÄrlÄ«c þūhte secga Ç£negum,
þÄra þe tÄ«r-lÄ“ases trode scÄ“awode,
845 hÅ« hÄ“ wÄ“rig-mÅd on weg þanon,
nīða ofercumen, on nicera mere
fÇ£ge and geflyÌ„med feorh-lÄstas bær.
Þǣr wæs on blÅde brim weallende,
atol ȳða geswing eal gemenged
850 hÄtan heolfre, heoro-drÄ“ore wÄ“ol;
dēað-fǣge dēog, siððan drēama lēas
in fen-freoðo feorh Älegde
hǣðene sÄwle, þǣr him hel onfÄ“ng.
Þanon eft gewiton eald-gesīðas,
855 swylce geong manig of gomen-wÄðe,
fram mere mÅdge, mÄ“arum rÄ«dan,
beornas on blancum. Þǣr wæs Bēowulfes
mǣrðo mǣned; monig oft gecwæð,
þætte sūð nē norð be sǣm tweonum
860 ofer eormen-grund Åðer nÇ£nig
under swegles begong sēlra nǣre
rond-hæbbendra, rīces wyrðra.
NÄ“ hÄ«e hÅ«ru wine-drihten wiht ne lÅgon,
glædne HrÅðgÄr, ac þæt wæs gÅd cyning.
865 HwÄ«lum heaðo-rÅfe hlÄ“apan lÄ“ton,
on geflīt faran fealwe mēaras,
þǣr him fold-wegas fægere þūhton,
cystum cūðe; hwīlum cyninges þegn,
guma gilp-hlæden gidda gemyndig,
870 sē þe eal-fela eald-gesegena
worn gemunde, word Åðer fand
sÅðe gebunden: secg eft ongan
sīð Bēowulfes snyttrum styrian
and on spÄ“d wrecan spel gerÄde,
875 wordum wrixlan, wēl-hwylc gecwæð,
þæt hē fram Sigemunde secgan hȳrde,
ellen-dǣdum, uncūðes fela,
Wælsinges gewin, wīde sīðas,
þÄra þe gumena bearn gearwe ne wiston,
880 fǣhðe and fyrene, būton Fitela mid hine,
þonne hē swylces hwæt secgan wolde
Ä“am his nefan, swÄ hÄ«e Ä wÇ£ron
æt nīða gehwÄm nyÌ„d-gesteallan:
hæfdon eal-fela eotena cynnes
885 sweordum gesǣged. Sigemunde gesprong
æfter dÄ“að-dæge dÅm unlyÌ„tel,
syððan wÄ«ges heard wyrm Äcwealde,
hordes hyrde; hÄ“ under hÄrne stÄn,
æðelinges bearn, Äna genēðde
890 frēcne dǣde; ne wæs him Fitela mid.
Hwæðre him gesÇ£lde, þæt þæt swurd þurhwÅd
wrÇ£tlÄ«cne wyrm, þæt hit on wealle ætstÅd,
dryhtlīc īren; draca morðre swealt.
Hæfde ÄglÇ£ca elne gegongen,
895 þæt hÄ“ bÄ“ah-hordes brÅ«can mÅste
selfes dÅme: sÇ£-bÄt gehlÅd,
bær on bearm scipes beorhte frætwa,
Wælses eafera; wyrm hÄt gemealt.
Sē wæs wreccena wīde mǣrost
900 ofer wer-þēode, wīgendra hlēo
ellen-dÇ£dum: hÄ“ þæs Äron þÄh.
Siððan HeremÅdes hild sweðrode
eafoð and ellen. Hē mid eotenum wearð
on fÄ“onda geweald forð forlÄcen,
905 snūde forsended. Hine sorh-wylmas
lemede tŠlange, hē his lēodum wearð,
eallum æðelingum tŠaldor-ceare;
swylce oft bemearn ǣrran mǣlum
swīð-ferhðes sīð snotor ceorl monig,
910 sÄ“ þe him bealwa tÅ bÅte gelyÌ„fde,
þæt þæt þēodnes bearn geþēon scolde,
fæder-æðelum onfÅn, folc gehealdan,
hord and hlēo-burh, hæleða rīce,
ēðel Scyldinga. Hē þǣr eallum wearð,
915 mÇ£g HigelÄces manna cynne,
frÄ“ondum gefægra; hine fyren onwÅd.
Hwīlum flītende fealwe strǣte
mÄ“arum mÇ£ton. ÃžÄ wæs morgen-lÄ“oht
scofen and scynded. Ä’ode scealc monig
920 swīð-hicgende tÅ sele þÄm hÄ“an,
searo-wundor sēon, swylce self cyning,
of brȳd-būre bēah-horda weard,
tryddode tīr-fæst getrume micle,
cystum gecȳðed, and his cwēn mid him
925 medo-stÄ«g gemæt mægða hÅse.
XV. HROTHGAR'S GRATULATION.
HrÅðgÄr maðelode (hÄ“ tÅ healle gÄ“ong,
stÅd on stapole, geseah stÄ“apne hrÅf
golde fÄhne and Grendles hond):
"þisse ansȳne al-wealdan þanc
930 "lungre gelimpe! Fela ic lÄðes gebÄd,
"grynna æt Grendle: Ä mæg god wyrcan
"wunder æfter wundre, wuldres hyrde!
"Þæt wæs ungeÄra, þæt ic Ç£nigra mÄ“
"wēana ne wēnde tŠwīdan feore
935 "bÅte gebÄ«dan þonne blÅde fÄh
"hÅ«sa sÄ“lest heoro-drÄ“orig stÅd;
"wēa wīd-scofen witena gehwylcne
"þÄra þe ne wÄ“ndon, þæt hÄ«e wÄ«de-ferhð
"lÄ“oda land-geweorc lÄðum beweredon
940 "scuccum and scinnum. Nū scealc hafað
"þurh drihtnes miht dǣd gefremede,
"þē wē ealle ǣr ne meahton
"snyttrum besyrwan. Hwæt! þæt secgan mæg
"efne swÄ hwylc mægða, swÄ Ã¾one magan cende
945 "æfter gum-cynnum, gyf hēo gȳt lyfað,
"þæt hyre eald-metod ēste wǣre
"bearn-gebyrdo. NÅ« ic BÄ“owulf
"þec, secg betsta, mē for sunu wylle
"frēogan on ferhðe; heald forð tela
950 "nÄ«we sibbe. Ne bið þē nÇ£nigra gÄd
"worolde wilna, þē ic geweald hæbbe.
"Ful-oft ic for lǣssan lēan teohhode
"hord-weorðunge hnÄhran rince,
"sǣmran æt sæcce. Þū þē self hafast
955 "dÇ£dum gefremed, þæt þīn dÅm lyfað
"Äwa tÅ aldre. Alwalda þec
"gÅde forgylde, swÄ hÄ“ nÅ« gyÌ„t dyde!"
Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes:
"Wē þæt ellen-weorc ēstum miclum,
960 "feohtan fremedon, frēcne genēðdon
"eafoð uncūðes; ūðe ic swīðor,
"þæt þū hinc selfne gesÄ“on mÅste,
"fēond on frætewum fyl-wērigne!
"Ic hine hrædlīce heardan clammum
965 "on wæl-bedde wrīðan þÅhte,
"þæt hē for mund-gripe mīnum scolde
"licgean līf-bysig, būtan his līc swice;
"ic hine ne mihte, Ã¾Ä metod nolde,
"ganges getwǣman, nŠic him þæs georne ætfealh,
970 "feorh-genīðlan; wæs tŠfore-mihtig
"fēond on fēðe. Hwæðere hē his folme forlēt
"tÅ lÄ«f-wraðe lÄst weardian,
"earm and eaxle; nŠþǣr Ç£nige swÄ Ã¾Ä“ah
"fÄ“a-sceaft guma frÅfre gebohte:
975 "nŠþyÌ„ leng leofað lÄð-getÄ“ona
"synnum geswenced, ac hyne sÄr hafað
"in nȳd-gripe nearwe befongen,
"balwon bendum: þǣr ÄbÄ«dan sceal
"maga mÄne fÄh miclan dÅmes,
980 "hū him scīr metod scrīfan wille."
ÃžÄ wæs swÄ«gra secg, sunu EcglÄfes,
on gylp-sprǣce gūð-geweorca,
siððan æðelingas eorles cræfte
ofer hÄ“ahne hrÅf hand scÄ“awedon,
985 fēondes fingras, foran ǣghwylc;
wæs stēde nægla gehwylc, stȳle gelīcost,
hǣðenes hand-sporu hilde-rinces
egle unhēoru; ǣg-hwylc gecwæð,
þæt him heardra nÄn hrÄ«nan wolde
990 Ä«ren Ç£r-gÅd, þæt þæs ÄhlÇ£can
blÅdge beadu-folme onberan wolde.
XVI. THE BANQUET AND THE GIFTS.
ÃžÄ wæs hÄten hreðe Heort innan-weard
folmum gefrætwod: fela þǣra wæs
wera and wīfa, þē þæt wīn-reced,
995 gest-sele gyredon. Gold-fÄg scinon
web æfter wÄgum, wundor-sÄ«ona fela
secga gehwylcum þÄra þe on swylc starað
Wæs þæt beorhte bold tÅbrocen swīðe
eal inne-weard īren-bendum fæst,
1000 heorras tÅhlidene; hrÅf Äna genæs
ealles ansund, Ã¾Ä se ÄglÇ£ca
fyren-dÇ£dum fÄg on flÄ“am gewand,
aldres or-wēna. NŠþæt ȳðe byð
tŠbeflēonne (fremme sē þe wille!)
1005 ac gesacan sceal sÄwl-berendra
nȳde genȳdde niðða bearna
grund-bÅ«endra gearwe stÅwe,
þǣr his līc-homa leger-bedde fæst
swefeð æfter symle. ÃžÄ wæs sÇ£l and mÇ£l,
1010 þæt tŠhealle gang Healfdenes sunu;
wolde self cyning symbel þicgan.
Ne gefrægen ic Ã¾Ä mÇ£gðe mÄran weorode
ymb hyra sinc-gyfan sēl gebǣran.
Bugon Ã¾Ä tÅ bence blÇ£d-Ägende,
1015 fylle gefǣgon. Fægere geþǣgon
medo-ful manig mÄgas þÄra
swīð-hicgende on sele þÄm hÄ“an,
HrÅðgÄr and HrÅðulf. Heorot innan wæs
frÄ“ondum Äfylled; nalles fÄcen-stafas
1020 Þēod-Scyldingas þenden fremedon.
Forgeaf Ã¾Ä BÄ“owulfe bearn Healfdenes
segen gyldenne sigores tŠlēane,
hroden hilte-cumbor, helm and byrnan;
mÇ£re mÄððum-sweord manige gesÄwon
1025 beforan beorn beran. Bēowulf geþah
ful on flette; nŠhē þǣre feoh-gyfte
for scēotendum scamigan þorfte,
ne gefrægn ic frÄ“ondlÄ«cor fÄ“ower mÄdmas
golde gegyrede gum-manna fela
1030 in ealo-bence Åðrum gesellan.
Ymb þæs helmes hrÅf hÄ“afod-beorge
wīrum bewunden walan ūtan hēold,
þæt him fÄ“la lÄfe frÄ“cne ne meahton
scūr-heard sceððan, þonne scyld-freca
1035 ongēan gramum gangan scolde.
Heht Ã¾Ä eorla hlÄ“o eahta mÄ“aras,
fǣted-hlēore, on flet tēon
in under eoderas; þÄra Änum stÅd
sadol searwum fÄh since gewurðad,
1040 þæt wæs hilde-setl hēah-cyninges,
þonne sweorda gelÄc sunu Healfdenes
efnan wolde; nÇ£fre on Åre læg
wīd-cūðes wīg, þonne walu fēollon.
And Ã¾Ä BÄ“owulfe bÄ“ga gehwæðres
1045 eodor Ingwina onweald getēah,
wicga and wǣpna; hēt hine wēl brūcan.
SwÄ manlÄ«ce mÇ£re þēoden,
hord-weard hæleða heaðo-rǣsas geald
mÄ“arum and mÄdmum, swÄ hyÌ„ nÇ£fre man lyhð,
1050 sÄ“ þe secgan wile sÅð æfter rihte.
XVII. SONG OF HROTHGAR'S POET-THE LAY OF HNAEF AND HENGEST.
ÃžÄ gyÌ„t Ç£ghwylcum eorla drihten
þÄra þe mid BÄ“owulfe brim-lÄde tÄ“ah,
on þǣre medu-bence mÄððum gesealde,
yrfe-lÄfe, and þone Ç£nne heht
1055 golde forgyldan, þone þe Grendel ǣr
mÄne Äcwealde, swÄ hÄ“ hyra mÄ wolde,
nefne him wÄ«tig god wyrd forstÅde
and þæs mannes mÅd: metod eallum wÄ“old
gumena cynnes, swÄ hÄ“ nÅ« gÄ«t dēð;
1060 forþan bið andgit ǣghwǣr sēlest,
ferhðes fore-þanc! fela sceal gebīdan
lÄ“ofes and lÄðes, sÄ“ þe longe hÄ“r
on þyssum win-dagum worolde brūceð.
Þǣr wæs sang and swēg samod ætgædere
1065 fore Healfdenes hilde-wīsan,
gomen-wudu grēted, gid oft wrecen,
þonne heal-gamen HrÅðgÄres scop
æfter medo-bence mǣnan scolde
Finnes eaferum, Ã¾Ä hÄ«e se fÇ£r begeat:
1070 "Hæleð Healfdenes, Hnæf Scyldinga,
"in Fr..es wæle feallan scolde.
"Nē hūru Hildeburh herian þorfte
"Eotena trēowe: unsynnum wearð
"beloren lÄ“ofum æt þÄm lind-plegan
1075 "bearnum and brÅðrum; hÄ«e on gebyrd hruron
"gÄre wunde; þæt wæs geÅmuru ides.
"Nalles hÅlinga HÅces dÅhtor
"meotod-sceaft bemearn, syððan morgen cÅm,
"Ã¾Ä hÄ“o under swegle gesÄ“on meahte
1080 "morðor-bealo mÄga, þǣr hÄ“o Ç£r mÇ£ste hÄ“old
"worolde wynne: wīg ealle fornam
"Finnes þegnas, nemne fÄ“aum Änum,
"þæt hē ne mehte on þǣm meðel-stede
"wīg Hengeste wiht gefeohtan,
1085 "nÄ“ Ã¾Ä wÄ“a-lÄfe wÄ«ge forþringan
"þÅodnes þegne; ac hig him geþingo budon,
"þæt hÄ«e him Åðer flet eal geryÌ„mdon,
"healle and hēah-setl, þæt hīe healfre geweald
"wið Eotena bearn Ägan mÅston,
1090 "and æt feoh-gyftum Folcwaldan sunu
"dÅgra gehwylce Dene weorðode,
"Hengestes hēap hringum wenede,
"efne swÄ swīðe sinc-gestrÄ“onum
"fÇ£ttan goldes, swÄ hÄ“ FrÄ“sena cyn
1095 "on bēor-sele byldan wolde.
"ÃžÄ hÄ«e getruwedon on twÄ healfa
"fæste frioðu-wǣre; Fin Hengeste
"elne unflitme Äðum benemde,
"þæt hÄ“ Ã¾Ä wÄ“a-lÄfe weotena dÅme
1100 "Ärum heolde, þæt þǣr Ç£nig mon
"wordum nē worcum wǣre ne brǣce,
"nē þurh inwit-searo ǣfre gemǣnden,
"þēah hīe hira bēag-gyfan banan folgedon
"þēoden-lÄ“ase, Ã¾Ä him swÄ geþearfod wæs:
1105 "gyf þonne Frȳsna hwylc frēcnan sprǣce
"þæs morðor-hetes myndgiend wǣre,
"þonne hit sweordes ecg syððan scolde.
"Āð wæs geæfned and icge gold
"Ähæfen of horde. Here-Scyldinga
1110 "betst beado-rinca wæs on bǣl gearu;
"æt þǣm Äde wæs ēð-gesyÌ„ne
"swÄt-fÄh syrce, swyÌ„n eal-gylden,
"eofer īren-heard, æðeling manig
"wundum Äwyrded; sume on wæle crungon.
1115 "HÄ“t Ã¾Ä Hildeburh æt Hnæfes Äde
"hire selfre sunu sweoloðe befæstan,
"bÄn-fatu bærnan and on bÇ£l dÅn.
"Earme on eaxle ides gnornode,
"geÅmrode giddum; gūð-rinc ÄstÄh.
1120 "Wand tŠwolcnum wæl-fȳra mǣst,
"hlynode for hlÄwe; hafelan multon,
"ben-geato burston, þonne blÅd ætspranc
"lÄð-bite lÄ«ces. LÄ«g ealle forswealg,
"gÇ£sta gÄ«frost, þÄra þe þǣr gūð fornam
1125 "bēga folces; wæs hira blǣd scacen.
XVIII. THE GLEEMAN'S TALE IS ENDED.
"Gewiton him Ã¾Ä wÄ«gend wÄ«ca nÄ“osian,
"frēondum befeallen Frȳsland gesēon,
"hÄmas and hÄ“a-burh. Hengest Ã¾Ä gyÌ„t
"wæl-fÄgne winter wunode mid Finne
1130 "ealles unhlitme; eard gemunde,
"þēah þe hē ne meahte on mere drīfan
"hringed-stefnan; holm storme wēol,
"won wið winde; winter ȳðe belēac
"Ä«s-gebinde oð þæt Åðer cÅm
1135 "geÄr in geardas, swÄ nÅ« gyÌ„t dēð,
"Ã¾Ä Ã¾e syngales sÄ“le bewitiað,
"wuldor-torhtan weder. ÃžÄ wæs winter scacen,
"fæger foldan bearm; fundode wrecca,
"gist of geardum; hē tŠgyrn-wræce
1140 "swīðor þÅhte, þonne tÅ sÇ£-lÄde,
"gif hÄ“ torn-gemÅt þurhtÄ“on mihte,
"þæt hē Eotena bearn inne gemunde.
"SwÄ hÄ“ ne forwyrnde worold-rÇ£denne,
"þonne him HÅ«nlÄfing hilde-lÄ“oman,
1145 "billa sēlest, on bearm dyde:
"þæs wǣron mid Eotenum ecge cūðe.
"Swylce ferhð-frecan Fin eft begeat
"sweord-bealo slīðen æt his selfes hÄm,
"siððan grimne gripe Gūðlaf ond ÅŒslÄf
1150 "æfter sǣ-siðe sorge mǣndon,
"ætwiton wÄ“ana dÇ£l; ne meahte wÇ£fre mÅd
"forhabban in hreðre. ÃžÄ wæs heal hroden
"fēonda fēorum, swilce Fin slægen,
"cyning on corðre, and sēo cwēn numen.
1155 "Scēotend Scyldinga tŠscypum feredon
"eal in-gesteald eorð-cyninges,
"swylce hÄ«e æt Finnes hÄm findan meahton
"sigla searo-gimma. HÄ«e on sÇ£-lÄde
"drihtlīce wīf tŠDenum feredon,
1160 "lÇ£ddon tÅ lÄ“odum." LÄ“oð wæs Äsungen,
glÄ“o-mannes gyd. Gamen eft ÄstÄh,
beorhtode benc-swēg, byrelas sealdon
wÄ«n of wunder-fatum. ÃžÄ cwÅm Wealhþēo forð
gÄn under gyldnum bÄ“age, þǣr Ã¾Ä gÅdan twÄ“gen
1165 sÇ£ton suhter-gefæderan; Ã¾Ä gyÌ„t wæs hiera sib ætgædere
Ç£ghwylc Åðrum tryÌ„we. Swylce þǣr Unferð þyle
æt fÅtum sæt frÄ“an Scyldinga: gehwylc hiora his ferhðe trÄ“owde,
þæt hÄ“ hæfde mÅd micel, þēah þe hÄ“ his mÄgum nÇ£re
Ärfæst æt ecga gelÄcum. Spræc Ã¾Ä ides Scyldinga:
1170 "OnfÅh þissum fulle, frÄ“o-drihten mÄ«n,
"sinces brytta; þū on sǣlum wes,
"gold-wine gumena, and tÅ GÄ“atum sprec
"mildum wordum! SwÄ sceal man dÅn.
"Bēo wið Gēatas glæd, geofena gemyndig;
1175 "nēan and feorran þū nū friðu hafast.
"Mē man sægde, þæt þū þē for sunu wolde
"here-rinc habban. Heorot is gefǣlsod,
"bÄ“ah-sele beorhta; brÅ«c þenden þū mÅte
"manigra mÄ“da and þīnum mÄgum lÇ£f
1180 "folc and rīce, þonne þū forð scyle
"metod-sceaft sēon. Ic mīnne can
"glædne HrÅðulf, þæt hÄ“ Ã¾Ä geogoðe wile
"Ärum healdan, gyf þū Ç£r þonne hÄ“,
"wine Scildinga, worold oflǣtest;
1185 "wÄ“ne ic, þæt hÄ“ mid gÅde gyldan wille
"uncran eaferan, gif hē þæt eal gemon,
"hwæt wit tŠwillan and tŠworð-myndum
"umbor wesendum Ç£r Ärna gefremedon."
Hwearf Ã¾Ä bÄ« bence, þǣr hyre byre wÇ£ron,
1190 HrēðrÄ«c and HrÅðmund, and hæleða bearn,
giogoð ætgædere; þǣr se gÅda sæt
BÄ“owulf GÄ“ata be þǣm gebrÅðrum twÇ£m.
XIX. BÄ’OWULF'S JEWELLED COLLAR. THE HEROES REST.
Him wæs ful boren and frēond-laðu
wordum bewægned and wunden gold
1195 Ä“stum geÄ“awed, earm-hrÄ“ade twÄ,
hrægl and hringas, heals-bēaga mǣst
þÄra þe ic on foldan gefrægen hæbbe.
Nǣnigne ic under swegle sēlran hȳrde
hord-mÄððum hæleða, syððan HÄma ætwæg
1200 tŠþǣre byrhtan byrig BrÅsinga mene,
sigle and sinc-fæt, searo-nīðas fealh
Eormenrīces, gecēas ēcne rǣd.
Þone hring hæfde HigelÄc GÄ“ata,
nefa Swertinges, nȳhstan sīðe,
1205 siððan hē under segne sinc ealgode,
wæl-rēaf werede; hyne Wyrd fornam,
syððan hÄ“ for wlenco wÄ“an Ähsode,
fÇ£hðe tÅ FryÌ„sum; hÄ“ Ã¾Ä frætwe wæg,
eorclan-stÄnas ofer ȳða ful,
1210 rīce þēoden, hē under rande gecranc;
gehwearf Ã¾Ä in Francna fæðm feorh cyninges,
brēost-gewǣdu and se bēah somod:
wyrsan wīg-frecan wæl rēafedon
æfter gūð-sceare, Gēata lēode
1215 hreÄ-wÄ«c hÄ“oldon. Heal swÄ“ge onfÄ“ng.
Wealhþēo maðelode, hēo fore þǣm werede spræc:
"Brūc þisses bēages, Bēowulf, lēofa
"hyse, mid hǣle, and þisses hrægles nēot
"þēod-gestrēona, and geþēoh tela,
1220 "cen þec mid cræfte and þyssum cnyhtum wes
"lÄra līðe! ic þē þæs lÄ“an geman.
"Hafast þū gefēred, þæt þē feor and nēah
"ealne wīde-ferhð weras ehtigað,
"efne swÄ sÄ«de swÄ sÇ£ bebÅ«geð
1225 "windige weallas. Wes, þenden þū lifige,
"æðeling ēadig! ic þē an tela
"sinc-gestrēona. Bēo þū suna mīnum
"dǣdum gedēfe drēam healdende!
"HÄ“r is Ç£ghwylc eorl Åðrum getryÌ„we,
1230 "mÅdes milde, man-drihtne hold,
"þegnas syndon geþwǣre, þēod eal gearo:
"druncne dryht-guman, dÅð swÄ ic bidde!"
Ä’ode Ã¾Ä tÅ setle. Þǣr wæs symbla cyst,
druncon wīn weras: wyrd ne cūðon,
1235 geÅ-sceaft grimme, swÄ hit Ägangen wearð
eorla manegum, syððan Ç£fen cwÅm
and him HrÅðgÄr gewÄt tÅ hofe sÄ«num,
rīce tŠræste. Reced weardode
unrÄ«m eorla, swÄ hÄ«e oft Ç£r dydon:
1240 benc-þelu beredon, hit geond-brǣded wearð
beddum and bolstrum. BÄ“or-scealca sum
fūs and fǣge flet-ræste gebēag.
Setton him tŠhēafdum hilde-randas,
bord-wudu beorhtan; þǣr on bence wæs
1245 ofer æðelinge ȳð-gesēne
heaðo-stēapa helm, hringed byrne,
þrec-wudu þrymlīc. Wæs þēaw hyra,
þæt hīe oft wǣron an wīg gearwe,
gÄ“ æt hÄm gÄ“ on herge, gÄ“ gehwæðer þÄra
1250 efne swylce mǣla, swylce hira man-dryhtne
þearf gesǣlde; wæs sēo þēod tilu.
XX. GRENDEL'S MOTHER ATTACKS THE RING-DANES.
Sigon Ã¾Ä tÅ slÇ£pe. Sum sÄre angeald
Ç£fen-ræste, swÄ him ful-oft gelamp,
siððan gold-sele Grendel warode,
1255 unriht æfnde, oð þæt ende becwÅm,
swylt æfter synnum. Þæt gesȳne wearð,
wÄ«d-cūð werum, þætte wrecend Ã¾Ä gyÌ„t
lifde æfter lÄðum, lange þrÄge
æfter gūð-ceare; Grendles mÅdor,
1260 ides ÄglÇ£c-wÄ«f yrmðe gemunde,
sē þe wæter-egesan wunian scolde,
cealde strēamas, siððan Cain wearð
tÅ ecg-banan Ängan brēðer,
fæderen-mÇ£ge; hÄ“ Ã¾Ä fÄg gewÄt,
1265 morðre gemearcod man-drēam flēon,
wÄ“sten warode. Þanon wÅc fela
geÅsceaft-gÄsta; wæs þǣra Grendel sum,
heoro-wearh hetelīc, sē æt Heorote fand
wæccendne wer wīges bīdan,
1270 þǣr him ÄglÇ£ca æt-grÇ£pe wearð;
hwæðre hē gemunde mægenes strenge,
gim-fæste gife, þē him god sealde,
and him tÅ anwaldan Äre gelyÌ„fde,
frÅfre and fultum: þyÌ„ hÄ“ þone fÄ“ond ofercwÅm,
1275 gehnÇ£gde helle gÄst: Ã¾Ä hÄ“ hÄ“an gewÄt,
drēame bedǣled dēað-wīc sēon,
man-cynnes fÄ“ond. And his mÅdor Ã¾Ä gyÌ„t
gÄ«fre and galg-mÅd gegÄn wolde
sorh-fulne sīð, suna dēað wrecan.
1280 CÅm Ã¾Ä tÅ Heorote, þǣr Hring-Dene
geond þæt sæld swÇ£fun. ÃžÄ Ã¾Ç£r sÅna wearð
ed-hwyrft eorlum, siððan inne fealh
Grendles mÅdor; wæs se gryre lÇ£ssa
efne swÄ micle, swÄ bið mægða cræft,
1285 wīg-gryre wīfes be wǣpned-men,
þonne heoru bunden, hamere geþuren,
sweord swÄte fÄh swÄ«n ofer helme,
ecgum dyhtig andweard scireð.
ÃžÄ wæs on healle heard-ecg togen,
1290 sweord ofer setlum, sīd-rand manig
hafen handa fæst; helm ne gemunde,
byrnan sÄ«de, þe hine se brÅga angeat.
Hēo wæs on ofste, wolde ūt þanon
fÄ“ore beorgan, Ã¾Ä hÄ“o onfunden wæs;
1295 hraðe hÄ“o æðelinga Änne hæfde
fæste befangen, Ã¾Ä hÄ“o tÅ fenne gang;
sÄ“ wæs HrÅðgÄre hæleða lÄ“ofost
on gesīðes hÄd be sÇ£m tweonum,
rÄ«ce rand-wiga, þone þe hÄ“o on ræste ÄbrÄ“at,
1300 blǣd-fæstne beorn. Næs Bēowulf þǣr,
ac wæs Åðer in Ç£r geteohhod
æfter mÄððum-gife mÇ£rum GÄ“ate.
Hrēam wearð on Heorote. Hēo under heolfre genam
cūðe folme; cearu wæs genīwod
1305 geworden in wīcum: ne wæs þæt gewrixle til,
þæt hÄ«e on bÄ healfa bicgan scoldon
frÄ“onda fÄ“orum. ÃžÄ wæs frÅd cyning,
hÄr hilde-rinc, on hrÄ“on mÅde,
syððan hē aldor-þegn unlyfigendne,
1310 þone dēorestan dēadne wisse.
Hraðe wæs tŠbūre Bēowulf fetod,
sigor-ēadig secg. Samod ǣr-dæge
ēode eorla sum, æðele cempa
self mid gesīðum, þǣr se snottra bÄd,
1315 hwæðre him al-walda ǣfre wille
æfter wēa-spelle wyrpe gefremman.
Gang Ã¾Ä Ã¦fter flÅre fyrd-wyrðe man
mid his hand-scale (heal-wudu dynede)
þæt hē þone wīsan wordum hnǣgde
1320 frēan Ingwina; frægn gif him wǣre
æfter nēod-laðu niht getǣse.
XXI. SORROW AT HEOROT: AESCHERE'S DEATH
HrÅðgÄr maðelode, helm Scildinga:
"Ne frīn þū æfter sǣlum! Sorh is genīwod
"Denigea lēodum. Dēad is Æsc-here,
1325 "YrmenlÄfes yldra brÅðor,
"mīn rūn-wita and mīn rǣd-bora,
"eaxl-gestealla, þonne wē on orlege
"hafelan weredon, þonne hniton fēðan,
"eoferas cnysedan; swylc scolde eorl wesan
1330 "æðeling Ç£r-gÅd, swylc Æsc-here wæs.
"Wearð him on Heorote tŠhand-banan
"wæl-gÇ£st wÇ£fre; ic ne wÄt hwæder
"atol ǣse wlanc eft-sīðas tēah,
"fylle gefrÇ£gnod. HÄ“o Ã¾Ä fÇ£hðe wræc,
1335 "þē þū gystran niht Grendel cwealdest
"þurh hÇ£stne hÄd heardum clammum,
"forþan hē tŠlange lēode mīne
"wanode and wyrde. Hē æt wīge gecrang
"ealdres scyldig, and nÅ« Åðer cwÅm
1340 "mihtig mÄn-scaða, wolde hyre mÇ£g wrecan,
"gē feor hafað fǣhðe gestǣled,
"þæs þe þincean mæg þegne monegum,
"sē þe æfter sinc-gyfan on sefan grēoteð,
"hreðer-bealo hearde; nū sēo hand ligeð,
1345 "sē þe ēow wēl-hwylcra wilna dohte.
"Ic þæt lond-būend lēode mīne
"sele-rǣdende secgan hȳrde,
"þæt hÄ«e gesÄwon swylce twÄ“gen
"micle mearc-stapan mÅras healdan,
1350 "ellor-gÇ£stas: þǣra Åðer wæs,
"þæs þe hīe gewislīcost gewitan meahton,
"idese onlÄ«cnes, Åðer earm-sceapen
"on weres wæstmum wræc-lÄstas træd,
"næfne hÄ“ wæs mÄra þonne Ç£nig man Åðer,
1355 "þone on geÄr-dagum Grendel nemdon
"fold-būende: nŠhīe fæder cunnon,
"hwæðer him Ç£nig wæs Ç£r Äcenned
"dyrnra gÄsta. HÄ«e dyÌ„gel lond
"warigeað, wulf-hleoðu, windige næssas,
1360 "frÄ“cne fen-gelÄd, þǣr fyrgen-strÄ“am
"under næssa genipu niðer gewīteð,
"flÅd under foldan; nis þæt feor heonon
"mīl-gemearces, þæt se mere standeð,
"ofer þǣm hongiað hrīmge bearwas,
1365 "wudu wyrtum fæst, wæter oferhelmað.
"Þǣr mæg nihta gehwǣm nīð-wundor sēon,
"fyÌ„r on flÅde; nŠþæs frÅd leofað
"gumena bearna, þæt þone grund wite;
"þēah þe hǣð-stapa hundum geswenced,
1370 "heorot hornum trum holt-wudu sēce,
"feorran geflȳmed, ǣr hē feorh seleð,
"aldor on Åfre, Ç£r hÄ“ in wille,
"hafelan hyÌ„dan. Nis þæt hÄ“oru stÅw:
"þonon ȳð-geblond up ÄstÄ«geð
1375 "won tŠwolcnum, þonne wind styreð
"lÄð gewidru, oð þæt lyft drysmað,
"roderas rēotað. Nū is rǣd gelang
"eft æt þē Änum! Eard gÄ«t ne const,
"frÄ“cne stÅwe, þǣr þū findan miht
1380 "sinnigne secg: sēc gif þū dyrre!
"Ic þē Ã¾Ä fÇ£hðe fÄ“o lÄ“anige,
"eald-gestrÄ“onum, swÄ ic Ç£r dyde,
"wundnum golde, gyf þū on weg cymest."
XXII. BÄ’OWULF SEEKS THE MONSTER IN THE HAUNTS OF THE NIXIES.
Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes:
1385 "Ne sorga, snotor guma! sēlre bið ǣghwǣm,
"þæt hē his frēond wrece, þonne hē fela murne;
"ūre ǣghwylc sceal ende gebīdan
"worolde lÄ«fes; wyrce sÄ“ þe mÅte
"dÅmes Ç£r dÄ“aðe! þæt bið driht-guman
1390 "unlifgendum æfter sēlest.
"Ārīs, rīces weard; uton hraðe fēran,
"Grendles mÄgan gang scÄ“awigan!
"Ic hit þē gehÄte: nÅ hÄ“ on helm losað,
"nē on foldan fæðm, nē on fyrgen-holt,
1395 "nÄ“ on gyfenes grund, gÄ Ã¾Ç£r hÄ“ wille.
"ÞyÌ„s dÅgor þū geþyld hafa
"wÄ“ana gehwylces, swÄ ic þē wÄ“ne tÅ!"
Ä€hlÄ“op Ã¾Ä se gomela, gode þancode,
mihtigan drihtne, þæs se man gespræc.
1400 ÃžÄ wæs HrÅðgÄre hors gebÇ£ted,
wicg wunden-feax. WÄ«sa fengel
geatolÄ«c gengde; gum-fēða stÅp
lind-hæbbendra. LÄstas wÇ£ron
æfter wald-swaðum wīde gesȳne,
1405 gang ofer grundas; gegnum fÅr þÄ
ofer myrcan mÅr, mago-þegna bær
þone sÄ“lestan sÄwol-lÄ“asne,
þÄra þe mid HrÅðgÄre hÄm eahtode.
Ofer-Ä“ode Ã¾Ä Ã¦Ã°elinga bearn
1410 stÄ“ap stÄn-hliðo, stÄ«ge nearwe,
enge Än-paðas, un-cūð gelÄd,
neowle næssas, nicor-hūsa fela;
hē fēara sum beforan gengde
wīsra monna, wong scēawian,
1415 oð þæt hē fǣringa fyrgen-bēamas
ofer hÄrne stÄn hleonian funde,
wyn-lÄ“asne wudu; wæter under stÅd
drēorig and gedrēfed. Denum eallum wæs,
winum Scyldinga, weorce on mÅde,
1420 tŠgeþolianne þegne monegum,
oncȳð eorla gehwǣm, syððan Æsc-heres
on þÄm holm-clife hafelan mÄ“tton.
FlÅd blÅde wÄ“ol (folc tÅ sÇ£gon)
hÄtan heolfre. Horn stundum song
1425 fūslīc fyrd-lēoð. Fēða eal gesæt;
gesÄwon Ã¾Ä Ã¦fter wætere wyrm-cynnes fela,
sellīce sǣ-dracan sund cunnian,
swylce on næs-hleoðum nicras licgean,
Ã¾Ä on undern-mÇ£l oft bewitigað
1430 sorh-fulne sīð on segl-rÄde,
wyrmas and wil-dēor; hīe on weg hruron
bitere and gebolgne, bearhtm ongeÄton,
gūð-horn galan. Sumne Gēata lēod
of flÄn-bogan fÄ“ores getwÇ£fde,
1435 ȳð-gewinnes, þæt him on aldre stÅd
here-strǣl hearda; hē on holme wæs
sundes þē sǣnra, þē hyne swylt fornam.
Hræðe wearð on ȳðum mid eofer-sprēotum
heoro-hÅcyhtum hearde genearwod,
1440 nīða genǣged and on næs togen
wundorlīc wǣg-bora; weras scēawedon
gryrelīcne gist. Gyrede hine Bēowulf
eorl-gewǣdum, nalles for ealdre mearn:
scolde here-byrne hondum gebrÅden,
1445 sÄ«d and searo-fÄh, sund cunnian,
sÄ“o þe bÄn-cofan beorgan cūðe,
þæt him hilde-grÄp hreðre ne mihte,
eorres inwit-feng, aldre gesceððan;
ac se hwīta helm hafelan werede,
1450 sē þe mere-grundas mengan scolde,
sēcan sund-gebland since geweorðad,
befongen frÄ“a-wrÄsnum, swÄ hine fyrn-dagum
worhte wǣpna smið, wundrum tēode,
besette swÄ«n-lÄ«cum, þæt hine syððan nÅ
1455 brond nē beado-mēcas bītan ne meahton.
Næs þæt þonne mǣtost mægen-fultuma,
þæt him on þearfe lÄh þyle HrÅðgÄres;
wæs þǣm hæft-mēce Hrunting nama,
þæt wæs Än foran eald-gestrÄ“ona;
1460 ecg wæs Ä«ren Äter-tÄ“arum fÄh,
Ähyrded heaðo-swÄte; nÇ£fre hit æt hilde ne swÄc
manna Ç£ngum þÄra þe hit mid mundum bewand,
sÄ“ þe gryre-sīðas gegÄn dorste,
folc-stede fÄra; næs þæt forma sīð,
1465 þæt hit ellen-weorc æfnan scolde.
HÅ«ru ne gemunde mago EcglÄfes
eafoðes cræftig, þæt hē ǣr gespræc
wÄ«ne druncen, Ã¾Ä hÄ“ þæs wÇ£pnes onlÄh
sēlran sweord-frecan: selfa ne dorste
1470 under ȳða gewin aldre genēðan,
driht-scype drÄ“ogan; þǣr hÄ“ dÅme forlÄ“as,
ellen-mÇ£rðum. Ne wæs þǣm Åðrum swÄ,
syððan hē hine tŠgūðe gegyred hæfde.
XXIII. THE BATTLE WITH THE WATER-DRAKE.
Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes:
1475 "geþenc nū, se mǣra maga Healfdenes,
"snottra fengel, nū ic eom sīðes fūs,
"gold-wine gumena, hwæt wit geŠsprǣcon,
"gif ic æt þearfe þīnre scolde
"aldre linnan, þæt þū mÄ“ Ä wÇ£re
1480 "forð-gewitenum on fæder stǣle;
"wes þū mund-bora mīnum mago-þegnum,
"hond-gesellum, gif mec hild nime:
"swylce þū Ã¾Ä mÄdmas, þē þū mÄ“ sealdest,
"HrÅðgÄr lÄ“ofa, HigelÄce onsend.
1485 "Mæg þonne on þǣm golde ongitan Gēata dryhten,
"gesēon sunu Hrēðles, þonne hē on þæt sinc starað,
"þæt ic gum-cystum gÅdne funde
"bÄ“aga bryttan, brÄ“ac þonne mÅste.
"And þū Unferð lÇ£t ealde lÄfe,
1490 "wrǣtlīc wǣg-sweord wīd-cūðne man
"heard-ecg habban; ic mē mid Hruntinge
"dÅm gewyrce, oððe mec dÄ“að nimeð."
Æfter þǣm wordum Weder-Gēata lēod
efste mid elne, nalas andsware
1495 bīdan wolde; brim-wylm onfēng
hilde-rince. ÃžÄ wæs hwÄ«l dæges,
ǣr hē þone grund-wong ongytan mehte.
SÅna þæt onfunde, sÄ“ þe flÅda begong
heoro-gīfre behēold hund missēra,
1500 grim and grǣdig, þæt þǣr gumena sum
æl-wihta eard ufan cunnode.
GrÄp Ã¾Ä tÅgÄ“anes, gūð-rinc gefÄ“ng
atolan clommum; nŠþyÌ„ Ç£r in gescÅd
hÄlan lÄ«ce: hring Å«tan ymb-bearh,
1505 þæt hÄ“o þone fyrd-hom þurh-fÅn ne mihte,
locene leoðo-syrcan lÄðan fingrum.
Bær Ã¾Ä sÄ“o brim-wylf, Ã¾Ä hÄ“o tÅ botme cÅm,
hringa þengel tŠhofe sīnum,
swÄ hÄ“ ne mihte nÅ (hÄ“ þæs mÅdig wæs)
1510 wǣpna gewealdan, ac hine wundra þæs fela
swencte on sunde, sǣ-dēor monig
hilde-tūxum here-syrcan bræc,
Ä“hton ÄglÇ£can. ÃžÄ se eorl ongeat,
þæt hÄ“ in nið-sele nÄt-hwylcum wæs,
1515 þǣr him nǣnig wæter wihte ne sceðede,
nÄ“ him for hrÅf-sele hrÄ«nan ne mehte
fÇ£r-gripe flÅdes: fyÌ„r-lÄ“oht geseah,
blÄcne lÄ“oman beorhte scÄ«nan.
Ongeat Ã¾Ä se gÅda grund-wyrgenne,
1520 mere-wīf mihtig; mægen-rǣs forgeaf
hilde-bille, hond swenge ne oftēah,
þæt hire on hafelan hring-mÇ£l ÄgÅl
grÇ£dig gūð-lÄ“oð. ÃžÄ se gist onfand,
þæt se beado-lēoma bītan nolde,
1525 aldre sceððan, ac sÄ“o ecg geswÄc
þēodne æt þearfe: þolode ǣr fela
hond-gemÅta, helm oft gescær,
fǣges fyrd-hrægl: þæt wæs forma sīð
dÄ“orum mÄðme, þæt his dÅm Älæg.
1530 Eft wæs Än-rÇ£d, nalas elnes læt,
mÇ£rða gemyndig mÇ£g HygelÄces;
wearp Ã¾Ä wunden-mÇ£l wrÇ£ttum gebunden
yrre Åretta, þæt hit on eorðan læg,
stīð and stȳl-ecg; strenge getruwode,
1535 mund-gripe mægenes. SwÄ sceal man dÅn,
þonne hÄ“ æt gūðe gegÄn þenceð
longsumne lof, nÄ ymb his lÄ«f cearað.
GefÄ“ng Ã¾Ä be eaxle (nalas for fÇ£hðe mearn)
Gūð-GÄ“ata lÄ“od Grendles mÅdor;
1540 brægd Ã¾Ä beadwe heard, Ã¾Ä hÄ“ gebolgen wæs,
feorh-genīðlan, þæt hēo on flet gebēah.
Hēo him eft hraðe and-lēan forgeald
grimman grÄpum and him tÅgÄ“anes fÄ“ng;
oferwearp Ã¾Ä wÄ“rig-mÅd wigena strengest,
1545 fēðe-cempa, þæt hē on fylle wearð.
Ofsæt Ã¾Ä Ã¾one sele-gyst and hyre seaxe getÄ“ah,
brÄd and brÅ«n-ecg wolde hire bearn wrecan,
Ängan eaferan. Him on eaxle læg
brÄ“ost-net brÅden; þæt gebearh fÄ“ore,
1550 wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstÅd.
Hæfde Ã¾Ä forsīðod sunu Ecgþēowes
under gynne grund, GÄ“ata cempa,
nemne him heaðo-byrne helpe gefremede,
here-net hearde, and hÄlig god
1555 gewēold wīg-sigor, wītig drihten;
rodera rǣdend hit on ryht gescēd,
ȳðelÄ«ce syððan hÄ“ eft ÄstÅd.
XXIV. BÄ’OWULF SLAYS THE SPRITE.
Geseah Ã¾Ä on searwum sige-Ä“adig bil,
eald sweord eotenisc ecgum þȳhtig,
1560 wigena weorð-mynd: þæt wæs wǣpna cyst,
bÅ«ton hit wæs mÄre þonne Ç£nig mon Åðer
tÅ beadu-lÄce ætberan meahte
gÅd and geatolÄ«c gÄ«ganta geweorc.
HÄ“ gefÄ“ng Ã¾Ä fetel-hilt, freca Scildinga,
1565 hrēoh and heoro-grim hring-mǣl gebrægd,
aldres orwÄ“na, yrringa slÅh,
þæt hire wið halse heard grÄpode,
bÄn-hringas bræc, bil eal þurh-wÅd
fǣgne flǣsc-homan, hēo on flet gecrong;
1570 sweord wæs swÄtig, secg weorce gefeh.
LÄ«xte se lÄ“oma, lÄ“oht inne stÅd,
efne swÄ of hefene hÄdre scÄ«neð
rodores candel. HÄ“ æfter recede wlÄt,
hwearf Ã¾Ä be wealle, wÇ£pen hafenade
1575 heard be hiltum HigelÄces þegn,
yrre and Än-rÇ£d. Næs sÄ“o ecg fracod
hilde-rince, ac hē hraðe wolde
Grendle forgyldan gūð-rǣsa fela
þÄra þe hÄ“ geworhte tÅ West-Denum
1580 oftor micle þonne on ǣnne sīð,
þonne hÄ“ HrÅðgÄres heorð-genÄ“atas
slÅh on sweofote, slÇ£pende fræt
folces Denigea fȳf-tȳne men
and Åðer swylc Å«t of-ferede,
1585 lÄðlÄ«cu lÄc. HÄ“ him þæs lÄ“an forgeald,
rēðe cempa, tŠþæs þe hē on ræste geseah
gūð-wērigne Grendel licgan,
aldor-lÄ“asne, swÄ him Ç£r gescÅd
hild æt Heorote; hrÄ wÄ«de sprong,
1590 syððan hē æfter dēaðe drepe þrowade,
heoro-sweng heardne, and hine Ã¾Ä hÄ“afde becearf,
SÅna þæt gesÄwon snottre ceorlas,
Ã¾Ä Ã¾e mid HrÅðgÄre on holm wliton,
þæt wæs ȳð-geblond eal gemenged,
1595 brim blÅde fÄh: blonden-feaxe
gomele ymb gÅdne ongeador sprÇ£con,
þæt hig þæs æðelinges eft ne wēndon,
þæt hÄ“ sige-hrēðig sÄ“cean cÅme
mÇ£rne þēoden; Ã¾Ä Ã¾Ã¦s monige gewearð,
1600 þæt hine sÄ“o brim-wylf Äbroten hæfde.
ÃžÄ cÅm nÅn dæges. Næs ofgÄ“afon
hwate Scyldingas; gewÄt him hÄm þonon
gold-wine gumena. Gistas sētan,
mÅdes sÄ“oce, and on mere staredon,
1605 wiston and ne wēndon, þæt hīe heora wine-drihten
selfne gesÄwon. ÃžÄ Ã¾Ã¦t sweord ongan
æfter heaðo-swÄte hilde-gicelum
wīg-bil wanian; þæt wæs wundra sum,
þæt hit eal gemealt īse gelīcost,
1610 þonne forstes bend fæder onlǣteð,
onwindeð wæl-rÄpas, sÄ“ þe geweald hafað
sÇ£la and mÇ£la; þæt is sÅð metod.
Ne nom hē in þǣm wīcum, Weder-Gēata lēod,
mÄðm-Ç£hta mÄ, þēh hÄ“ þǣr monige geseah,
1615 bÅ«ton þone hafelan and Ã¾Ä hilt somod,
since fÄge; sweord Ç£r gemealt,
forbarn brÅden mÇ£l: wæs þæt blÅd tŠþæs hÄt,
ǣttren ellor-gǣst, sē þǣr inne swealt.
SÅna wæs on sunde, sÄ“ þe Ç£r æt sæcce gebÄd
1620 wÄ«g-hryre wrÄðra, wæter up þurh-dÄ“af;
wǣron ȳð-gebland eal gefǣlsod,
Ä“acne eardas, Ã¾Ä se ellor-gÄst
oflÄ“t lÄ«f-dagas and þÄs lÇ£nan gesceaft.
CÅm Ã¾Ä tÅ lande lid-manna helm
1625 swīð-mÅd swymman, sÇ£-lÄce gefeah,
mægen-byrðenne þÄra þe hÄ“ him mid hæfde.
Ä’odon him Ã¾Ä tÅgÄ“anes, gode þancodon,
þrȳðlīc þegna hēap, þēodnes gefēgon,
þæs þe hÄ« hyne gesundne gesÄ“on mÅston.
1630 ÃžÄ wæs of þǣm hrÅran helm and byrne
lungre ÄlyÌ„sed: lagu drÅ«sade,
wæter under wolcnum, wæl-drÄ“ore fÄg.
FÄ“rdon forð þonon fēðe-lÄstum
ferhðum fægne, fold-weg mǣton,
1635 cūðe strǣte; cyning-balde men
from þǣm holm-clife hafelan bǣron
earfoðlīce heora ǣghwæðrum
fela-mÅdigra: fÄ“ower scoldon
on ðæm wæl-stenge weorcum geferian
1640 tŠþǣm gold-sele Grendles hēafod,
oð þæt semninga tÅ sele cÅmon
frome fyrd-hwate fēower-tȳne
GÄ“ata gongan; gum-dryhten mid
mÅdig on gemonge meodo-wongas træd.
1645 ÃžÄ cÅm in gÄn ealdor þegna,
dÇ£d-cÄ“ne mon dÅme gewurðad,
hæle hilde-dÄ“or. HrÅðgÄr grÄ“tan:
ÃžÄ wæs be feaxe on flet boren
Grendles hēafod, þǣr guman druncon,
1650 egeslīc for eorlum and þǣre idese mid:
wlite-sÄ“on wrÇ£tlÄ«c weras onsÄwon.
XXV. HROTHGAR'S GRATITUDE: HE DISCOURSES.
Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes:
"Hwæt! wÄ“ þē þÄs sÇ£-lÄc, sunu Healfdenes,
"lÄ“od Scyldinga, lustum brÅhton,
1655 "tÄ«res tÅ tÄcne, þē þū hÄ“r tÅ lÅcast.
"Ic þæt unsÅfte ealdre gedÄ«gde:
"wigge under wætere weorc genēðde
"earfoðlīce, æt-rihte wæs
"gūð getwǣfed, nymðe mec god scylde.
1660 "Ne meahte ic æt hilde mid Hruntinge
"wiht gewyrcan, þēah þæt wǣpen duge,
"ac mē geūðe ylda waldend,
"þæt ic on wÄge geseah wlitig hangian
"eald sweord ēacen (oftost wīsode
1665 "winigea lēasum) þæt ic þȳ wǣpne gebrǣ.
"OfslÅh Ã¾Ä Ã¦t þǣre sæcce (Ã¾Ä mÄ“ sÇ£l Ägeald)
"hÅ«ses hyrdas. ÃžÄ Ã¾Ã¦t hilde-bil
"forbarn, brogden mÇ£l, swÄ Ã¾Ã¦t blÅd gesprang,
"hÄtost heaðo-swÄta: ic þæt hilt þanan
1670 "fēondum ætferede; fyren-dǣda wræc,
"dÄ“að-cwealm Denigea, swÄ hit gedÄ“fe wæs.
"Ic hit þē þonne gehÄte, þæt þū on Heorote mÅst
"sorh-lēas swefan mid þīnra secga gedryht,
"and þegna gehwylc þīnra lēoda,
1675 "duguðe and iogoðe, þæt þū him ondrǣdan ne þearft,
"þēoden Scyldinga, on Ã¾Ä healfe,
"aldor-bealu eorlum, swÄ Ã¾Å« Ç£r dydest."
ÃžÄ wæs gylden hilt gamelum rince.
hÄrum hild-fruman, on hand gyfen,
1680 enta ǣr-geweorc, hit on ǣht gehwearf
æfter dēofla hryre Denigea frēan,
wundor-smiða geweorc, and Ã¾Ä Ã¾Äs worold ofgeaf
grom-heort guma, godes andsaca,
morðres scyldig, and his mÅdor Ä“ac;
1685 on geweald gehwearf worold-cyninga
þǣm sēlestan be sǣm twēonum
þÄra þe on Sceden-igge sceattas dÇ£lde.
HrÅðgÄr maðelode, hylt scÄ“awode,
ealde lÄfe, on þǣm wæs År writen
1690 fyrn-gewinnes: syððan flÅd ofslÅh,
gifen gēotende, gīganta cyn,
frēcne gefērdon: þæt wæs fremde þēod
ēcean dryhtne, him þæs ende-lēan
þurh wæteres wylm waldend sealde.
1695 SwÄ wæs on þǣm scennum scÄ«ran goldes
þurh rūn-stafas rihte gemearcod,
geseted and gesÇ£d, hwÄm þæt sweord geworht,
īrena cyst ǣrest wǣre,
wreoðen-hilt and wyrm-fÄh. Ã¾Ä se wÄ«sa spræc
1700 sunu Healfdenes (swīgedon ealle):
"Þæt lÄ mæg secgan, sÄ“ þe sÅð and riht
"fremeð on folce, (feor eal gemon
"eald ēðel-weard), þæt þes eorl wǣre
"geboren betera! BlÇ£d is ÄrÇ£red
1705 "geond wīd-wegas, wine mīn Bēowulf,
"þīn ofer þēoda gehwylce. Eal þū hit geþyldum healdest,
"mægen mid mÅdes snyttrum. Ic þē sceal mÄ«ne gelÇ£stan
"frÄ“ode, swÄ wit furðum sprÇ£con; þū scealt tÅ frÅfre weorðan
"eal lang-twidig lēodum þīnum,
1710 "hæleðum tÅ helpe. Ne wearð HeremÅd swÄ
"eaforum Ecgwelan, Ār-Scyldingum;
"ne gewēox hē him tŠwillan, ac tŠwæl-fealle
"and tŠdēað-cwalum Deniga lēodum;
"brÄ“at bolgen-mÅd bÄ“od-genÄ“atas,
1715 "eaxl-gesteallan, oð þæt hÄ“ Äna hwearf,
"mǣre þēoden. mon-drēamum from:
"þēah þe hine mihtig god mægenes wynnum,
"eafeðum stēpte, ofer ealle men
"forð gefremede, hwæðere him on ferhðe grēow
1720 "brÄ“ost-hord blÅd-rÄ“ow: nallas bÄ“agas geaf
"Denum æfter dÅme; drÄ“am-lÄ“as gebÄd,
"þæt hē þæs gewinnes weorc þrowade,
"lēod-bealo longsum. Þū þē lǣr be þon,
"gum-cyste ongit! ic þis gid be þē
1725 "Äwræc wintrum frÅd. Wundor is tÅ secganne,
"hū mihtig god manna cynne
"þurh sīdne sefan snyttru bryttað,
"eard and eorl-scipe, hÄ“ Äh ealra geweald.
"Hwīlum hē on lufan lǣteð hworfan
1730 "monnes mÅd-geþonc mÇ£ran cynnes,
"seleð him on ēðle eorðan wynne,
"tŠhealdanne hlēo-burh wera,
"gedēð him swÄ gewealdene worolde dÇ£las,
"sīde rīce, þæt hē his selfa ne mæg
1735 "for his un-snyttrum ende geþencean;
"wunað hē on wiste, nŠhine wiht dweleð,
"Ädl nÄ“ yldo, nÄ“ him inwit-sorh
"on sefan sweorceð, nÄ“ gesacu ÅhwÇ£r,
"ecg-hete ēoweð, ac him eal worold
1740 "wendeð on willan; hē þæt wyrse ne con,
"oð þæt him on innan ofer-hygda dǣl
"weaxeð and wridað, þonne se weard swefeð,
"sÄwele hyrde: bið se slÇ£p tÅ fæst,
"bisgum gebunden, bona swīðe nēah,
1745 "sÄ“ þe of flÄn-bogan fyrenum scÄ“oteð.
XXVI. THE DISCOURSE IS ENDED.-BÄ’OWULF PREPARES TO LEAVE.
"Þonne bið on hreðre under helm drepen
"biteran strǣle: him bebeorgan ne con
"wom wundor-bebodum wergan gÄstes;
"þinceð him tŠlȳtel, þæt hē tŠlange hēold,
1750 "gȳtsað grom-hȳdig, nallas on gylp seleð
"fÇ£tte bÄ“agas and hÄ“ Ã¾Ä forð-gesceaft
"forgyteð and forgȳmeð, þæs þe him ǣr god sealde
"wuldres waldend, weorð-mynda dǣl.
"Hit on ende-stæf eft gelimpeð,
1755 "þæt se līc-homa lǣne gedrēoseð,
"fÇ£ge gefealleð; fÄ“hð Åðer tÅ,
"sÄ“ þe unmurnlÄ«ce mÄdmas dÇ£leð,
"eorles ǣr-gestrēon, egesan ne gȳmeð.
"Bebeorh þē þone bealo-nīð, Bēowulf lēofa,
1760 "secg se betsta, and þē þæt sēlre gecēos,
"ēce rǣdas; oferhȳda ne gȳm,
"mǣre cempa! Nū is þīnes mægnes blǣd
"Äne hwÄ«le; eft sÅna bið,
"þæt þec Ädl oððe ecg eafoðes getwÇ£feð,
1765 "oððe fyÌ„res feng oððe flÅdes wylm,
"oððe gripe mÄ“ces oððe gÄres fliht,
"oððe atol yldo, oððe ēagena bearhtm
"forsiteð and forsworceð; semninga bið,
"þæt þec, dryht-guma, dēað oferswȳðeð.
1770 "SwÄ ic Hring-Dena hund missÄ“ra
"wēold under wolcnum, and hig wigge belēac
"manigum mǣgða geond þysne middan-geard,
"æscum and ecgum, þæt ic mē ǣnigne
"under swegles begong gesacan ne tealde.
1775 "Hwæt! mÄ“ þæs on ēðle edwenden cwÅm,
"gyrn æfter gomene, seoððan Grendel wearð,
"eald-gewinna, in-genga mīn:
"ic þǣre sÅcne singÄles wæg
"mÅd-ceare micle. Þæs sig metode þanc,
1780 "Ä“cean drihtne, þæs þe ic on aldre gebÄd,
"þæt ic on þone hafelan heoro-drēorigne
"ofer eald gewin Ä“agum starige!
"GÄ nÅ« tÅ setle, symbel-wynne drÄ“oh
"wīgge weorðad: unc sceal worn fela
1785 "mÄðma gemÇ£nra, siððan morgen bið."
GÄ“at wæs glæd-mÅd, gÄ“ong sÅna tÅ,
setles nÄ“osan, swÄ se snottra heht.
ÃžÄ wæs eft swÄ Ç£r ellen-rÅfum,
flet-sittendum fægere gereorded
1790 nīowan stefne. Niht-helm geswearc
deorc ofer dryht-gumum. Duguð eal ÄrÄs;
wolde blonden-feax beddes nēosan,
gamela Scylding. Gēat ungemetes wēl,
rÅfne rand-wigan restan lyste:
1795 sÅna him sele-þegn sīðes wÄ“rgum,
feorran-cundum forð wīsade,
se for andrysnum ealle beweotede
þegnes þearfe, swylce þyÌ„ dÅgore
hēaðo-līðende habban scoldon.
1800 Reste hine Ã¾Ä rÅ«m-heort; reced hlÄ«fade
gÄ“ap and gold-fÄh, gæst inne swæf,
oð þæt hrefn blaca heofones wynne
blīð-heort bodode. ÃžÄ cÅm beorht sunne
scacan ofer grundas; scaðan Ånetton,
1805 wǣron æðelingas eft tŠlēodum
fūse tŠfarenne, wolde feor þanon
cuma collen-ferhð cēoles nēosan.
Heht Ã¾Ä se hearda Hrunting beran,
sunu EcglÄfes, heht his sweord niman,
1810 lēoflīc īren; sægde him þæs lēanes þanc,
cwæð hÄ“ þone gūð-wine gÅdne tealde,
wÄ«g-cræftigne, nales wordum lÅg
mÄ“ces ecge: þæt wæs mÅdig secg.
And Ã¾Ä sīð-frome searwum gearwe
1815 wīgend wǣron, ēode weorð Denum
æðeling tÅ yppan, þǣr se Åðer wæs
hæle hilde-dÄ“or, HrÅðgÄr grÄ“tte.
XXVII. THE PARTING WORDS.
Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes:
"Nū wē sǣ-līðend secgan wyllað
1820 "feorran cumene, þæt wē fundiað
"HigelÄc sÄ“can. WÇ£ron hÄ“r tela
"willum bewenede; þū ūs wēl dohtest.
"Gif ic þonne on eorðan Åwihte mæg
"þīnre mÅd-lufan mÄran tilian,
1825 "gumena dryhten, þonne ic gȳt dyde,
"gūð-geweorca ic bÄ“o gearo sÅna.
"Gif ic þæt gefricge ofer flÅda begang,
"þæt þec ymbe-sittend egesan þȳwað,
"swÄ Ã¾ec hetende hwÄ«lum dydon,
1830 "ic þē þūsenda þegna bringe,
"hæleða tÅ helpe. Ic on HigelÄce wÄt,
"Gēata dryhten, þēah þe hē geong sȳ,
"folces hyrde, þæt hē mec fremman wile
"wordum and worcum, þæt ic þē wēl herige,
1835 "and þē tÅ gÄ“oce gÄr-holt bere
"mægenes fultum, þǣr þē bið manna þearf;
"gif him þonne Hrēðrīc tŠhofum Gēata
"geþingeð, þēodnes bearn, hē mæg þǣr fela
"frēonda findan: feor-cȳððe bēoð
1840 "sÄ“lran gesÅhte þǣm þe him selfa dÄ“ah."
HrÅðgÄr maðelode him on andsware:
"Þē Ã¾Ä word-cwydas wittig drihten
"on sefan sende! ne hȳrde ic snotorlīcor
"on swÄ geongum feore guman þingian:
1845 "þū eart mægenes strang and on mÅde frÅd,
"wīs word-cwida. Wēn ic talige,
"gif þæt gegangeð, þæt þe gÄr nymeð,
"hild heoru-grimme Hrēðles eaferan,
"Ädl oððe Ä«ren ealdor þīnne,
1850 "folces hyrde, and þū þīn feorh hafast,
"þæt þe Sǣ-Gēatas sēlran næbben
"tŠgecēosenne cyning ǣnigne,
"hord-weard hæleða, gif þū healdan wylt
"mÄga rÄ«ce. MÄ“ þīn mÅd-sefa
1855 "lÄ«cað leng swÄ wÄ“l, lÄ“ofa BÄ“owulf:
"hafast þū gefÄ“red, þæt þÄm folcum sceal,
"GÄ“ata lÄ“odum and GÄr-Denum
"sib gemǣnum and sacu restan,
"inwit-nīðas, þē hīe ǣr drugon;
1860 "wesan, þenden ic wealde wīdan rīces,
"mÄðmas gemÇ£ne, manig Åðerne
"gÅdum gegrÄ“tan ofer ganotes bæð;
"sceal hring-naca ofer hēaðu bringan
"lÄc and luf-tÄcen. Ic Ã¾Ä lÄ“ode wÄt
1865 "gē wið fēond gē wið frēond fæste geworhte
"ǣghwæs untǣle ealde wīsan."
ÃžÄ gÄ«t him eorla hlÄ“o inne gesealde,
mago Healfdenes mÄðmas twelfe,
hÄ“t hine mid þǣm lÄcum lÄ“ode swÇ£se
1870 sēcean on gesyntum, snūde eft cuman.
Gecyste Ã¾Ä cyning æðelum gÅd,
þēoden Scildinga, þegen betstan
and be healse genam; hruron him tēaras,
blonden-feaxum: him wæs bēga wēn,
1875 ealdum infrÅdum, Åðres swīðor,
þæt hÄ« seoððan gesÄ“on mÅston
mÅdige on meðle. Wæs him se man tŠþon lÄ“of,
þæt hē þone brēost-wylm forberan ne mehte,
ac him on hreðre hyge-bendum fæst
1880 æfter dēorum men dyrne langað
beorn wið blÅde. Him BÄ“owulf þanan,
gūð-rinc gold-wlanc græs-moldan træd,
since hrÄ“mig: sÇ£-genga bÄd
Ägend-frÄ“an, sÄ“ þe on ancre rÄd.
1885 ÃžÄ wæs on gange gifu HrÅðgÄres
oft geæhted: þæt wæs Än cyning
ǣghwæs orleahtre, oð þæt hine yldo benam
mægenes wynnum, sÄ“ þe oft manegum scÅd.
XXVIII. BÄ’OWULF RETURNS TO GEATLAND.-THE QUEENS HYGD AND THRYTHO.
CwÅm Ã¾Ä tÅ flÅde fela-mÅdigra
1890 hæg-stealdra hēap; hring-net bǣron,
locene leoðo-syrcan. Land-weard onfand
eft-sīð eorla, swÄ hÄ“ Ç£r dyde;
nŠhē mid hearme of hlīðes nosan
gæstas grÄ“tte, ac him tÅgÄ“anes rÄd;
1895 cwæð þæt wilcuman Wedera lēodum
scawan scÄ«r-hame tÅ scipe fÅron.
ÃžÄ wæs on sande sÇ£-gÄ“ap naca
hladen here-wǣdum, hringed-stefna
mÄ“arum and mÄðmum: mæst hlÄ«fade
1900 ofer HrÅðgÄres hord-gestrÄ“onum.
HÄ“ þǣm bÄt-wearde bunden golde
swurd gesealde, þæt hē syððan wæs
on meodu-bence mÄðme þyÌ„ weorðra,
yrfe-lÄfe. GewÄt him on ȳð-nacan,
1905 drēfan dēop wæter, Dena land ofgeaf.
ÃžÄ wæs be mæste mere-hrægla sum,
segl sÄle fæst. Sund-wudu þunede,
nŠþǣr wēg-flotan wind ofer ȳðum
sīðes getwÇ£fde; sÇ£-genga fÅr,
1910 flÄ“at fÄmig-heals forð ofer ȳðe,
bunden-stefna ofer brim-strēamas,
þæt hīe Gēata clifu ongitan meahton,
cūðe næssas. Cēol up geþrang,
lyft-geswenced on lande stÅd.
1915 Hraðe wæs æt holme hȳð-weard gearo,
sē þe ǣr lange tīd, lēofra manna
fÅ«s, æt faroðe feor wlÄtode;
sǣlde tŠsande sīd-fæðme scip
oncer-bendum fæst, þȳ lǣs hym ȳða þrym
1920 wudu wynsuman forwrecan meahte.
HÄ“t Ã¾Ä up beran æðelinga gestrÄ“on,
frætwe and fǣt-gold; næs him feor þanon
tŠgesēcanne sinces bryttan:
HigelÄc Hrēðling þǣr æt hÄm wunað,
1925 selfa mid gesīðum sǣ-wealle nēah;
bold wæs betlÄ«c, brego-rÅf cyning,
hēa on healle, Hygd swīðe geong,
wīs, wēl-þungen, þēah þe wintra lȳt
under burh-locan gebiden hæbbe
1930 Hæreðes dÅhtor: næs hÄ«o hnÄh swÄ Ã¾Ä“ah,
nē tŠgnēað gifa Gēata lēodum,
mÄðm-gestrÄ“ona. Mod Þrȳðo wæg,
fremu folces cwēn, firen ondrysne:
nǣnig þæt dorste dēor genēðan
1935 swǣsra gesīða, nefne sin-frēa,
þæt hire an dæges ēagum starede;
ac him wæl-bende weotode tealde,
hand-gewriðene: hraðe seoððan wæs
æfter mund-gripe mēce geþinged,
1940 þæt hit sceaðen-mÇ£l scyÌ„ran mÅste,
cwealm-bealu cȳðan. Ne bið swylc cwēnlīc þēaw
idese tŠefnanne, þēah þe hīo ǣnlīcu sȳ,
þætte freoðu-webbe fēores onsæce
æfter līge-torne lēofne mannan.
1945 HÅ«ru þæt onhÅhsnode Heminges mÇ£g;
ealo drincende Åðer sÇ£dan,
þæt hīo lēod-bealewa lǣs gefremede,
inwit-nīða, syððan ǣrest wearð
gyfen gold-hroden geongum cempan,
1950 æðelum dīore, syððan hīo Offan flet
ofer fealone flÅd be fæder lÄre
sīðe gesÅhte, þǣr hÄ«o syððan wÄ“l
in gum-stÅle, gÅde mÇ£re,
līf-gesceafta lifigende brēac,
1955 hīold hēah-lufan wið hæleða brego,
ealles mon-cynnes mīne gefrǣge
þone sēlestan bī sǣm twēonum
eormen-cynnes; forþÄm Offa wæs
geofum and gūðum gÄr-cÄ“ne man,
1960 wÄ«de geweorðod; wÄ«sdÅme hÄ“old
ēðel sÄ«nne, þonon Ä’omÇ£r wÅc
hæleðum tŠhelpe, Heminges mǣg,
nefa GÄrmundes, nīða cræftig.
XXIX. HIS ARRIVAL. HYGELAC'S RECEPTION.
GewÄt him Ã¾Ä se hearda mid his hond-scole
1965 sylf æfter sande sǣ-wong tredan,
wÄ«de waroðas. Woruld-candel scÄn,
sigel sūðan fūs: hī sīð drugon,
elne geēodon, tŠþæs þe eorla hlēo,
bonan Ongenþēowes burgum on innan,
1970 geongne gūð-cyning gÅdne gefrÅ«non
hringas dÇ£lan. HigelÄce wæs
sīð Bēowulfes snūde gecȳðed,
þæt þǣr on worðig wīgendra hlēo,
lind-gestealla lifigende cwÅm,
1975 heaðo-lÄces hÄl tÅ hofe gongan.
Hraðe wæs geryÌ„med, swÄ se rÄ«ca bebÄ“ad,
fēðe-gestum flet innan-weard.
Gesæt Ã¾Ä wið sylfne, sÄ“ Ã¾Ä sæcce genæs,
mǣg wið mǣge, syððan man-dryhten
1980 þurh hlēoðor-cwyde holdne gegrētte
mēaglum wordum. Meodu-scencum
hwearf geond þæt reced Hæreðes dÅhtor:
lufode Ã¾Ä lÄ“ode, līð-wÇ£ge bær
hÇ£lum tÅ handa. HigelÄc ongan
1985 sÄ«nne geseldan in sele þÄm hÄ“an
fægre fricgean, hyne fyrwet bræc,
hwylce Sǣ-Gēata sīðas wǣron:
"HÅ« lomp Ä“ow on lÄde, lÄ“ofa BÄ«owulf,
"Ã¾Ä Ã¾Å« fÇ£ringa feorr gehogodest,
1990 "sæcce sēcean ofer sealt wæter,
"hilde tÅ Hiorote? Ac þū HrÅðgÄre
"wīd-cūðne wēan wihte gebēttest,
"mÇ£rum þēodne? Ic þæs mÅd-ceare
"sorh-wylmum sēað, sīðe ne truwode
1995 "lēofes mannes; ic þē lange bæd,
"þæt þū þone wæl-gǣst wihte ne grētte,
"lēte Sūð-Dene sylfe geweorðan
"gūðe wið Grendel. Gode ic þanc secge,
"þæs þe ic þē gesundne gesÄ“on mÅste."
2000 Bīowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþīowes:
"Þæt is undyrne, dryhten HigelÄc,
"mǣre gemēting monegum fīra,
"hwylc orleg-hwīl uncer Grendles
"wearð on þÄm wange, þǣr hÄ“ worna fela
2005 "Sige-Scildingum sorge gefremede,
"yrmðe tŠaldre; ic þæt eal gewræc,
"swÄ ne gylpan þearf Grendeles mÄga
"ǣnig ofer eorðan ūht-hlem þone,
"sÄ“ þe lengest leofað lÄðan cynnes,
2010 "fenne bifongen. Ic þǣr furðum cwÅm,
"tŠþÄm hring-sele HrÅðgÄr grÄ“tan:
"sÅna mÄ“ se mÇ£ra mago Healfdenes,
"syððan hÄ“ mÅd-sefan mÄ«nne cūðe,
"wið his sylfes sunu setl getǣhte.
2015 "Weorod wæs on wynne; ne seah ic wīdan feorh
"under heofenes hwealf heal-sittendra
"medu-drÄ“am mÄran. HwÄ«lum mÇ£ru cwÄ“n,
"friðu-sibb folca flet eall geond-hwearf,
"bǣdde byre geonge; oft hīo bēah-wriðan
2020 "secge sealde, ǣr hīo tŠsetle gēong.
"HwÄ«lum for duguðe dÅhtor HrÅðgÄres
"eorlum on ende ealu-wǣge bær,
"Ã¾Ä ic FrÄ“aware flet-sittende
"nemnan hȳrde, þǣr hīo nægled sinc
2025 "hæleðum sealde: sÄ«o gehÄten wæs,
"geong gold-hroden, gladum suna FrÅdan;
"hafað þæs geworden wine Scyldinga
"rīces hyrde and þæt rǣd talað,
"þæt hē mid þȳ wīfe wæl-fǣhða dǣl,
2030 "sæcca gesette. Oft nŠseldan hwǣr
"æfter lēod-hryre lȳtle hwīle
"bon-gÄr bÅ«geð, þēah sÄ“o bryÌ„d duge!
XXX. BÄ’OWULF'S STORY OF THE SLAYINGS.
"Mæg þæs þonne ofþyncan þēoden Heaðobeardna
"and þegna gehwÄm þÄra lÄ“oda,
2035 "þonne hē mid fǣmnan on flett gǣð,
"dryht-bearn Dena duguða biwenede:
"on him gladiað gomelra lÄfe
"heard and hring-mǣl, Heaðobeardna gestrēon,
"þenden hÄ«e þÄm wÇ£pnum wealdan mÅston,
2040 "oð þæt hÄ«e forlÇ£ddan tŠþÄm lind-plegan
"swǣse gesīðas ond hyra sylfra feorh.
"Þonne cwið æt bēore, sē þe bēah gesyhð,
"eald æsc-wiga, sē þe eall geman
"gÄr-cwealm gumena (him bið grim sefa),
2045 "onginneð geÅmor-mÅd geongne cempan
"þurh hreðra gehygd higes cunnian,
"wÄ«g-bealu weccean and þæt word Äcwyð:
"'Meaht þū, mÄ«n wine, mÄ“ce gecnÄwan,
"'þone þin fæder tŠgefeohte bær
2050 "'under here-grīman hindeman sīðe,
"'dyÌ„re Ä«ren, þǣr hyne Dene slÅgon,
"'wÄ“oldon wæl-stÅwe, syððan wiðer-gyld læg,
"'æfter hæleða hryre, hwate Scyldungas?
"'Nu hÄ“r þÄra banena byre nÄt-hwylces,
2055 "'frætwum hrēmig on flet gǣð,
"'morðres gylpeð and þone mÄððum byreð,
"'þone þe þū mid rihte rǣdan sceoldest!'"
"Manað swÄ and myndgað mÇ£la gehwylce
"sÄrum wordum, oð þæt sÇ£l cymeð,
2060 "þæt se fǣmnan þegn fore fæder dǣdum
"æfter billes bite blÅd-fÄg swefeð,
"ealdres scyldig; him se Åðer þonan
"losað lifigende, con him land geare.
"Þonne bÄ«oð brocene on bÄ healfe
2065 "Äð-sweord eorla; syððan Ingelde
"weallað wæl-nīðas and him wīf-lufan
"æfter cear-wælmum cÅlran weorðað.
"Þȳ ic Heaðobeardna hyldo ne telge,
"dryht-sibbe dǣl Denum unfǣcne,
2070 "frēond-scipe fæstne. Ic sceal forð sprecan
"gēn ymbe Grendel, þæt þū geare cunne,
"sinces brytta, tŠhwan syððan wearð
"hond-rǣs hæleða. Syððan heofones gim
"glÄd ofer grundas, gæst yrre cwÅm,
2075 "eatol ǣfen-grom, ūser nēosan,
"þǣr wē gesunde sæl weardodon;
"þǣr wæs Hondscīo hild onsǣge,
"feorh-bealu fǣgum, hē fyrmest læg,
"gyrded cempa; him Grendel wearð,
2080 "mǣrum magu-þegne tŠmūð-bonan,
"lēofes mannes līc eall forswealg.
"NŠþyÌ„ Ç£r Å«t Ã¾Ä gÄ“n Ä«del-hende
"bona blÅdig-tÅð bealewa gemyndig,
"of þÄm gold-sele gongan wolde,
2085 "ac hÄ“ mægnes rÅf mÄ«n costode,
"grÄpode gearo-folm. GlÅf hangode
"sīd and syllīc searo-bendum fæst,
"sīo wæs orþoncum eall gegyrwed
"dēofles cræftum and dracan fellum:
2090 "hē mec þǣr on innan unsynnigne,
"dÄ«or dÇ£d-fruma, gedÅn wolde,
"manigra sumne: hyt ne mihte swÄ,
"syððan ic on yrre upp-riht ÄstÅd.
"TÅ lang ys tÅ reccenne, hÅ« ic þÄm lÄ“od-sceaðan
2095 "yfla gehwylces ond-lēan forgeald;
"þǣr ic, þēoden mīn, þīne lēode
"weorðode weorcum. Hē on weg losade,
"lȳtle hwīle līf-wynna brēac;
"hwæðre him sīo swīðre swaðe weardade
2100 "hand on Hiorte and hē hēan þonan,
"mÅdes geÅmor mere-grund gefÄ“oll.
"Mē þone wæl-rǣs wine Scildunga
"fǣttan golde fela lēanode,
"manegum mÄðmum, syððan mergen cÅm
2105 "and wē tŠsymble geseten hæfdon.
"Þǣr wæs gidd and glēo; gomela Scilding
"fela fricgende feorran rehte;
"hwīlum hilde-dēor hearpan wynne,
"gomen-wudu grÄ“tte; hwÄ«lum gyd Äwræc
2110 "sÅð and sÄrlÄ«c; hwÄ«lum syllÄ«c spell
"rehte æfter rihte rūm-heort cyning.
"Hwīlum eft ongan eldo gebunden,
"gomel gūð-wiga gioguðe cwīðan
"hilde-strengo; hreðer inne wēoll,
2115 "þonne hÄ“ wintrum frÅd worn gemunde.
"SwÄ wÄ“ þǣr inne andlangne dæg
"nÄ«ode nÄman, oð þæt niht becwÅm
"Åðer tÅ yldum. ÃžÄ wæs eft hraðe
"gearo gyrn-wræce Grendeles mÅdor,
2120 "sīðode sorh-full; sunu dēað fornam,
"wīg-hete Wedra. Wīf unhȳre
"hyre bearn gewræc, beorn Äcwealde
"ellenlīce; þǣr wæs Æsc-here,
"frÅdan fyrn-witan, feorh ūðgenge;
2125 "nÅðer hyÌ„ hine ne mÅston, syððan mergen cwÅm,
"dēað-wērigne Denia lēode
"bronde forbærnan, nē on bǣl hladan
"lēofne mannan: hīo þæt līc ætbær
"fēondes fæðmum under firgen-strēam.
2130 "Þæt wæs HrÅðgÄre hrÄ“owa tornost
"þÄra þe lÄ“od-fruman lange begeÄte;
"Ã¾Ä se þēoden mec þīne lÄ«fe
"healsode hrÄ“oh-mÅd, þæt ic on holma geþring
"eorl-scipe efnde, ealdre genēðde,
2135 "mǣrðo fremede: hē mē mēde gehēt.
"Ic Ã¾Ä Ã¾Ã¦s wælmes, þē is wÄ«de cūð,
"grimne gryrelīcne grund-hyrde fond.
"Þǣr unc hwīle wæs hand gemǣne;
"holm heolfre wēoll and ic hēafde becearf
2140 "in þÄm grund-sele Grendeles mÅdor
"Ä“acnum ecgum, unsÅfte þonan
"feorh oðferede; næs ic fÇ£ge Ã¾Ä gyÌ„t,
"ac mē eorla hlēo eft gesealde
"mÄðma menigeo, maga Healfdenes.
XXXI. HE GIVES PRESENTS TO HYGELAC. HYGELAC REWARDS HIM. HYGELAC'S DEATH. BÄ’OWULF REIGNS.
2145 "SwÄ se þēod-kyning þēawum lyfde;
"nealles ic þÄm lÄ“anum forloren hæfde,
"mægnes mÄ“de, ac hÄ“ mÄ“ mÄðmas geaf,
"sunu Healfdenes, on sÄ«nne sylfes dÅm;
"Ã¾Ä ic þē, beorn-cyning, bringan wylle,
2150 "ēstum geȳwan. Gēn is eall æt þē
"lissa gelong: ic lȳt hafo
"hÄ“afod-mÄga, nefne HygelÄc þec!"
HÄ“t Ã¾Ä in beran eafor, hÄ“afod-segn,
heaðo-stÄ“apne helm, hÄre byrnan,
2155 gūð-sweord geatolīc, gyd æfter wræc:
"MÄ“ þis hilde-sceorp HrÅðgÄr sealde,
"snotra fengel, sume worde hēt,
"þæt ic his ǣrest þē eft gesægde,
"cwæð þæt hyt hæfde HiorogÄr cyning,
2160 "lēod Scyldunga lange hwīle:
"nŠþȳ ǣr suna sīnum syllan wolde,
"hwatum Heorowearde, þēah hē him hold wǣre,
"brēost-gewǣdu. Brūc ealles well!"
HyÌ„rde ic þæt þÄm frætwum fÄ“ower mÄ“aras
2165 lungre gelÄ«ce lÄst weardode,
æppel-fealuwe; hē him ēst getēah
mÄ“ara and mÄðma. SwÄ sceal mÇ£g dÅn,
nealles inwit-net Åðrum bregdan,
dyrnum cræfte dēað rēnian
2170 hond-gesteallan. HygelÄce wæs,
nīða heardum, nefa swȳðe hold
and gehwæðer Åðrum hrÅðra gemyndig.
Hȳrde ic þæt hē þone heals-bēah Hygde gesealde,
wrÇ£tlÄ«cne wundur-mÄððum, þone þe him Wealhþēo geaf,
2175 þēodnes dÅhtor, þrÄ«o wicg somod
swancor and sadol-beorht; hyre syððan wæs
æfter bēah-þege brēost geweorðod.
SwÄ bealdode bearn Ecgþēowes,
guma gūðum cūð, gÅdum dÇ£dum,
2180 drÄ“ah æfter dÅme, nealles druncne slÅg
heorð-genēatas; næs him hrēoh sefa,
ac hē man-cynnes mǣste cræfte
gin-fæstan gife, þē him god sealde,
hēold hilde-dēor. Hēan wæs lange,
2185 swÄ hyne GÄ“ata bearn gÅdne ne tealdon,
nē hyne on medo-bence micles wyrðne
drihten wereda gedÅn wolde;
swȳðe oft sægdon, þæt hē slēac wǣre,
æðeling unfrom: edwenden cwÅm
2190 tīr-ēadigum menn torna gehwylces.
HÄ“t Ã¾Ä eorla hlÄ“o in gefetian,
heaðo-rÅf cyning, Hrēðles lÄfe,
golde gegyrede; næs mid GÄ“atum þÄ
sinc-mÄððum sÄ“lra on sweordes hÄd;
2195 þæt hÄ“ on BÄ«owulfes bearm Älegde,
and him gesealde seofan þūsendo,
bold and brego-stÅl. Him wæs bÄm samod
on þÄm lÄ“od-scipe lond gecynde,
eard ēðel-riht, Åðrum swīðor
2200 sÄ«de rÄ«ce, þÄm þǣr sÄ“lra wæs.
Eft þæt geÄ«ode ufaran dÅgrum
hilde-hlæmmum, syððan HygelÄc læg
and Heardrēde hilde-mēceas
under bord-hrēoðan tŠbonan wurdon,
2205 Ã¾Ä hyne gesÅhtan on sige-þēode
hearde hilde-frecan, Heaðo-Scilfingas,
nīða genǣgdan nefan Hererīces.
Syððan BÄ“owulfe brÄde rÄ«ce
on hand gehwearf: hē gehēold tela
2210 fÄ«ftig wintru (wæs Ã¾Ä frÅd cyning,
eald ēðel-weard), oð þæt Än ongan
deorcum nihtum draca rīcsian,
sē þe on hēare hǣðe hord beweotode,
stÄn-beorh stÄ“apne: stÄ«g under læg,
2215 eldum uncūð. Þǣr on innan gīong
niða nÄt-hwylces nÄ“ode gefÄ“ng
hǣðnum horde hond . d . . geþ . . hwylc
since fÄhne, hÄ“ þæt syððan . . . . .
. . . þ . . . lð . þ . . l . g
2220 slǣpende be fȳre, fyrena hyrde
þēofes cræfte, þæt sie . . . . ðioð . . . . .
. idh . folc-beorn, þæt hē gebolgen wæs.
XXXII. THE FIRE-DRAKE. THE HOARD.
Nealles mid geweoldum wyrm-horda . . . cræft
sÅhte sylfes willum, sÄ“ þe him sÄre gesceÅd,
2225 ac for þrÄ“a-nÄ“dlan þēow nÄt-hwylces
hæleða bearna hete-swengeas flēah,
for ofer-þearfe and þǣr inne fealh
secg syn-bysig. SÅna in Ã¾Ä tÄ«de
þæt . . . . . þÄm gyste . . . . br . g . stÅd,
2230 hwæðre earm-sceapen . . . . . . .
. . ð . . . sceapen o . . . . i r . . e se fǣs begeat,
sinc-fæt geseah: þǣr wæs swylcra fela
in þÄm eorð-scræfe Ç£r-gestrÄ“ona,
swÄ hyÌ„ on geÄr-dagum gumena nÄt-hwylc
2235 eormen-lÄfe æðelan cynnes
þanc-hycgende þǣr gehȳdde,
dÄ“ore mÄðmas. Ealle hÄ«e dÄ“að fornam
Ç£rran mÇ£lum, and se Än Ã¾Ä gÄ“n
lēoda duguðe, sē þǣr lengest hwearf,
2240 weard wine-geÅmor wÄ«scte þæs yldan,
þæt hē lȳtel fæc long-gestrēona
brÅ«can mÅste. Beorh eal gearo
wunode on wonge wæter-ȳðum nēah,
nīwe be næsse nearo-cræftum fæst:
2245 þǣr on innan bær eorl-gestrēona
hringa hyrde hard-fyrdne dǣl
fǣttan goldes, fēa worda cwæð:
"Heald þū nÅ«, hrÅ«se, nÅ« hæleð ne mÅston,
"eorla ǣhte. Hwæt! hit ǣr on þē
2250 "gÅde begeÄton; gūð-dÄ“að fornam,
"feorh-bealo frēcne fȳra gehwylcne,
"lÄ“oda mÄ«nra, þÄra þe þis lÄ«f ofgeaf,
"gesÄwon sele-drÄ“am. NÄh hwÄ sweord wege
"oððe fetige fǣted wǣge,
2255 "drync-fæt dÄ“ore: duguð ellor scÅc.
"Sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde
"fǣtum befeallen: feormiend swefað,
"Ã¾Ä Ã¾e beado-grÄ«man byÌ„wan sceoldon,
"gÄ“ swylce sÄ“o here-pÄd, sÄ«o æt hilde gebÄd
2260 "ofer borda gebræc bite īrena,
"brosnað æfter beorne. Ne mæg byrnan hring
"æfter wīg-fruman wīde fēran
"hæleðum be healfe; næs hearpan wyn,
"gomen glÄ“o-bÄ“ames, nÄ“ gÅd hafoc
2265 "geond sæl swingeð, nē se swifta mearh
"burh-stede bēateð. Bealo-cwealm hafað
"fela feorh-cynna feorr onsended!"
SwÄ giÅmor-mÅd giohðo mÇ£nde,
Än æfter eallum unblīðe hwÄ“op,
2270 dæges and nihtes, oð þæt dēaðes wylm
hrÄn æt heortan. Hord-wynne fond
eald ūht-sceaða opene standan,
sē þe byrnende biorgas sēceð
nacod nīð-draca, nihtes flēogeð
2275 fȳre befangen; hyne fold-būend
wÄ«de gesÄwon. HÄ“ gÄ“wunian sceall
hlÄw under hrÅ«san, þǣr hÄ“ hǣðen gold
warað wintrum frÅd; ne byð him wihte þē sÄ“l.
SwÄ se þēod-sceaða þrÄ“o hund wintra
2280 hēold on hrūsan hord-ærna sum
Ä“acen-cræftig, oð þæt hyne Än Äbealh
mon on mÅde: man-dryhtne bær
fǣted wǣge, frioðo-wǣre bæd
hlÄford sÄ«nne. ÃžÄ wæs hord rÄsod,
2285 onboren bēaga hord, bēne getīðad
fēa-sceaftum men. Frēa scēawode
fīra fyrn-geweorc forman sīðe.
ÃžÄ se wyrm onwÅc, wrÅht wæs genÄ«wad;
stonc Ã¾Ä Ã¦fter stÄne, stearc-heort onfand
2290 fÄ“ondes fÅt-lÄst; hÄ“ tÅ forð gestÅp,
dyrnan cræfte, dracan hēafde nēah.
SwÄ mæg unfÇ£ge Ä“aðe gedÄ«gan
wēan and wræc-sīð, sē þe waldendes
hyldo gehealdeð. Hord-weard sÅhte
2295 georne æfter grunde, wolde guman findan,
þone þe him on sweofote sÄre getÄ“ode:
hÄt and hrÄ“oh-mÅd hlÇ£w oft ymbe hwearf,
ealne ūtan-weardne; nē þǣr ǣnig mon
wæs on þǣre wēstenne. Hwæðre hilde gefeh,
2300 beado-weorces: hwīlum on beorh æthwearf,
sinc-fæt sÅhte; hÄ“ þæt sÅna onfand,
þæt hæfde gumena sum goldes gefandod
hÄ“ah-gestrÄ“ona. Hord-weard onbÄd
earfoðlÄ«ce, oð þæt Ç£fen cwÅm;
2305 wæs Ã¾Ä gebolgen beorges hyrde,
wolde se lÄða lÄ«ge forgyldan
drinc-fæt dyÌ„re. ÃžÄ wæs dæg sceacen
wyrme on willan, nÅ on wealle leng
bÄ«dan wolde, ac mid bÇ£le fÅr,
2310 fȳre gefȳsed. Wæs se fruma egeslīc
lÄ“odum on lande, swÄ hyt lungre wearð
on hyra sinc-gifan sÄre geendod.
XXXIII. BEOWULF RESOLVES TO KILL THE FIRE-DRAKE.
ÃžÄ se gæst ongan glÄ“dum spÄ«wan,
beorht hofu bærnan; bryne-lÄ“oma stÅd
2315 eldum on andan; nŠþǣr Äht cwices
lÄð lyft-floga lÇ£fan wolde.
Wæs þæs wyrmes wīg wīde gesȳne,
nearo-fÄges nīð nÄ“an and feorran,
hū se gūð-sceaða Gēata lēode
2320 hatode and hȳnde: hord eft gescēat,
dryht-sele dyrnne ǣr dæges hwīle.
Hæfde land-wara līge befangen,
bǣle and bronde; beorges getruwode,
wīges and wealles: him sēo wēn gelēah.
2325 ÃžÄ wæs BÄ«owulfe brÅga gecȳðed
snÅ«de tÅ sÅðe, þæt his sylfes him
bolda sēlest bryne-wylmum mealt,
gif-stÅl GÄ“ata. Þæt þÄm gÅdan wæs
hrēow on hreðre, hyge-sorga mǣst:
2330 wēnde se wīsa, þæt hē wealdende,
ofer ealde riht, Ä“cean dryhtne
bitre gebulge: brēost innan wēoll
þēostrum geþoncum, swÄ him geþyÌ„we ne wæs.
Hæfde līg-draca lēoda fæsten,
2335 ēa-lond ūtan, eorð-weard þone
glēdum forgrunden. Him þæs gūð-cyning,
Wedera þīoden, wræce leornode.
Heht him Ã¾Ä gewyrcean wÄ«gendra hlÄ“o
eall-Ä«renne, eorla dryhten
2340 wīg-bord wrǣtlīc; wisse hē gearwe,
þæt him holt-wudu helpan ne meahte,
lind wið līge. Sceolde lǣn-daga
æðeling Ç£r-gÅd ende gebÄ«dan
worulde līfes and se wyrm somod;
2345 þēah þe hord-welan hēolde lange.
Oferhogode Ã¾Ä hringa fengel,
þæt hÄ“ þone wÄ«d-flogan weorode gesÅhte,
sÄ«dan herge; nÅ hÄ“ him Ã¾Ä sæcce ondrÄ“d,
nē him þæs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde,
2350 eafoð and ellen; forþon hē ǣr fela
nearo nēðende nīða gedīgde,
hilde-hlemma, syððan hÄ“ HrÅðgÄres,
sigor-ēadig secg, sele fǣlsode
and æt gūðe forgrÄp Grendeles mÇ£gum,
2355 lÄðan cynnes. NŠþæt lÇ£sest wæs
hond-gemota, þǣr mon HygelÄc slÅh,
syððan Gēata cyning gūðe rǣsum,
frēa-wine folces Frēslondum on,
Hrēðles eafora hioro-dryncum swealt,
2360 bille gebÄ“aten; þonan BÄ«owulf cÅm
sylfes cræfte, sund-nytte drēah;
hæfde him on earme ... XXX
hilde-geatwa, Ã¾Ä hÄ“ tÅ holme stÄg.
Nealles Hetware hrēmge þorfton
2365 fēðe-wīges, þē him foran ongēan
linde bÇ£ron: lyÌ„t eft becwÅm
fram þÄm hild-frecan hÄmes nÄ«osan.
Oferswam Ã¾Ä sioleða bigong sunu Ecgþēowes,
earm Än-haga eft tÅ lÄ“odum,
2370 þǣr him Hygd gebēad hord and rīce,
bÄ“agas and brego-stÅl: bearne ne truwode,
þæt hÄ“ wið æl-fylcum ēðel-stÅlas
healdan cūðe, Ã¾Ä wæs HygelÄc dÄ“ad.
NŠþȳ ǣr fēa-sceafte findan meahton
2375 æt þÄm æðelinge Ç£nige þinga,
þæt hÄ“ HeardrÄ“de hlÄford wÇ£re,
oððe þone cyne-dÅm cÄ«osan wolde;
hwæðre hÄ“ him on folce frÄ“ond-lÄrum hÄ“old,
Ä“stum mid Äre, oð þæt hÄ“ yldra wearð,
2380 Weder-Gēatum wēold. Hyne wræc-mæcgas
ofer sÇ£ sÅhtan, suna ÅŒhteres:
hæfdon hȳ forhealden helm Scylfinga,
þone sēlestan sǣ-cyninga,
þÄra þe in SwÄ«o-rÄ«ce sinc brytnade,
2385 mǣrne þēoden. Him þæt tŠmearce wearð;
hē þǣr orfeorme feorh-wunde hlēat
sweordes swengum, sunu HygelÄces;
and him eft gewÄt Ongenþīowes bearn
hÄmes nÄ«osan, syððan HeardrÄ“d læg;
2390 lÄ“t þone brego-stÅl BÄ«owulf healdan,
GÄ“atum wealdan: þæt wæs gÅd cyning.
XXXIV. RETROSPECT OF BÄ’OWULF.--STRIFE BETWEEN SWEONAS AND GEATAS.
Sē þæs lēod-hryres lēan gemunde
uferan dÅgrum, Ä’adgilse wearð
fēa-sceaftum fēond. Folce gestepte
2395 ofer sǣ sīde sunu Ōhteres
wigum and wǣpnum: hē gewræc syððan
cealdum cear-sīðum, cyning ealdre binēat.
SwÄ hÄ“ nīða gehwane genesen hæfde,
slīðra geslyhta, sunu Ecgþīowes,
2400 ellen-weorca, oð þone Änne dæg,
þē hÄ“ wið þÄm wyrme gewegan sceolde.
GewÄt Ã¾Ä twelfa sum torne gebolgen
dryhten Gēata dracan scēawian;
hæfde Ã¾Ä gefrÅ«nen, hwanan sÄ«o fÇ£hð ÄrÄs,
2405 bealo-nīð biorna; him tÅ bearme cwÅm
mÄððum-fæt mÇ£re þurh þæs meldan hond,
SÄ“ wæs on þÄm þrÄ“ate þreotteoða secg,
sÄ“ þæs orleges År onstealde,
hæft hyge-giÅmor, sceolde hÄ“an þonon
2410 wong wīsian: hē ofer willan gīong
tŠþæs þe hÄ“ eorð-sele Änne wisse,
hlǣw under hrūsan holm-wylme nēh,
ȳð-gewinne, sē wæs innan full
wrǣtta and wīra: weard unhīore,
2415 gearo gūð-freca, gold-mÄðmas hÄ“old,
eald under eorðan; næs þæt ȳðe cēap,
tŠgegangenne gumena ǣnigum.
Gesæt Ã¾Ä on næsse nīð-heard cyning,
þenden hÇ£lo ÄbÄ“ad heorð-genÄ“atum
2420 gold-wine GÄ“ata: him wæs geÅmor sefa,
wǣfre and wæl-fūs, Wyrd ungemete nēah,
sē þone gomelan grētan sceolde,
sÄ“cean sÄwle hord, sundur gedÇ£lan
līf wið līce: nŠþon lange wæs
2425 feorh æðelinges flǣsce bewunden.
Bīowulf maðelade, bearn Ecgþēowes:
"Fela ic on giogoðe guð-rǣsa genæs,
"orleg-hwīla: ic þæt eall gemon.
"Ic wæs syfan-wintre, Ã¾Ä mec sinca baldor,
2430 "frēa-wine folca æt mīnum fæder genam,
"hēold mec and hæfde Hrēðel cyning,
"geaf mē sinc and symbel, sibbe gemunde;
"næs ic him tÅ lÄ«fe lÄðra Åwihte
"beorn in burgum, þonne his bearna hwylc,
2435 "Herebeald and Hæðcyn, oððe HygelÄc mÄ«n.
"Wæs þÄm yldestan ungedÄ“felÄ«ce
"mǣges dǣdum morðor-bed strēd,
"syððan hyne Hæðcyn of horn-bogan,
"his frÄ“a-wine flÄne geswencte,
2440 "miste mercelses and his mǣg ofscēt,
"brÅðor Åðerne, blÅdigan gÄre:
"þæt wæs feoh-lēas gefeoht, fyrenum gesyngad
"hreðre hyge-mēðe; sceolde hwæðre swÄ Ã¾Ä“ah
"æðeling unwrecen ealdres linnan.
2445 "SwÄ bið geÅmorlÄ«c gomelum ceorle
"tŠgebīdanne, þæt his byre rīde
"giong on galgan, þonne hē gyd wrece,
"sÄrigne sang, þonne his sunu hangað
"hrefne tÅ hrÅðre and hÄ“ him helpe ne mæg,
2450 "eald and in-frÅd, Ç£nige gefremman.
"Symble bið gemyndgad morna gehwylce
"eaforan ellor-sīð; Åðres ne gyÌ„með
"tŠgebīdanne burgum on innan
"yrfe-weardes, þonne se Än hafað
2455 "þurh dēaðes nȳd dǣda gefondad.
"Gesyhð sorh-cearig on his suna būre
"wīn-sele wēstne, wind-gereste,
"rēote berofene; rīdend swefað
"hæleð in hoðman; nis þǣr hearpan swēg,
2460 "gomen in geardum, swylce þǣr iū wǣron.
XXXV. MEMORIES OF PAST TIME.-THE FEUD WITH THE FIRE-DRAKE.
"Gewīteð þonne on sealman, sorh-lēoð gæleð
"Än æfter Änum: þūhte him eall tÅ rÅ«m,
"wongas and wÄ«c-stede. SwÄ Wedra helm
"æfter Herebealde heortan sorge
2465 "weallende wæg, wihte ne meahte
"on þÄm feorh-bonan fÇ£hðe gebÄ“tan:
"nŠþȳ ǣr hē þone heaðo-rinc hatian ne meahte
"lÄðum dÇ£dum, þēah him lÄ“of ne wæs.
"HÄ“ Ã¾Ä mid þǣre sorge, þē him sÄ«o sÄr belamp,
2470 "gum-drēam ofgeaf, godes lēoht gecēas;
"eaferum lÇ£fde, swÄ dēð Ä“adig mon,
"lond and lÄ“od-byrig, Ã¾Ä hÄ“ of lÄ«fe gewÄt.
"ÃžÄ wæs synn and sacu SwÄ“ona and GÄ“ata,
"ofer wÄ«d wæter wrÅht gemÇ£ne,
2475 "here-nīð hearda, syððan Hrēðel swealt,
"oððe him Ongenþēowes eaferan wǣran
"frome fyrd-hwate, frēode ne woldon
"ofer heafo healdan, ac ymb Hrēosna-beorh
"eatolne inwit-scear oft gefremedon.
2480 "Þæt mǣg-wine mīne gewrǣcan,
"fÇ£hðe and fyrene, swÄ hyt gefrÇ£ge wæs,
"þēah þe Åðer hit ealdre gebohte,
"heardan cēape: Hæðcynne wearð,
"Gēata dryhtne, gūð onsǣge.
2485 "ÃžÄ ic on morgne gefrægn mÇ£g Åðerne
"billes ecgum on bonan stǣlan,
"þǣr Ongenþēow Eofores nīosade:
"gūð-helm tÅglÄd, gomela Scylfing
"hrÄ“as heoro-blÄc; hond gemunde
2490 "fÇ£hðo genÅge, feorh-sweng ne oftÄ“ah.
"Ic him Ã¾Ä mÄðmas, þē hÄ“ mÄ“ sealde,
"geald æt gūðe, swÄ mÄ“ gifeðe wæs,
"lēohtan sweorde: hē mē lond forgeaf,
"eard ēðel-wyn. Næs him ǣnig þearf,
2495 "þæt hÄ“ tÅ Gifðum oððe tÅ GÄr-Denum
"oððe in Swīo-rīce sēcean þurfe
"wyrsan wīg-frecan, weorðe gecȳpan;
"symle ic him on fēðan beforan wolde,
"Äna on orde, and swÄ tÅ aldre sceall
2500 "sæcce fremman, þenden þis sweord þolað,
"þæt mec ǣr and sīð oft gelǣste,
"syððan ic for dugeðum Dæghrefne wearð
"tÅ hand-bonan, HÅ«ga cempan:
"nalles hÄ“ Ã¾Ä frætwe FrÄ“s-cyninge,
2505 "brÄ“ost-weorðunge bringan mÅste,
"ac in campe gecrong cumbles hyrde,
"æðeling on elne. Ne wæs ecg bona,
"ac him hilde-grÄp heortan wylmas,
"bÄn-hÅ«s gebræc. NÅ« sceall billes ecg,
2510 "hond and heard sweord ymb hord wīgan."
Bēowulf maðelode, bēot-wordum spræc
nīehstan sīðe: "Ic genēðde fela
"gūða on geogoðe; gȳt ic wylle,
"frÅd folces weard, fÇ£hðe sÄ“can,
2515 "mÇ£rðum fremman, gif mec se mÄn-sceaða
"of eorð-sele ūt gesēceð!"
GegrÄ“tte Ã¾Ä gumena gehwylcne,
hwate helm-berend hindeman sīðe,
swǣse gesīðas: "Nolde ic sweord beran,
2520 "wǣpen tŠwyrme, gif ic wiste hū
"wið þÄm ÄglÇ£cean elles meahte
"gylpe wiðgrÄ«pan, swÄ ic giÅ wið Grendle dyde;
"ac ic þǣr heaðu-fyÌ„res hÄtes wÄ“ne,
"rēðes and-hÄttres: forþon ic mÄ“ on hafu
2525 "bord and byrnan. Nelle ic beorges weard
"oferflÄ“on fÅtes trem, fÄ“ond unhyÌ„re,
"ac unc sceal weorðan æt wealle, swÄ unc Wyrd getÄ“oð,
"metod manna gehwæs. Ic eom on mÅde from,
"þæt ic wið þone gūð-flogan gylp ofersitte.
2530 "Gebīde gē on beorge byrnum werede,
"secgas on searwum, hwæðer sēl mǣge
"æfter wæl-rǣse wunde gedȳgan
"uncer twēga. Nis þæt ēower sīð,
"nÄ“ gemet mannes, nefne mÄ«n Änes,
2535 "þæt hÄ“ wið ÄglÇ£cean eofoðo dÇ£le,
"eorl-scype efne. Ic mid elne sceall
"gold gegangan oððe gūð nimeð,
"feorh-bealu frēcne, frēan ēowerne!"
Ä€rÄs Ã¾Ä bÄ« ronde rÅf Åretta,
2540 heard under helm, hioro-sercean bær
under stÄn-cleofu, strengo getruwode
Änes mannes: ne bið swylc earges sīð.
Geseah Ã¾Ä be wealle, sÄ“ þe worna fela,
gum-cystum gÅd, gūða gedÄ«gde,
2545 hilde-hlemma, þonne hnitan fēðan,
(stÅd on stÄn-bogan) strÄ“am Å«t þonan
brecan of beorge; wæs þǣre burnan wælm
heaðo-fyÌ„rum hÄt: ne meahte horde nÄ“ah
unbyrnende ǣnige hwīle
2550 dēop gedȳgan for dracan lēge.
LÄ“t Ã¾Ä of brÄ“ostum, Ã¾Ä hÄ“ gebolgen wæs,
Weder-Gēata lēod word ūt faran,
stearc-heort styrmde; stefn in becÅm
heaðo-torht hlynnan under hÄrne stÄn.
2555 Hete wæs onhrēred, hord-weard oncnīow
mannes reorde; næs þǣr mÄra fyrst,
frÄ“ode tÅ friclan. From Ç£rest cwÅm
oruð ÄglÇ£cean Å«t of stÄne,
hÄt hilde-swÄt; hrÅ«se dynede.
2560 Biorn under beorge bord-rand onswÄf
wið þÄm gryre-gieste, GÄ“ata dryhten:
Ã¾Ä wæs hring-bogan heorte gefyÌ„sed
sæcce tŠsēceanne. Sweord ǣr gebrǣ
gÅd gūð-cyning gomele lÄfe,
2565 ecgum unglēaw, ǣghwæðrum wæs
bealo-hycgendra brÅga fram Åðrum.
Stīð-mÅd gestÅd wið stÄ“apne rond
winia bealdor, Ã¾Ä se wyrm gebÄ“ah
snÅ«de tÅsomne: hÄ“ on searwum bÄd.
2570 GewÄt Ã¾Ä byrnende gebogen scrīðan tÅ,
gescīfe scyndan. Scyld wēl gebearg
līfe and līce lǣssan hwīle
mÇ£rum þēodne, þonne his myne sÅhte,
þǣr hÄ“ þyÌ„ fyrste forman dÅgore
2575 wealdan mÅste, swÄ him Wyrd ne gescrÄf
hrēð æt hilde. Hond up Äbræd
GÄ“ata dryhten, gryre-fÄhne slÅh
incge lÄfe, þæt sÄ«o ecg gewÄc
brÅ«n on bÄne, bÄt unswīðor,
2580 þonne his þīod-cyning þearfe hæfde,
bysigum gebÇ£ded. ÃžÄ wæs beorges weard
æfter heaðu-swenge on hrÄ“oum mÅde,
wearp wæl-fȳre, wīde sprungon
hilde-lēoman: hrēð-sigora ne gealp
2585 gold-wine GÄ“ata, gūð-bill geswÄc
nacod æt nīðe, swÄ hyt nÅ sceolde,
Ä«ren Ç£r-gÅd. Ne wæs þæt ēðe sīð,
þæt se mǣra maga Ecgþēowes
grund-wong þone ofgyfan wolde;
2590 sceolde wyrmes willan wīc eardian
elles hwergen, swÄ sceal Ç£ghwylc mon
ÄlÇ£tan lÇ£n-dagas. Næs Ã¾Ä long tŠþon,
þæt Ã¾Ä ÄglÇ£cean hyÌ„ eft gemÄ“tton.
Hyrte hyne hord-weard, hreðer ǣðme wēoll,
2595 nīwan stefne: nearo þrowode
fȳre befongen sē þe ǣr folce wēold.
Nealles him on hēape hand-gesteallan,
æðelinga bearn ymbe gestÅdon
hilde-cystum, ac hȳ on holt bugon,
2600 ealdre burgan. Hiora in Änum wÄ“oll
sefa wið sorgum: sibb ǣfre ne mæg
wiht onwendan, þÄm þe wÄ“l þenceð.
XXXVI. WIGLAF HELPS BÄ’OWULF IN THE FEUD
WÄ«glÄf wæs hÄten WÄ“oxstÄnes sunu,
lēoflīc lind-wiga, lēod Scylfinga,
2605 mǣg Ælfheres: geseah his mon-dryhten
under here-grÄ«man hÄt þrowian.
Gemunde Ã¾Ä Ã¾Ä Äre, þē hÄ“ him Ç£r forgeaf
wīc-stede weligne Wǣgmundinga,
folc-rihta gehwylc, swÄ his fæder Ähte;
2610 ne mihte Ã¾Ä forhabban, hond rond gefÄ“ng,
geolwe linde, gomel swyrd getēah,
þæt wæs mid eldum Ä’anmundes lÄf,
suna ÅŒhteres, þÄm æt sæcce wearð
wracu wine-lÄ“asum WÄ“ohstÄnes bana
2615 mÄ“ces ecgum, and his mÄgum ætbær
brÅ«n-fÄgne helm, hringde byrnan,
eald sweord eotonisc, þæt him Onela forgeaf,
his gædelinges gūð-gewǣdu,
fyrd-searo fÅ«slÄ«c: nÅ ymbe Ã¾Ä fÇ£hðe spræc,
2620 þēah þe hÄ“ his brÅðor bearn Äbredwade.
Hē frætwe gehēold fela missēra,
bill and byrnan, oð þæt his byre mihte
eorl-scipe efnan, swÄ his Ç£r-fæder;
geaf him Ã¾Ä mid GÄ“atum gūð-gewÇ£da
2625 Ç£ghwæs unrÄ«m; Ã¾Ä hÄ“ of ealdre gewÄt,
frÅd on forð-weg. ÃžÄ wæs forma sīð
geongan cempan, þæt hē gūðe rǣs
mid his frēo-dryhtne fremman sceolde;
ne gemealt him se mÅd-sefa, nÄ“ his mÇ£ges lÄf
2630 gewÄc æt wÄ«ge: þæt se wyrm onfand,
syððan hÄ«e tÅgædre gegÄn hæfdon.
WÄ«glÄf maðelode word-rihta fela,
sægde gesīðum, him wæs sefa geÅmor:
"Ic þæt mǣl geman, þǣr wē medu þēgun,
2635 "þonne wÄ“ gehÄ“ton Å«ssum hlÄforde
"in bÄ«or-sele, þē Å«s þÄs bÄ“agas geaf,
"þæt wÄ“ him Ã¾Ä gūð-geatwa gyldan woldon,
"gif him þyslīcu þearf gelumpe,
"helmas and heard sweord: þē hē ūsic on herge gecēas
2640 "tŠþyssum sīð-fate sylfes willum,
"onmunde Å«sic mÇ£rða and mÄ“ þÄs mÄðmas geaf,
"þē hÄ“ Å«sic gÄr-wÄ«gend gÅde tealde,
"hwate helm-berend, þēah þe hlÄford Å«s
"þis ellen-weorc Äna ÄþÅhte
2645 "tÅ gefremmanne, folces hyrde,
"forþÄm hÄ“ manna mÇ£st mÇ£rða gefremede,
"dǣda dollīcra. Nū is sē dæg cumen,
"þæt Å«re man-dryhten mægenes behÅfað
"gÅdra gūð-rinca: wutun gangan tÅ,
2650 "helpan hild-fruman, þenden hyt sȳ,
"glÄ“d-egesa grim! God wÄt on mec,
"þæt mē is micle lēofre, þæt mīnne līc-haman
"mid mīnne gold-gyfan glēd fæðmie.
"Ne þynceð mē gerysne, þæt wē rondas beren
2655 "eft tŠearde, nemne wē ǣror mǣgen
"fÄne gefyllan, feorh ealgian
"Wedra þīodnes. Ic wÄt geare,
"þæt nÇ£ron eald-gewyrht, þæt hÄ“ Äna scyle
"Gēata duguðe gnorn þrowian,
2660 "gesīgan æt sæcce: sceal ūrum þæt sweord and helm,
"byrne and byrdu-scrÅ«d bÄm gemÇ£ne."
WÅd Ã¾Ä Ã¾urh þone wæl-rÄ“c, wÄ«g-heafolan bær
frēan on fultum, fēa worda cwæð:
"Lēofa Bīowulf, lǣst eall tela,
2665 "swÄ Ã¾Å« on geoguð-fÄ“ore geÄra gecwÇ£de,
"þæt þū ne ÄlÇ£te be þē lifigendum
"dÅm gedrÄ“osan: scealt nÅ« dÇ£dum rÅf,
"æðeling Än-hyÌ„dig, ealle mægene
"feorh ealgian; ic þē fullǣstu!"
2670 Æfter þÄm wordum wyrm yrre cwÅm,
atol inwit-gæst Åðre sīðe,
fyÌ„r-wylmum fÄh fÄ«onda nÄ«osan,
lÄðra manna; lÄ«g-ȳðum forborn
bord wið ronde: byrne ne meahte
2675 geongum gÄr-wigan gÄ“oce gefremman:
ac se maga geonga under his mǣges scyld
elne geÄ“ode, Ã¾Ä his Ägen wæs
glÄ“dum forgrunden. ÃžÄ gÄ“n gūð-cyning
mǣrða gemunde, mægen-strengo,
2680 slÅh hilde-bille, þæt hyt on heafolan stÅd
nīðe genȳded: Nægling forbærst,
geswÄc æt sæcce sweord BÄ«owulfes
gomol and grǣg-mǣl. Him þæt gifeðe ne wæs,
þæt him īrenna ecge mihton
2685 helpan æt hilde; wæs sīo hond tŠstrong,
sē þe mēca gehwane mīne gefrǣge
swenge ofersÅhte, þonne hÄ“ tÅ sæcce bær
wǣpen wundrum heard, næs him wihte þē sēl.
ÃžÄ wæs þēod-sceaða þriddan sīðe,
2690 frēcne fȳr-draca fǣhða gemyndig,
rÇ£sde on þone rÅfan, Ã¾Ä him rÅ«m Ägeald,
hÄt and heaðo-grim, heals ealne ymbefÄ“ng
biteran bÄnum; hÄ“ geblÅdegod wearð
sÄwul-drÄ«ore; swÄt ȳðum wÄ“oll.
XXXVII. BÄ’OWULF WOUNDED TO DEATH.
2695 ÃžÄ ic æt þearfe gefrægn þēod-cyninges
and-longne eorl ellen cȳðan,
cræft and cÄ“nðu, swÄ him gecynde wæs;
ne hēdde hē þæs heafolan, ac sīo hand gebarn
mÅdiges mannes, þǣr hÄ“ his mÇ£ges healp,
2700 þæt hÄ“ þone nīð-gæst nioðor hwÄ“ne slÅh,
secg on searwum, þæt þæt sweord gedēaf
fÄh and fÇ£ted, þæt þæt fyÌ„r ongon
sweðrian syððan. ÃžÄ gÄ“n sylf cyning
gewēold his gewitte, wæll-seaxe gebrǣ,
2705 biter and beadu-scearp, þæt hē on byrnan wæg:
forwrÄt Wedra helm wyrm on middan.
Fēond gefyldan (ferh ellen wræc),
and hÄ« hyne Ã¾Ä bÄ“gen Äbroten hæfdon,
sib-æðelingas: swylc sceolde secg wesan,
2710 þegn æt þearfe. Þæt þÄm þēodne wæs
sīðast sīge-hwīle sylfes dǣdum,
worlde geweorces. ÃžÄ sÄ«o wund ongon,
þē him se eorð-draca ǣr geworhte,
swelan and swellan. HÄ“ þæt sÅna onfand,
2715 þæt him on brēostum bealo-nīð wēoll,
attor on innan. ÃžÄ se æðeling gÄ«ong,
þæt hē bī wealle, wīs-hycgende,
gesæt on sesse; seah on enta geweorc,
hÅ« Ã¾Ä stÄn-bogan stapulum fæste
2720 ēce eorð-reced innan hēoldon.
Hyne Ã¾Ä mid handa heoro-drÄ“origne
þēoden mǣrne þegn ungemete till,
wine-dryhten his wætere gelafede,
hilde-sædne and his helm onspēon.
2725 Bīowulf maðelode, hē ofer benne spræc,
wunde wæl-blēate (wisse hē gearwe,
þæt hē dæg-hwīla gedrogen hæfde
eorðan wynne; Ã¾Ä wæs eall sceacen
dÅgor-gerÄ«mes, dÄ“að ungemete nÄ“ah):
2730 "Nū ic suna mīnum syllan wolde
"gūð-gewÇ£du, þǣr mÄ“ gifeðe swÄ
"ǣnig yrfe-weard æfter wurde,
"lÄ«ce gelenge. Ic þÄs lÄ“ode hÄ“old
"fīftig wintra: næs se folc-cyning
2735 "ymbe-sittendra Ç£nig þÄra,
"þē mec gūð-winum grētan dorste,
"egesan þēon. Ic on earde bÄd
"mǣl-gesceafta, hēold mīn tela,
"ne sÅhte searo-nīðas, nÄ“ mÄ“ swÅr fela
2740 "Äða on unriht. Ic þæs ealles mæg,
"feorh-bennum sēoc, gefēan habban:
"forþÄm mÄ“ wÄ«tan ne þearf waldend fÄ«ra
"morðor-bealo mÄga, þonne mÄ«n sceaceð
"līf of līce. Nū þū lungre
2745 "geong, hord scÄ“awian under hÄrne stÄn,
"WÄ«glÄf lÄ“ofa, nÅ« se wyrm ligeð,
"swefeð sÄre wund, since berÄ“afod.
"Bīo nū on ofoste, þæt ic ǣr-welan,
"gold-ǣht ongite, gearo scēawige
2750 "swegle searo-gimmas, þæt ic þȳ sēft mǣge
"æfter mÄððum-welan mÄ«n ÄlÇ£tan
"līf and lēod-scipe, þone ic longe hēold."
XXXVIII. THE JEWEL-HOARD. THE PASSING OF BEOWULF.
ÃžÄ ic snÅ«de gefrægn sunu WÄ«hstÄnes
æfter word-cwydum wundum dryhtne
2755 hȳran heaðo-sīocum, hring-net beran,
brogdne beadu-sercean under beorges hrÅf.
Geseah Ã¾Ä sige-hrēðig, Ã¾Ä hÄ“ bÄ« sesse gÄ“ong,
mago-þegn mÅdig mÄððum-sigla fela,
gold glitinian grunde getenge,
2760 wundur on wealle and þæs wyrmes denn,
ealdes Å«ht-flogan, orcas stondan,
fyrn-manna fatu feormend-lēase,
hyrstum behrorene: þǣr wæs helm monig,
eald and Åmig, earm-bÄ“aga fela,
2765 searwum gesǣled. Sinc ēaðe mæg,
gold on grunde, gumena cynnes
gehwone ofer-hīgian, hȳde sē þe wylle!
Swylce hē siomian geseah segn eall-gylden
hēah ofer horde, hond-wundra mǣst,
2770 gelocen leoðo-cræftum: of þÄm lÄ“oma stÅd,
þæt hē þone grund-wong ongitan meahte,
wrǣte giond-wlītan. Næs þæs wyrmes þǣr
onsȳn ǣnig, ac hyne ecg fornam.
ÃžÄ ic on hlÇ£we gefrægn hord rÄ“afian,
2775 eald enta geweorc Änne mannan,
him on bearm hladan bunan and discas
sylfes dÅme, segn Ä“ac genom,
bÄ“acna beorhtost; bill Ç£r-gescÅd
(ecg wæs Ä«ren) eald-hlÄfordes
2780 þÄm þÄra mÄðma mund-bora wæs
longe hwīle, līg-egesan wæg
hÄtne for horde, hioro-weallende,
middel-nihtum, oð þæt hē morðre swealt.
Ār wæs on ofoste eft-sīðes georn,
2785 frætwum gefyrðred: hyne fyrwet bræc,
hwæðer collen-ferð cwicne gemētte
in þÄm wong-stede Wedra þēoden,
ellen-sīocne, þǣr hē hine ǣr forlēt.
HÄ“ Ã¾Ä mid þÄm mÄðmum mÇ£rne þīoden,
2790 dryhten sīnne drīorigne fand
ealdres æt ende: hē hine eft ongon
wæteres weorpan, oð þæt wordes ord
brēost-hord þurhbræc. Bēowulf maðelode,
gomel on giohðe (gold scēawode):
2795 "Ic þÄra frætwa frÄ“an ealles þanc
"wuldur-cyninge wordum secge,
"ēcum dryhtne, þē ic hēr on starie,
"þæs þe ic mÅste mÄ«num lÄ“odum
"ǣr swylt-dæge swylc gestrȳnan.
2800 "NÅ« ic on mÄðma hord mÄ«ne bebohte
"frÅde feorh-lege, fremmað gÄ“ nÅ«
"lēoda þearfe; ne mæg ic hēr leng wesan.
"HÄtað heaðo-mÇ£re hlÇ£w gewyrcean,
"beorhtne æfter bǣle æt brimes nosan;
2805 "se scel tŠgemyndum mīnum lēodum
"hēah hlīfian on Hrones næsse,
"þæt hit sÇ£-līðend syððan hÄtan
"BÄ«owulfes biorh, Ã¾Ä Ã¾e brentingas
"ofer flÅda genipu feorran drÄ«fað."
2810 Dyde him of healse hring gyldenne
þīoden þrīst-hȳdig, þegne gesealde,
geongum gÄr-wigan, gold-fÄhne helm,
bēah and byrnan, hēt hyne brūcan well:
"Þū eart ende-lÄf Å«sses cynnes,
2815 "Wǣgmundinga; ealle Wyrd forswēof,
"mÄ«ne mÄgas tÅ metod-sceafte,
"eorlas on elne: ic him æfter sceal."
Þæt wæs þÄm gomelan gingeste word
brēost-gehygdum, ǣr hē bǣl cure,
2820 hÄte heaðo-wylmas: him of hreðre gewÄt
sÄwol sÄ“cean sÅð-fæstra dÅm.
XXXIX. THE COWARD-THANES.
ÃžÄ wæs gegongen guman unfrÅdum
earfoðlīce, þæt hē on eorðan geseah
þone lēofestan līfes æt ende
2825 blēate gebǣran. Bona swylce læg,
egeslīc eorð-draca, ealdre berēafod,
bealwe gebǣded: bēah-hordum leng
wyrm wÅh-bogen wealdan ne mÅste,
ac him Ä«renna ecga fornÄmon,
2830 hearde heaðo-scearpe homera lÄfe,
þæt se wīd-floga wundum stille
hrēas on hrūsan hord-ærne nēah,
nalles æfter lyfte lÄcende hwearf
middel-nihtum, mÄðm-Ç£hta wlonc
2835 ansȳn ȳwde: ac hē eorðan gefēoll
for þæs hild-fruman hond-geweorce.
HÅ«ru þæt on lande lyÌ„t manna þÄh
mægen-Ägendra mÄ«ne gefrÇ£ge,
þēah þe hē dǣda gehwæs dyrstig wǣre,
2840 þæt hē wið attor-sceaðan oreðe gerǣsde,
oððe hring-sele hondum styrede,
gif hē wæccende weard onfunde
būan on beorge. Bīowulfe wearð
dryht-mÄðma dÇ£l dÄ“aðe forgolden;
2845 hæfde ǣghwæðer ende gefēred
lÇ£nan lÄ«fes. Næs Ã¾Ä lang tŠþon,
þæt Ã¾Ä hild-latan holt ofgÄ“fan,
tȳdre trēow-logan tȳne ætsomne,
Ã¾Ä ne dorston Ç£r dareðum lÄcan
2850 on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan þearfe;
ac hȳ scamiende scyldas bǣran,
gūð-gewǣdu, þǣr se gomela læg:
wlitan on WÄ«glÄf. HÄ“ gewÄ“rgad sæt,
fēðe-cempa frēan eaxlum nēah,
2855 wehte hyne wætre; him wiht ne spēow;
ne meahte hē on eorðan, þēah hē ūðe wēl,
on þÄm frum-gÄre feorh gehealdan,
nē þæs wealdendes willan wiht oncirran;
wolde dÅm godes dÇ£dum rÇ£dan
2860 gumena gehwylcum, swÄ hÄ“ nÅ« gÄ“n dēð.
ÃžÄ wæs æt þÄm geongan grim andswaru
ēð-begÄ“te þÄm þe Ç£r his elne forlÄ“as.
WÄ«glÄf maðelode, WÄ“ohstÄnes sunu,
secg sÄrig-ferð seah on unlÄ“ofe:
2865 "Þæt lÄ mæg secgan, sÄ“ þe wyle sÅð sprecan,
"þæt se mon-dryhten, se Ä“ow Ã¾Ä mÄðmas geaf,
"ēored-geatwe, þē gē þǣr on standað,
"þonne hē on ealu-bence oft gesealde
"heal-sittendum helm and byrnan,
2870 "þēoden his þegnum, swylce hē þrȳðlīcost
"ÅhwÇ£r feor oððe nÄ“ah findan meahte,
"þæt hē gēnunga gūð-gewǣdu
"wrÄðe forwurpe. ÃžÄ hyne wÄ«g beget,
"nealles folc-cyning fyrd-gesteallum
2875 "gylpan þorfte; hwæðre him god ūðe,
"sigora waldend, þæt hē hyne sylfne gewræc
"Äna mid ecge, Ã¾Ä him wæs elnes þearf,
"Ic him līf-wraðe lȳtle meahte
"ætgifan æt gūðe and ongan swÄ Ã¾Ä“ah
2880 "ofer mīn gemet mǣges helpan:
"symle wæs þȳ sǣmra, þonne ic sweorde drep
"ferhð-genīðlan, fȳr unswīðor
"wēoll of gewitte. Wergendra tŠlȳt
"þrong ymbe þēoden, Ã¾Ä hyne sÄ«o þrÄg becwÅm.
2885 "Nū sceal sinc-þego and swyrd-gifu
"eall ēðel-wyn ēowrum cynne,
"lufen Älicgean: lond-rihtes mÅt
"þǣre mǣg-burge monna ǣghwylc
"īdel hweorfan, syððan æðelingas
2890 "feorran gefricgean flēam ēowerne,
"dÅm-lÄ“asan dÇ£d. DÄ“að bið sÄ“lla
"eorla gehwylcum þonne edwīt-līf!"
XL. THE SOLDIER'S DIRGE AND PROPHECY.
Heht Ã¾Ä Ã¾Ã¦t heaðo-weorc tÅ hagan bÄ«odan
up ofer ēg-clif, þǣr þæt eorl-weorod
2895 morgen-longne dæg mÅd-giÅmor sæt,
bord-hæbbende, bēga on wēnum
ende-dÅgores and eft-cymes
lēofes monnes. Lȳt swīgode
nÄ«wra spella, sÄ“ þe næs gerÄd,
2900 ac hÄ“ sÅðlÄ«ce sægde ofer ealle;
"Nū is wil-geofa Wedra lēoda,
"dryhten Gēata dēað-bedde fæst,
"wunað wæl-reste wyrmes dǣdum;
"him on efn ligeð ealdor-gewinna,
2905 "siex-bennum sēoc: sweorde ne meahte
"on þÄm ÄglÇ£cean Ç£nige þinga
"wunde gewyrcean. WÄ«glÄf siteð
"ofer BÄ«owulfe, byre WÄ«hstÄnes,
"eorl ofer Åðrum unlifigendum,
2910 "healdeð hige-mēðum hēafod-wearde
"lÄ“ofes and lÄðes. NÅ« ys lÄ“odum wÄ“n
"orleg-hwīle, syððan underne
"Froncum and Frȳsum fyll cyninges
"wÄ«de weorðeð. Wæs sÄ«o wrÅht scepen
2915 "heard wið HÅ«gas, syððan HigelÄc cwÅm
"faran flot-herge on Frēsna land,
"þǣr hyne Hetware hilde gehnǣgdon,
"elne geēodon mid ofer-mægene,
"þæt se byrn-wiga būgan sceolde,
2920 "fēoll on fēðan: nalles frætwe geaf
"ealdor dugoðe; Å«s wæs Ä syððan
"Merewīoinga milts ungyfeðe.
"Nē ic tŠSwēo-þēode sibbe oððe trēowe
"wihte ne wēne; ac wæs wīde cūð,
2925 "þætte Ongenþīo ealdre besnyðede
"Hæðcyn Hrēðling wið Hrefna-wudu,
"Ã¾Ä for on-mÄ“dlan Ç£rest gesÅhton
"Gēata lēode Gūð-scilfingas.
"SÅna him se frÅda fæder ÅŒhtheres,
2930 "eald and eges-full ond-slyht Ägeaf,
"ÄbrÄ“ot brim-wÄ«san, bryÌ„d ÄhÄ“orde,
"gomela Ä«o-meowlan golde berofene,
"Onelan mÅdor and ÅŒhtheres,
"and Ã¾Ä folgode feorh-genīðlan
2935 "oð þæt hī oðēodon earfoðlīce
"in Hrefnes-holt hlÄford-lÄ“ase.
"Besæt Ã¾Ä sin-herge sweorda lÄfe
"wundum wērge, wēan oft gehēt
"earmre teohhe andlonge niht:
2940 "cwæð hē on mergenne mēces ecgum
"gētan wolde, sume on galg-trēowum
"fuglum tÅ gamene. FrÅfor eft gelamp
"sÄrig-mÅdum somod Ç£r-dæge,
"syððan hÄ«e HygelÄces horn and byÌ„man
2945 "gealdor ongeÄton. ÃžÄ se gÅda cÅm
"lÄ“oda dugoðe on lÄst faran.
XLI. HE TELLS OF THE SWEDES AND THE GEATAS
"Wæs sÄ«o swÄt-swaðu SwÄ“ona and GÄ“ata,
"wæl-rǣs wera wīde gesȳne,
"hÅ« Ã¾Ä folc mid him fÇ£hðe tÅwehton.
2950 "GewÄt him Ã¾Ä se gÅda mid his gædelingum,
"frÅd fela geÅmor fæsten sÄ“cean,
"eorl Ongenþīo ufor oncirde;
"hæfde HigelÄces hilde gefrÅ«nen,
"wlonces wīg-cræft, wiðres ne truwode,
2955 "þæt hē sǣ-mannum onsacan mihte,
"hēaðo-līðendum hord forstandan,
"bearn and brȳde; bēah eft þonan
"eald under eorð-weall. ÃžÄ wæs Ç£ht boden
"SwÄ“ona lÄ“odum, segn HigelÄce.
2960 "Freoðo-wong þone forð oferēodon,
"syððan Hrēðlingas tŠhagan þrungon.
"Þǣr wearð Ongenþīo ecgum sweorda,
"blonden-fexa on bīd wrecen,
"þæt se þēod-cyning þafian sceolde
2965 "Eofores Änne dÅm: hyne yrringa
"Wulf Wonrēding wǣpne gerǣhte,
"þæt him for swenge swÄt Ç£drum sprong
"forð under fexe. Næs hÄ“ forht swÄ Ã¾Ä“h,
"gomela Scilfing, ac forgeald hraðe
2970 "wyrsan wrixle wæl-hlem þone,
"syððan þēod-cyning þyder oncirde:
"ne meahte se snella sunu Wonrēdes
"ealdum ceorle ond-slyht giofan,
"ac hē him on hēafde helm ǣr gescer,
2975 "þæt hÄ“ blÅde fÄh bÅ«gan sceolde,
"fÄ“oll on foldan; næs hÄ“ fÇ£ge Ã¾Ä gÄ«t,
"ac hē hyne gewyrpte, þēah þe him wund hrīne,
"LÄ“t se hearda HigelÄces þegn
"brÄdne mÄ“ce, Ã¾Ä his brÅðor læg,
2980 "eald sweord eotonisc, entiscne helm,
"brecan ofer bord-weal: Ã¾Ä gebÄ“ah cyning,
"folces hyrde, wæs in feorh dropen.
"ÃžÄ wÇ£ron monige, þē his mÇ£g wriðon,
"ricone ÄrÇ£rdon, Ã¾Ä him geryÌ„med wearð,
2985 "þæt hÄ«e wæl-stÅwe wealdan mÅston.
"Þenden rÄ“afode rinc Åðerne,
"nam on Ongenþīo īren-byrnan,
"heard swyrd hilted and his helm somod;
"hÄres hyrste HigelÄce bær.
2990 "HÄ“ þÄm frætwum fÄ“ng and him fægre gehÄ“t
"lÄ“ana fore lÄ“odum and gelÇ£ste swÄ:
"geald þone gūð-rǣs Gēata dryhten,
"Hrēðles eafora, Ã¾Ä hÄ“ tÅ hÄm becÅm,
"Jofore and Wulfe mid ofer-mÄðmum,
2995 "sealde hiora gehwæðrum hund þūsenda
"landes and locenra bÄ“aga; ne þorfte him Ã¾Ä lÄ“an oðwÄ«tan
"mon on middan-gearde, syððan hÄ«e Ã¾Ä mÇ£rða geslÅgon;
"and Ã¾Ä Jofore forgeaf Ängan dÅhtor,
"hÄm-weorðunge, hyldo tÅ wedde.
3000 "Þæt ys sīo fǣhðo and se fēond-scipe,
"wæl-nīð wera, þæs þe ic wēn hafo,
"þē ūs sēceað tŠSwēona lēode,
"syððan hīe gefricgeað frēan ūserne
"ealdor-lēasne, þone þe ǣr gehēold
3005 "wið hettendum hord and rīce,
"æfter hæleða hryre hwate Scylfingas,
"folc-rǣd fremede oððe furður gēn
"eorl-scipe efnde. NÅ« is ofost betost,
"þæt wē þēod-cyning þǣr scēawian
3010 "and þone gebringan, þē ūs bēagas geaf,
"on Äd-fære. Ne scel Änes hwæt
"meltan mid þÄm mÅdigan, ac þǣr is mÄðma hord.
"gold unrīme grimme gecēapod
"and nū æt sīðestan sylfes fēore
3015 "bÄ“agas gebohte; Ã¾Ä sceal brond fretan,
"ǣled þeccean, nalles eorl wegan
"mÄððum tÅ gemyndum, nÄ“ mægð scyÌ„ne
"habban on healse hring-weorðunge,
"ac sceall geÅmor-mÅd golde berÄ“afod
3020 "oft nalles ǣne el-land tredan,
"nÅ« se here-wÄ«sa hleahtor Älegde,
"gamen and glÄ“o-drÄ“am. Forþon sceall gÄr wesan
"monig morgen-ceald mundum bewunden,
"hæfen on handa, nalles hearpan swēg
3025 "wīgend weccean, ac se wonna hrefn
"fūs ofer fǣgum, fela reordian,
"earne secgan, hū him æt ǣte spēow,
"þenden hē wið wulf wæl rēafode."
SwÄ se secg hwata secgende wæs
3030 lÄðra spella; hÄ“ ne lÄ“ag fela
wyrda nÄ“ worda. Weorod eall ÄrÄs,
ēodon unblīðe under Earna næs
wollen-tēare wundur scēawian.
Fundon Ã¾Ä on sande sÄwul-lÄ“asne
3035 hlim-bed healdan, þone þe him hringas geaf
Ç£rran mÇ£lum: Ã¾Ä wæs ende-dæg
gÅdum gegongen, þæt se gūð-cyning,
Wedra þēoden, wundor-dēaðe swealt.
Ǣr hī gesēgan syllīcran wiht,
3040 wyrm on wonge wiðer-ræhtes þǣr
lÄðne licgean: wæs se lÄ“g-draca,
grimlīc gryre-gæst, glēdum beswǣled,
sÄ“ wæs fÄ«ftiges fÅt-gemearces.
lang on legere, lyft-wynne hēold
3045 nihtes hwÄ«lum, nyðer eft gewÄt
dennes nÄ«osian; wæs Ã¾Ä dÄ“aðe fæst,
hæfde eorð-scrafa ende genyttod.
Him big stÅdan bunan and orcas,
discas lÄgon and dyÌ„re swyrd,
3050 Åmige þurh-etone, swÄ hÄ«e wið eorðan fæðm
þūsend wintra þǣr eardodon:
þonne wæs þæt yrfe ēacen-cræftig,
iū-monna gold galdre bewunden,
þæt þÄm hring-sele hrÄ«nan ne mÅste
3055 gumena ǣnig, nefne god sylfa,
sigora sÅð-cyning, sealde þÄm þe hÄ“ wolde
(hē is manna gehyld) hord openian,
efne swÄ hwylcum manna, swÄ him gemet þūhte.
XLII. WĪGLAF SPEAKS. THE BUILDING OF THE BALE-FIRE.
ÃžÄ wæs gesyÌ„ne, þæt se sīð ne þÄh
3060 þÄm þe unrihte inne gehyÌ„dde
wrÇ£te under wealle. Weard Ç£r ofslÅh
fÄ“ara sumne; Ã¾Ä sÄ«o fÇ£hð gewearð
gewrecen wrÄðlÄ«ce. Wundur hwÄr, þonne
eorl ellen-rÅf ende gefÄ“re
3065 līf-gesceafta, þonne leng ne mæg
mon mid his mÄgum medu-seld bÅ«an.
SwÄ wæs BÄ«owulfe, Ã¾Ä hÄ“ biorges weard
sÅhte, searo-nīðas: seolfa ne cūðe,
þurh hwæt his worulde gedÄl weorðan sceolde;
3070 swÄ hit oð dÅmes dæg dÄ«ope benemdon
þēodnas mÇ£re, Ã¾Ä Ã¾Ã¦t þǣr dydon,
þæt se secg wǣre synnum scildig,
hergum geheaðerod, hell-bendum fæst,
wommum gewÄ«tnad, sÄ“ þone wong strÄde.
3075 Næs hē gold-hwæt: gearwor hæfde
Ägendes Ä“st Ç£r gescÄ“awod.
WÄ«glÄf maðelode, WÄ«hstÄnes sunu:
"Oft sceall eorl monig Änes willan
"wrÇ£c ÄdrÄ“ogan, swÄ Å«s geworden is.
3080 "Ne meahton wē gelǣran lēofne þēoden,
"rīces hyrde rǣd ǣnigne,
"þæt hē ne grētte gold-weard þone,
"lēte hyne licgean, þǣr hē longe wæs,
"wīcum wunian oð woruld-ende.
3085 "Hēoldon hēah gesceap: hord ys gescēawod,
"grimme gegongen; wæs þæt gifeðe tŠswīð,
"þē þone þēoden þyder ontyhte.
"Ic wæs þǣr inne and þæt eall geond-seh,
"recedes geatwa, Ã¾Ä mÄ“ geryÌ„med wæs,
3090 "nealles swÇ£slÄ«ce sīð ÄlyÌ„fed
"inn under eorð-weall. Ic on ofoste gefēng
"micle mid mundum mægen-byrðenne
"hord-gestrēona, hider ūt ætbær
"cyninge mÄ«num: cwico wæs Ã¾Ä gÄ“na,
3095 "wīs and gewittig; worn eall gespræc
"gomol on gehðo and ēowic grētan hēt,
"bæd þæt gē geworhton æfter wines dǣdum
"in bǣl-stede beorh þone hēan
"micelne and mÇ£rne, swÄ hÄ“ manna wæs
3100 "wīgend weorð-fullost wīde geond eorðan,
"þenden hÄ“ burh-welan brÅ«can mÅste.
"Uton nÅ« efstan Åðre sīðe
"sēon and sēcean searo-geþræc,
"wundur under wealle! ic ēow wīsige,
3105 "þæt gÄ“ genÅge nÄ“an scÄ“awiað
"bÄ“agas and brÄd gold. SÄ«e sÄ«o bÇ£r gearo
"ǣdre geæfned, þonne wē ūt cymen,
"and þonne geferian frēan ūserne,
"lēofne mannan, þǣr hē longe sceal
3110 "on þæs waldendes wǣre geþolian."
HÄ“t Ã¾Ä gebÄ“odan byre WÄ«hstÄnes,
hæle hilde-dīor, hæleða monegum
bold-Ägendra, þæt hÄ«e bÇ£l-wudu
feorran feredon, folc-Ägende
3115 gÅdum tÅgÄ“nes: "NÅ« sceal glÄ“d fretan
"(weaxan wonna lēg) wigena strengel,
"þone þe oft gebÄd Ä«sern-scÅ«re,
"þonne strǣla storm, strengum gebǣded,
"scÅc ofer scild-weall, sceft nytte hÄ“old,
3120 "feðer-gearwum fÅ«s flÄne full-Ä“ode."
HÅ«ru se snotra sunu WÄ«hstÄnes
ÄcÄ«gde of corðre cyninges þegnas
syfone tÅsomne Ã¾Ä sÄ“lestan,
Ä“ode eahta sum under inwit-hrÅf;
3125 hilde-rinc sum on handa bær
ǣled-lēoman, sē þe on orde gēong.
Næs Ã¾Ä on hlytme, hwÄ Ã¾Ã¦t hord strude,
syððan or-wearde ǣnigne dǣl
secgas gesēgon on sele wunian,
3130 lǣne licgan: lȳt ǣnig mearn,
þæt hī ofostlice ūt geferedon
dyÌ„re mÄðmas; dracan Ä“c scufun,
wyrm ofer weall-clif, lēton wǣg niman,
flÅd fæðmian frætwa hyrde.
3135 Þǣr wæs wunden gold on wǣn hladen,
ǣghwæs unrīm, æðeling boren,
hÄr hilde-rinc tÅ Hrones næsse.
XLIII. BÄ’OWULF'S FUNERAL PYRE.
Him Ã¾Ä gegiredan GÄ“ata lÄ“ode
Äd on eorðan un-wÄclÄ«cne,
3140 helmum behongen, hilde-bordum,
beorhtum byrnum, swÄ hÄ“ bÄ“na wæs;
Älegdon Ã¾Ä tÅ-middes mÇ£rne þēoden
hæleð hÄ«ofende, hlÄford lÄ“ofne.
Ongunnon Ã¾Ä on beorge bÇ£l-fyÌ„ra mÇ£st
3145 wÄ«gend weccan: wudu-rÄ“c ÄstÄh
sweart ofer swioðole, swÅgende lÄ“g,
wÅpe bewunden (wind-blond gelæg)
oð þæt hÄ“ Ã¾Ä bÄn-hÅ«s gebrocen hæfde,
hÄt on hreðre. Higum unrÅte
3150 mÅd-ceare mÇ£ndon mon-dryhtnes cwealm;
swylce giÅmor-gyd lat . con meowle
. . . . . wunden heorde . . .
serg (?) cearig sǣlde geneahhe
þæt hīo hyre . . . . gas hearde
3155 . . . . . ede wælfylla wonn . .
hildes egesan hyðo
haf mid heofon rēce swealh (?)
Geworhton Ã¾Ä Wedra lÄ“ode
hlÇ£w on hlīðe, sÄ“ wæs hÄ“ah and brÄd,
3160 wǣg-līðendum wīde gesȳne,
and betimbredon on tȳn dagum
beadu-rÅfes bÄ“cn: bronda betost
wealle beworhton, swÄ hyt weorðlÄ«cost
fore-snotre men findan mihton.
3165 Hī on beorg dydon bēg and siglu,
eall swylce hyrsta, swylce on horde ǣr
nīð-hȳdige men genumen hæfdon;
forlēton eorla gestrēon eorðan healdan,
gold on grēote, þǣr hit nū gēn lifað
3170 eldum swÄ unnyt, swÄ hit Ç£ror wæs.
ÃžÄ ymbe hlÇ£w riodan hilde-dÄ“ore,
æðelinga bearn ealra twelfa,
woldon ceare cwīðan, kyning mǣnan,
word-gyd wrecan and ymb wer sprecan,
3175 eahtodan eorl-scipe and his ellen-weorc
duguðum dÄ“mdon, swÄ hit ge-dÄ“fe bið,
þæt mon his wine-dryhten wordum herge,
ferhðum frēoge, þonne hē forð scile
of līc-haman lǣne weorðan.
3180 SwÄ begnornodon GÄ“ata lÄ“ode
hlÄfordes hryre, heorð-genÄ“atas,
cwǣdon þæt hē wǣre woruld-cyning
mannum mildust and mon-þwǣrust,
lēodum līðost and lof-geornost.
APPENDIX
THE ATTACK IN FINNSBURG.
". . . . . . . . . . . næs byrnað nǣfre."
Hleoðrode Ã¾Ä heaðo-geong cyning:
"Ne þis ne dagað ēastan, ne hēr draca ne flēogeð,
"ne hēr þisse healle hornas ne byrnað,
5 "ac fēr forð berað fugelas singað,
"gylleð grǣg-hama, gūð-wudu hlynneð,
"scyld scefte oncwyð. NÅ« scyÌ„neð þes mÅna
"waðol under wolcnum; nÅ« ÄrÄ«sað wÄ“a-dÇ£da,
"þē þisne folces nīð fremman willað.
10 "Ac onwacnigeað nū, wīgend mīne,
"hebbað ēowre handa, hicgeað on ellen,
"winnað on orde, wesað on mÅde!"
ÃžÄ ÄrÄs monig gold-hladen þegn, gyrde hine his swurde;
Ã¾Ä tÅ dura Ä“odon drihtlÄ«ce cempan,
15 Sigeferð and Eaha, hyra sweord getugon,
and æt Åðrum durum OrdlÄf and GūðlÄf,
and Hengest sylf; hwearf him on lÄste.
ÃžÄ gÄ«t GÄrulf Gūðere styrode,
þæt hÄ«e swÄ frÄ“olÄ«c feorh forman sīðe
20 tŠþǣre healle durum hyrsta ne bǣran,
nÅ« hyt nīða heard Änyman wolde:
ac hē frægn ofer eal undearninga,
dÄ“or-mÅd hæleð, hwÄ Ã¾Ä duru hÄ“olde.
"Sigeferð is mīn nama (cwæð hē), ic eom Secgena lēod,
25 "wrecca wÄ«de cūð. Fela ic wÄ“ana gebÄd,
"heardra hilda; þē is gȳt hēr witod,
"swæðer þū sylf tŠmē sēcean wylle."
ÃžÄ wæs on wealle wæl-slihta gehlyn,
sceolde cēlod bord cēnum on handa
30 bÄn-helm berstan. Buruh-þelu dynede,
oð þæt æt þǣre gūðe GÄrulf gecrang,
ealra ǣrest eorð-būendra,
GūðlÄfes sunu; ymbe hine gÅdra fela.
Hwearf flacra hrǣw hræfn, wandrode
35 sweart and sealo-brÅ«n; swurd-lÄ“oma stÅd
swylce eal Finns-buruh fȳrenu wǣre.
Ne gefrægn ic nǣfre wurðlīcor æt wera hilde
sixtig sige-beorna sēl gebǣran,
ne nÇ£fre swÄnas swÄ“tne medo sÄ“l forgyldan,
40 þonne Hnæfe guldon his hæg-stealdas.
Hig fuhton fÄ«f dagas, swÄ hyra nÄn ne fÄ“ol
driht-gesīða, ac hig Ã¾Ä duru hÄ“oldon.
ÃžÄ gewÄt him wund hæleð on wæg gangan,
sÇ£de þæt his byrne Äbrocen wÇ£re,
45 here-sceorpum hrÅr, and Ä“ac wæs his helm þyrl.
ÃžÄ hine sÅna frægn folces hyrde,
hÅ« Ã¾Ä wÄ«gend hyra wunda genÇ£son
oððe hwæðer þǣra hyssa . . . . . . .
LIST OF NAMES; NOTES; AND GLOSSARY.
ABBREVIATIONS
m.: masculine.
f.: feminine.
n.: neuter.
nom., gen.: nominative, genitive, etc.
w.: weak.
w. v.: weak verb.
st.: strong.
st. v.: strong verb.
I., II., III.: first, second, third person.
comp.: compound.
imper.: imperative.
w.: with.
instr.: instrumental.
G. and Goth.: Gothic.
O.N.: Old Norse.
O.S.: Old Saxon.
O.H.G.: Old High German.
M.H.G.: Middle High German.
The vowel æ = _a_ in _glad_ }
The diphthong ǣ = _a_ in _hair_ } approximately.
The names Leo, Bugge, Rieger, etc., refer to authors of emendations.
Words beginning with ge- will be found under their root-word.
Obvious abbreviations, like subj., etc., are not included in this list.
LIST OF NAMES.
Ä€bel, Cain's brother, 108.
Ælf-here (gen. Ælf-heres, 2605), a kinsman of WÄ«glÄf's, 2605.
Æsc-here, confidential adviser of King HrÅðgÄr (1326), older brother of
YrmenlÄf (1325), killed by Grendel's mother, 1295, 1324, 2123.
BÄn-stÄn, father of Breca, 524.
BÄ“o-wulf, son of Scyld, king of the Danes, 18, 19. After the death of his
father, he succeeds to the throne of the Scyldings, 53. His son is
Healfdene, 57.
BÄ“o-wulf (BÄ«owulf, 1988, 2390; gen. BÄ“owulfes, 857, etc., BÄ«owulfes, 2195,
2808, etc.; dat. BÄ“owulfe, 610, etc., BÄ«owulfe, 2325, 2843), of the race of
the Gēatas. His father is the Wǣgmunding Ecgþēow (263, etc.); his mother a
daughter of Hrēðel, king of the Gēatas (374), at whose court he is brought
up after his seventh year with Hrēðel's sons, Herebeald, Hæðcyn, and
HygelÄc, 2429 ff. In his youth lazy and unapt (2184 f., 2188 f.); as man he
attains in the gripe of his hand the strength of thirty men, 379. Hence his
victories in his combats with bare hands (711 ff., 2502 ff.), while fate
denies him the victory in the battle with swords, 2683 f. His
swimming-match with Breca in his youth, 506 ff. Goes with fourteen GÄ“atas
to the assistance of the Danish king, HrÅðgÄr, against Grendel, 198 ff. His
combat with Grendel, and his victory, 711 ff., 819 ff. He is, in
consequence, presented with rich gifts by HrÅðgÄr, 1021 ff. His combat with
Grendel's mother, 1442 ff. Having again received gifts, he leaves HrÅðgÄr
(1818-1888), and returns to HygelÄc, 1964 ff.--After HygelÄc's last battle
and death, he flees alone across the sea, 2360 f. In this battle he crushes
Dæghrefn, one of the Hūgas, to death, 2502 f. He rejects at the same time
HygelÄc's kingdom and the hand of his widow (2370 ff.), but carries on the
government as guardian of the young HeardrÄ“d, son of HygelÄc, 2378 ff.
After Heardrēd's death, the kingdom falls to Bēowulf, 2208,
2390.--Afterwards, on an expedition to avenge the murdered Heardrēd, he
kills the Scylfing, Ä’adgils (2397), and probably conquers his country.
--His fight with the drake, 2539 ff. His death, 2818. His burial, 3135 ff.
Breca (acc. Brecan, 506, 531), son of BÄ“anstÄn, 524. Chief of the
Brondings, 521. His swimming-match with BÄ“owulf, 506 ff.
Brondingas (gen. Brondinga, 521), Breca, their chief, 521.
BrÅsinga mene, corrupted from, or according to Müllenhoff, written by
mistake for, Breosinga mene (O.N., Brisinga men, cf. Haupts Zeitschr. XII.
304), collar, which the Brisingas once possessed.
Cain (gen. Caines, 107): descended from him are Grendel and his kin, 107,
1262 ff.
Dæg-hrefn (dat. Dæghrefne, 2502), a warrior of the Hūgas, who, according to
2504-5, compared with 1203, and with 1208, seems to have been the slayer of
King HygelÄc, in his battle against the allied Franks, Frisians, and HÅ«gas.
Is crushed to death by BÄ“owulf in a hand-to-hand combat, 2502 ff.
Dene (gen. Dena, 242, etc., Denia, 2126, Deniga, 271, etc.; dat. Denum,
768, etc.), as subjects of Scyld and his descendants, they are also called
Scyldings; and after the first king of the East Danes, Ing (Runenlied, 22),
Ing-wine, 1045, 1320. They are also once called Hrēðmen, 445. On account of
their renowned warlike character, they bore the names GÄr-Dene, 1, 1857,
Hring-Dene (Armor-Danes), 116, 1280, Beorht-Dene, 427, 610. The great
extent of this people is indicated by their names from the four quarters of
the heavens: Ēast-Dene, 392, 617, etc., West-Dene, 383, 1579, Sūð-Dene,
463, Norð-Dene, 784.--Their dwelling-place "in Scedelandum," 19, "on
Scedenigge," 1687, "be sǣm twēonum," 1686.
Ecg-lÄf (gen. EcglÄfes, 499), Hunferð's father, 499.
Ecg-þēow (nom. Ecgþēow, 263, Ecgþēo, 373; gen. Ecgþēowes, 529, etc.,
Ecgþīowes, 2000), a far-famed hero of the Gēatas, of the house of the
Wǣgmundings. Bēowulf is the son of Ecgþēow, by the only daughter of Hrēðel,
king of the GÄ“atas, 262, etc. Among the Wylfings, he has slain HeaðolÄf
(460), and in consequence he goes over the sea to the Danes (463), whose
king, HrÅðgÄr, by means of gold, finishes the strife for him, 470.
Ecg-wela (gen. Ecg-welan, 1711). The Scyldings are called his descendants,
1711. Grein considers him the founder of the older dynasty of Danish kings,
which closes with HeremÅd. See HeremÅd.
Elan, daughter of Healfdene, king of the Danes, (?) 62. According to the
restored text, she is the wife of Ongenþēow, the Scylfing, 62, 63.
Earna-næs, the Eagle Cape in the land of the Gēatas, where occurred
BÄ“owulf's fight with the drake, 3032.
Ēadgils (dat. Ēadgilse, 2393), son of Ōhthere, and grandson of Ongenþēow,
the Scylfing, 2393. His older brother is
Ä’anmund (gen. Ä’anmundes, 2612). What is said about both in our poem
(2201-2207, 2380-2397, 2612-2620) is obscure, but the following may be
conjectured:--
The sons of ÅŒhthere, Ä’anmund and Ä’adgils, have rebelled against their
father (2382), and must, in consequence, depart with their followers from
Swīorīce, 2205-6, 2380. They come into the country of the Gēatas to
Heardrēd (2380), but whether with friendly or hostile intent is not stated;
but, according to 2203 f., we are to presume that they came against
Heardrēd with designs of conquest. At a banquet (on feorme; or feorme, MS.)
Heardrēd falls, probably through treachery, by the hand of one of the
brothers, 2386, 2207. The murderer must have been Ä’anmund, to whom,
according to 2613, "in battle the revenge of WÄ“ohstÄn brings death."
WÄ“ohstÄn takes revenge for his murdered king, and exercises upon Ä’anmund's
body the booty-right, and robs it of helm, breastplate, and sword
(2616-17), which the slain man had received as gifts from his uncle, Onela,
2617-18. But WÄ“ohstÄn does not speak willingly of this fight, although he
has slain Onela's brother's son, 2619-20.--After Heardrēd's and Ēanmund's
death, the descendant of Ongenþēow, Ēadgils, returns to his home, 2388. He
must give way before Bēowulf, who has, since Heardrēd's death, ascended the
throne of the GÄ“atas, 2390. But BÄ“owulf remembers it against him in after
days, and the old feud breaks out anew, 2392-94. Ä’adgils makes an invasion
into the land of the GÄ“atas (2394-95), during which he falls at the hands
of BÄ“owulf, 2397. The latter must have then obtained the sovereignty over
the Swēonas (3005-6, where only the version, Scylfingas, can give a
satisfactory sense).
Eofor (gen. Eofores, 2487, 2965; dat. Jofore, 2994, 2998), one of the
Gēatas, son of Wonrēd and brother of Wulf (2965, 2979), kills the Swedish
king, Ongenþēow (2487 ff., 2978-82), for which he receives from King
HygelÄc, along with other gifts, his only daughter in marriage, 2994-99.
Eormen-rīc (gen. Eormenrīces, 1202), king of the Goths (cf. about him, W.
Grimm, Deutsche Heldensage, p. 2, ff.). HÄma has wrested the BrÅsinga mene
from him, 1202.
Eomǣr, son of Offa and Þrȳðo (cf. Þrȳðo), 1961.
Eotenas (gen. pl. Eotena, 1073, 1089, 1142; dat. Eotenum, 1146), the
subjects of Finn, the North Frisians: distinguished from eoton, _giant_.
Vid eoton. Cf. Bugge, Beit., xii. 37; Earle, Beowulf in Prose, pp. 146,
198.
Finn (gen. Finnes, 1069, etc.; dat. Finne, 1129), son of Folcwalda (1090),
king of the North Frisians, i.e. of the Eotenas, husband of Hildeburg, a
daughter of HÅc, 1072, 1077. He is the hero of the inserted poem on the
Attack in Finnsburg, the obscure incidents of which are, perhaps, as
follows: In Finn's castle, Finnsburg, situated in Jutland (1126-28), the
HÅcing, Hnæf, a relative--perhaps a brother--of Hildeburg is spending some
time as guest. Hnæf, who is a liegeman of the Danish king, Healfdene, has
sixty men with him (Finnsburg, 38). These are treacherously attacked one
night by Finn's men, 1073. For five days they hold the doors of their
lodging-place without losing one of their number (Finnsburg, 41, 42). Then,
however, Hnæf is slain (1071), and the Dane, Hengest, who was among Hnæf's
followers, assumes the command of the beleaguered band. But on the
attacking side the fight has brought terrible losses to Finn's men. Their
numbers are diminished (1081 f.), and Hildeburg bemoans a son and a brother
among the fallen (1074 f., cf. 1116, 1119). Therefore the Frisians offer
the Danes peace (1086) under the conditions mentioned (1087-1095), and it
is confirmed with oaths (1097), and money is given by Finn in propitiation
(1108). Now all who have survived the battle go together to Friesland, the
homo proper of Finn, and here Hengest remains during the winter, prevented
by ice and storms from returning home (Grein). But in spring the feud
breaks out anew. GūðlÄf and OslÄf avenge Hnæf's fall, probably after they
have brought help from home (1150). In the battle, the hall is filled with
the corpses of the enemy. Finn himself is killed, and the queen is captured
and carried away, along with the booty, to the land of the Danes,
1147-1160.
Finna land. BÄ“owulf reaches it in his swimming-race with Breca, 580.
Fitela, the son and nephew of the Wälsing, Sigemund, and his companion in
arms, 876-890. (Sigemund had begotten Fitela by his sister, Signȳ. Cf.
more at length Leo on BÄ“owulf, p. 38 ff., where an extract from the legend
of the Walsungs is given.)
Folc-walda (gen. Folc-waldan, 1090), Finn's father, 1090.
Francan (gen. Francna, 1211; dat. Froncum, 2913). King HygelÄc fell on an
expedition against the allied Franks, Frisians, and HÅ«gas, 1211, 2917.
Frēsan, Frȳsan (gen. Frēsena, 1094, Frȳsna, 1105, Frēsna, 2916: dat.
Frȳsum, 1208, 2913). To be distinguished, are: 1) North Frisians, whose
king is Finn, 1069 ff.; 2) West Frisians, in alliance with the Franks and
HÅ«gas, in the war against whom HygelÄc falls, 1208, 2916. The country of
the former is called Frȳsland, 1127; that of the latter, Frēsna land,
2916.
Fr..es wæl (in Fr..es wæle, 1071), mutilated proper name.
FrÄ“awaru, daughter of the Danish king, HrÅðgÄr; given in marriage to
Ingeld, the son of the Heaðobeard king, FrÅda, in order to end a war
between the Danes and the Heaðobeardnas, 2023 ff., 2065.
FrÅda (gen. FrÅdan), father of Ingeld, the husband of FrÄ“aware, 2026.
GÄrmund (gen. GÄrmundes, 1963) father of Offa. His grandson is Ä’omÇ£r,
1961-63.
GÄ“atas (gen. GÄ“ata, 205, etc.; dat. GÄ“atum, 195, etc.), a tribe in Southern
Scandinavia, to which the hero of this poem belongs; also called
Wedergēatas, 1493, 2552; or, Wederas, 225, 423, etc.; Gūðgēatas, 1539;
Sǣgēatas, 1851, 1987. Their kings named in this poem are: Hrēðel; Hæðcyn,
second son of Hrēðel; HygelÄc, the brother of Hæðcyn; HeardrÄ“d, son of
HygelÄc; then BÄ“owulf.
Gifðas (dat. Gifðum, 2495), Gepidǣ, mentioned in connection with Danes and
Swedes, 2495.
Grendel, a fen-spirit (102-3) of Cain's race, 107, 111, 1262, 1267. He
breaks every night into HrÅðgÄr's hall and carries off thirty warriors, 115
ff., 1583ff. He continues this for twelve years, till BÄ“owulf fights with
him (147, 711 ff.), and gives him a mortal wound, in that he tears out one
of his arms (817), which is hung up as a trophy in the roof of Heorot, 837.
Grendel's mother wishes to avenge her son, and the following night breaks
into the hall and carries off Æschere, 1295. Bēowulf seeks for and finds
her home in the fen-lake (1493 ff.), fights with her (1498 ff.), and kills
her (1567); and cuts off the head of Grendel, who lay there dead (1589),
and brings it to HrÅðgÄr, 1648.
Gūð-lÄf and OslÄf, Danish warriors under Hnæf, whose death they avenge on
Finn, 1149.
HÄlga, with the surname, _til_, the younger brother of the Danish king,
HrÅðgÄr, 61. His son is HrÅðulf, 1018, 1165, 1182.
HÄma wrests the _BrÅsinga mene_ from EormenrÄ«c, 1199.
Hæreð (gen. Hæreðes, 1982), father of Hygd, the wife of HygelÄc, 1930,
1982.
Hæðcyn (dat. Hæðcynne, 2483), second son of Hrēðel, king of the Gēatas,
2435. Kills his oldest brother, Herebeald, accidentally, with an arrow,
2438 ff. After Hrēðel's death, he obtains the kingdom, 2475, 2483. He falls
at Ravenswood, in the battle against the Swedish king, Ongenþēow, 2925. His
successor is his younger brother, HygelÄc, 2944 ff., 2992.
Helmingas (gen. Helminga, 621). From them comes Wealhþēow, HrÅðgÄr's wife,
621.
Heming (gen. Heminges, 1945, 1962). Offa is called Heminges mǣg, 1945;
Ēomǣr, 1962. According to Bachlechner (Pfeiffer's Germania, I., p. 458),
Heming is the son of the sister of GÄrmund, Offa's father.
Hengest (gen. Hengestes, 1092; dat. Hengeste, 1084): about him and his
relations to Hnæf and Finn, see Finn.
Here-beald (dat. Herebealde, 2464), the oldest son of Hrēðel, king of the
GÄ“atas (2435), accidentally killed with an arrow by his younger brother,
Hæðcyn, 2440.
Here-mÅd (gen. HeremÅdes, 902), king of the Danes, not belonging to the
Scylding dynasty, but, according to Grein, immediately preceding it; is, on
account of his unprecedented cruelty, driven out, 902 ff., 1710.
Here-rīc (gen. Hererīces, 2207) Heardrēd is called Hererīces nefa, 2207.
Nothing further is known of him.
Het-ware or Franks, in alliance with the Frisians and the HÅ«gas, conquer
HygelÄc, king of the GÄ“atas, 2355, 2364 ff., 2917.
Healf-dene (gen. Healfdenes, 189, etc.), son of BÄ“owulf, the Scylding (57);
rules the Danes long and gloriously (57 f.); has three sons, HeorogÄr,
HrÅðgÄr, and HÄlga (61), and a daughter, Elan, who, according to the
renewed text of the passage, was married to the Scylfing, Ongenþēow, 62,
63.
Heard-rÄ“d (dat. HeardrÄ“de, 2203, 2376), son of HygelÄc, king of the GÄ“atas,
and Hygd. After his father's death, while still under age, he obtains the
throne (2371, 2376, 2379); wherefore Bēowulf, as nephew of Heardrēd's
father, acts as guardian to the youth till he becomes older, 2378. He is
slain by ÅŒhthere's sons, 2386. This murder BÄ“owulf avenges on Ä’adgils,
2396-97.
Heaðo-beardnas (gen. -beardna, 2033, 2038, 2068), the tribe of the
Lombards. Their king, FrÅda, has fallen in a war with the Danes, 2029,
2051. In order to end the feud, King HrÅðgÄr has given his daughter,
FrÄ“awaru, as wife to the young Ingeld, the son of FrÅda, a marriage that
does not result happily; for Ingeld, though he long defers it on account of
his love for his wife, nevertheless takes revenge for his father, 2021-2070
(Wīdsīð, 45-49).
Heaðo-lÄf (dat. Heaðo-lÄfe, 460), a Wylfingish warrior. Ecgþēow, BÄ“owulf's
father, kills him, 460.
Heaðo-rǣmas reached by B. in the swimming-race with Bēowulf, 519.
Heoro-gÄr (nom. 61; HeregÄr, 467; HiorogÄr, 2159), son of Healfdene, and
older brother of HrÅðgÄr, 61. His death is mentioned, 467. He has a son,
Heoroweard, 2162. His coat of mail BÄ“owulf has received from HrÅðgÄr
(2156), and presents it to HygelÄc, 2158.
Heoro-weard (dat. Heorowearde, 2162), HeorogÄr's son, 2161-62.
Heort, 78. Heorot, 166 (gen. Heorotes, 403; dat. Heorote, 475, Heorute,
767, Hiorte, 2100). HrÅðgÄr's throne-room and banqueting hall and
assembly-room for his liegemen, built by him with unusual splendor, 69, 78.
In it occurs BÄ“owulf's fight with Grendel, 720 ff. The hall receives its
name from the stag's antlers, of which the one-half crowns the eastern
gable, the other half the western.
Hildeburh, daughter of HÅc, relative of the Danish leader, Hnæf, consort of
the Frisian king, Finn. After the fall of the latter, she becomes a captive
of the Danes, 1072, 1077, 1159. See also under Finn.
Hnæf (gen. Hnæfes, 1115), a HÅcing (WÄ«dsīð, 29), the Danish King
Healfdene's general, 1070 ff. For his fight with Finn, his death and
burial, see under Finn.
Hond-scīo, warrior of the Gēatas: dat. 2077.
HÅc (gen. HÅces, 1077), father of Hildeburh, 1077; probably also of Hnæf
(Wīdsīð, 29).
Hrēðel (gen. Hrēðles, 1486), son of Swerting, 1204. King of the Gēatas,
374. He has, besides, a daughter, who is married to Ecgþēow, and has borne
him BÄ“owulf, (374), three sons, Herebeald, Hæðcyn, and HygelÄc, 2435. The
eldest of these is accidentally killed by the second, 2440. On account of
this inexpiable deed, Hrēðel becomes melancholy (2443), and dies, 2475.
Hrēðla (gen. Hrēðlan, MS. Hrǣdlan, 454), the same as Hrēðel (cf. Müllenhoff
in Haupts Zeitschrift, 12, 260), the former owner of BÄ“owulf's coat of
mail, 454.
Hrēðling, son of Hrēðel, HygelÄc: nom. sg. 1924; nom. pl., the subjects of
HygelÄc, the Geats, 2961.
Hrēð-men (gen. Hrēð-manna, 445), the Danes are so called, 445.
Hrēð-rÄ«c, son of HrÅðgÄr, 1190, 1837.
Hrefna-wudu, 2926, or Hrefnes-holt, 2936, the thicket near which the
Swedish king, Ongenþēow, slew Hæðcyn, king of the Gēatas, in battle.
Hrēosna-beorh, promontory in the land of the Gēatas, near which Ongenþēow's
sons, ÅŒhthere and Onela, had made repeated robbing incursions into the
country after Hrēðel's death. These were the immediate cause of the war in
which Hrēðel's son, King Hæcyn, fell, 2478 ff.
HrÅð-gÄr (gen. HrÅðgÄres, 235, etc.; dat. HrÅðgÄre, 64, etc.), of the
dynasty of the Scyldings; the second of the three sons of King Healfdene,
61. After the death of his elder brother, HeorogÄr, he assumes the
government of the Danes, 465, 467 (yet it is not certain whether HeorogÄr
was king of the Danes before HrÅðgÄr, or whether his death occurred while
his father, Healfdene, was still alive). His consort is Wealhþēow (613), of
the stock of the Helmings (621), who has borne him two sons, Hrēðrīc and
HrÅðmund (1190), and a daughter, FrÄ“aware (2023), who has been given in
marriage to the king of the Heaðobeardnas, Ingeld. His throne-room (78
ff.), which has been built at great cost (74 ff.), is visited every night
by Grendel (102, 115), who, along with his mother, is slain by BÄ“owulf (711
ff., 1493 ff). HrÅðgÄr's rich gifts to BÄ“owulf, in consequence, 1021, 1818;
he is praised as being generous, 71 ff., 80, 1028 ff., 1868 ff.; as being
brave, 1041 ff., 1771 ff.; and wise, 1699, 1725.--Other information about
HrÅðgÄr's reign for the most part only suggested: his expiation of the
murder which Ecgþēow, BÄ“owulf's father, committed upon HeaðolÄf, 460, 470;
his war with the Heaðobeardnas; his adjustment of it by giving his
daughter, Frēaware, in marriage to their king, Ingeld; evil results of this
marriage, 2021-2070.--Treachery of his brother's son, HrÅðulf, intimated,
1165-1166.
HrÅð-mund, HrÅðgÄr's son, 1190.
HrÅð-ulf, probably a son of HÄlga, the younger brother of King HrÅðgÄr,
1018, 1182. Wealhþēow expresses the hope (1182) that, in case of the early
death of HrÅðgÄr, HrÅð-ulf would prove a good guardian to HrÅðgÄr's young
son, who would succeed to the government; a hope which seems not to have
been accomplished, since it appears from 1165, 1166 that HrÅð-ulf has
abused his trust towards HrÅðgÄr.
Hrones-næs (dat. -næsse, 2806, 3137), a promontory on the coast of the
country of the GÄ“atas, visible from afar. Here is BÄ“owulf's grave-mound,
2806, 3137.
Hrunting (dat. Hruntinge, 1660), Hunferð's sword, is so called, 1458, 1660.
HÅ«gas (gen. HÅ«ga, 2503), HygelÄc wars against them allied with the Franks
and Frisians, and falls, 2195 ff. One of their heroes is called Dæghrefn,
whom BÄ“owulf slays, 2503.
[H]Å«n-ferð, the son of EcglÄf, þyle of King HrÅðgÄr. As such, he has his
place near the throne of the king, 499, 500, 1167. He lends his sword,
Hrunting, to BÄ“owulf for his battle with Grendel's mother, 1456 f.
According to 588, 1168, he slew his brothers. Since his name is always
alliterated with vowels, it is probable that the original form was, as
Rieger (Zachers Ztschr., 3, 414) conjectures, Unferð.
HÅ«n-lÄfing, name of a costly sword, which Finn presents to Hengest, 1144.
See Note.
Hygd (dat. Hygde, 2173), daughter of Hæreð, 1930; consort of HygelÄc, king
of the Gēatas, 1927; her son, Heardrēd, 2203, etc.--Her noble, womanly
character is emphasized, 1927 ff.
Hyge-lÄc (gen. Hige-lÄces, 194, etc., HygelÄces, 2387; dat. HigelÄce, 452,
HygelÄce, 2170), king of the GÄ“atas, 1203, etc. His grandfather is
Swerting, 1204; his father, Hrēðel, 1486, 1848; his older brothers,
Herebeald and Hæðcyn, 2435; his sister's son, Bēowulf, 374, 375. After his
brother, Hæðcyn, is killed by Ongenþēow, he undertakes the government (2992
in connection with the preceding from 2937 on). To Eofor he gives, as
reward for slaying Ongenþēow, his only daughter in marriage, 2998. But much
later, at the time of the return of BÄ“owulf from his expedition to HrÅðgÄr,
we see him married to the very young Hygd, the daughter of Hæreð, 1930. The
latter seems, then, to have been his second wife. Their son is Heardrēd,
2203, 2376, 2387.--HygelÄc falls during an expedition against the Franks,
Frisians, and HÅ«gas, 1206, 1211, 2356-59, 2916-17.
Ingeld (dat. Ingelde, 2065), son of FrÅda, the Heaðobeard chief, who fell
in a battle with the Danes, 2051 ff. in order to end the war, Ingeld is
married to FrÄ“awaru, daughter of the Danish king, HrÅðgÄr, 2025-30. Yet his
love for his young wife can make him forget only for a short while his
desire to avenge his father. He finally carries it out, excited thereto by
the repeated admonitions of an old warrior, 2042-70 (Wīdsīð, 45-59).
Ing-wine (gen. Ingwina, 1045, 1320), friends of Ing, the first king of the
East Danes. The Danes are so called, 1045, 1320.
Mere-wīoingas (gen. Mere-wīoinga, 2922), as name of the Franks, 2922.
Nægling, the name of Bēowulf's sword, 2681.
Offa (gen. Offan, 1950), king of the Angles (Wīdsīð, 35), the son of
GÄrmund, 1963; married (1950) to Þrȳðo (1932), a beautiful but cruel
woman, of unfeminine spirit (1932 ff.), by whom he has a son, Ēomǣr, 1961.
ÅŒht-here (gen. ÅŒhtheres, 2929, 2933; ÅŒhteres, 2381, 2393, 2395, 2613), son
of Ongenþēow, king of the Swedes, 2929. His sons are Ēanmund (2612) and
Ä’adgils, 2393.
Onela (gen. Onelan, 2933), ÅŒhthere's brother, 2617, 2933.
Ongen-þēow (nom. -þēow, 2487, -þīo, 2952; gen. -þēowes, 2476, -þīowes,
2388; dat. -þīo, 2987), of the dynasty of the Scylfings; king of the
Swedes, 2384. His wife is, perhaps, Elan, daughter of the Danish king,
Healfdene (62), and mother of two sons, Onela and ÅŒhthere, 2933. She is
taken prisoner by Hæðcyn, king of the Gēatas, on an expedition into Sweden,
which he undertakes on account of her sons' plundering raids into his
country, 2480 ff. She is set free by Ongenþēow (2931), who kills Hæðcyn,
2925, and encloses the GÄ“atas, now deprived of their leader, in the
Ravenswood (2937 ff.), till they are freed by HygelÄc, 2944. A battle then
follows, which is unfavorable to Ongenþēow's army. Ongenþēow himself,
attacked by the brothers, Wulf and Eofor, is slain by the latter, 2487 ff.,
2962 ff.
ÅŒs-lÄf, a warrior of Hnæf's, who avenges on Finn his leader's death, 1149
f.
Scede-land, 19. Sceden-Ä«g (dat. Sceden-Ä«gge, 1687), O.N., ScÄn-ey, the most
southern portion of the Scandinavian peninsula, belonging to the Danish
kingdom, and, in the above-mentioned passages of our poem, a designation of
the whole Danish kingdom.
Scēf or Scēaf. See Note.
Scēfing, the son (?) of Scēf, or Scēaf, reputed father of Scyld, 4. See
Note.
Scyld (gen. Scyldes, 19), a Scēfing. 4. His son is Bēowulf, 18, 53: his
grandson, Healfdene, 57; his great-grandson, HrÅðgÄr, who had two brothers
and a sister, 59 ff.--Scyld dies, 26; his body, upon a decorated ship, is
given over to the sea (32 ff.), just as he, when a child, drifted alone,
upon a ship, to the land of the Danes, 43 ff. After him his descendants
bear his name.
Scyldingas (Scyldungas, 2053; gen. Scyldinga, 53, etc., Scyldunga, 2102,
2160; dat. Scyldingum, 274, etc.), a name which is extended also to the
Danes, who are ruled by the Scyldings, 53, etc. They are also called
Ār-Scyldingas, 464; Sige-Scyldingas, 598, 2005; Þēod-Scyldingas, 1020;
Here-Scyldingas, 1109.
Scylfingas, a Swedish royal family, whose relationship seems to extend to
the GÄ“atas, since WÄ«glÄf, the son of WÄ«hstÄn, who in another place, as a
kinsman of Bēowulf, is called a Wǣgmunding (2815), is also called lēod
Scylfinga, 2604. The family connections are perhaps as follows:--
Scylf.
|
------------------------
WÇ£gmund. .......
| |
------------------ ----------
Ecgþēow. WÄ“ohstÄn. Ongenþēow.
| | |
-------- -------- ---------------
BÄ“owulf. WÄ«glÄf. Onela. ÅŒhthere.
|
-----------------
Ä’aumund. Ä’adgils.
The Scylfings are also called Heaðo-Scilfingas, 63, Gūð-Scylfingas, 2928.
Sige-mund (dat. -munde, 876, 885), the son of Wæls, 878, 898. His (son and
) nephew is Fitela, 880, 882. His fight with the drake, 887 ff.
Swerting (gen. Swertinges, 1204), HygelÄc's grandfather, and Hrēðel's
father, 1204.
Swēon (gen. Swēona, 2473, 2947, 3002), also Swēo-þēod, 2923. The dynasty of
the Scylfings rules over them, 2382, 2925. Their realm is called Swīorice,
2384, 2496.
Þrȳðo, consort of the Angle king, Offa, 1932, 1950. Mother of Ēomǣr, 1961,
notorious on account of her cruel, unfeminine character, 1932 ff. She is
mentioned as the opposite to the mild, dignified Hygd, the queen of the
GÄ“atas.
Wæls (gen. Wælses, 898), father of Sigemund, 878, 898.
WÇ£g-mundingas (gen. WÇ£gmundinga, 2608, 2815). The WÇ£gmundings are on one
side, WÄ«hstÄn and his son WÄ«glÄf; on the other side, Ecgþēow and his son
BÄ“owulf (2608, 2815). See under Scylfingas.
Wederas (gen. Wedera, 225, 423, 498, etc.), or Weder-gēatas. See Gēatas.
WÄ“land (gen. WÄ“landes, 455), the maker of BÄ“owulf's coat of mail, 455.
Wendlas (gen. Wendla, 348): their chief is WulfgÄr. See WulfgÄr. The
Wendlas are, according to Grundtvig and Bugge, the inhabitants of Vendill,
the most northern part of Jutland, between Limfjord and the sea.
Wealh-þēow (613, Wealh-þēo, 665, 1163), the consort of King HrÅðgÄr, of the
stock of the Helmings, 621. Her sons are HrēðrÄ«c and HrÅðmund, 1190; her
daughter, Frēawaru, 2023.
WÄ“oh-stÄn (gen. WÄ“ox-stÄnes, 2603, WÄ“oh-stÄnes, 2863, Wih-stÄnes, 2753,
2908, etc.), a WÇ£gmunding (2608), father of WÄ«glÄf, 2603. In what
relationship to him Ælfhere, mentioned 2605, stands, is not
clear.--WÄ“ohstÄn is the slayer of Ä’anmund (2612), in that, as it seems, he
takes revenge for his murdered king, Heardrēd. See Ēanmund.
WÄ«g-lÄf, WÄ“ohstÄn's son, 2603, etc., a WÇ£gmunding, 2815, and so also a
Scylfing, 2604; a kinsman of Ælfhere, 2605. For his relationship to
BÄ“owulf, see the genealogical table under Scylfingas.--He supports BÄ“owulf
in his fight with the drake, 2605 ff., 2662 ff. The hero gives him, before
his death, his ring, his helm, and his coat of mail, 2810 ff.
Won-rēd (gen. Wonrēdes, 2972), father of Wulf and Eofor, 2966, 2979.
Wulf (dat. Wulfe, 2994), one of the Gēatas, Wonrēd's son. He fights in the
battle between the armies of HygelÄc and Ongenþēow with Ongenþēow himself,
and gives him a wound (2966), whereupon Ongenþēow, by a stroke of his
sword, disables him, 2975. Eofor avenges his brother's fall by dealing
Ongenþēow a mortal blow, 2978 ff.
Wulf-gÄr, chief of the Wendlas, 348, lives at HrÅðgÄr's court, and is his
"Är and ombiht," 335.
Wylfingas (dat. Wylfingum, 461). Ecgþēow has slain HeoðolÄf, a warrior of
this tribe, 460.
Yrmen-lÄf, younger brother of Æschere, 1325.
ABBREVIATIONS.
B.: Bugge.
Br.: S.A. Brooke, Hist. of Early Eng. Lit.
C.: Cosijn.
E.: Earle, Deeds of Beowulf in Prose.
G.: Garnett, Translation of Beowulf
Gr.: Grein.
H.: Heyne.
Ha.: Hall, Translation of Beowulf.
H.-So.: Heyne-Socin, 5th ed.
Ho.: Holder.
K.: Kemble.
Kl.: Kluge.
Müllenh.: Müllenhoff.
R.: Rieger.
S.: Sievers.
Sw.: Sweet, Anglo-Saxon Reader, 6th ed.
Ten Br.: Ten Brink.
Th.: Thorpe.
Z.: Zupitza.
PERIODICALS.
Ang.: Anglia.
Beit.: Paul und Branne's Beiträge.
Eng. Stud.: Englische Studien.
Germ.: Germania.
Haupts Zeitschr.: Haupts Zeitschrift, etc.
Mod. Lang. Notes: Modern Language Notes.
Tidskr.: Tidskrift for Philologi.
Zachers Zeitschr.: Zachers Zeitschrift, etc.
NOTES.
l. 1. hwæt: for this interjectional formula opening a poem, cf. _Andreas,
Daniel, Juliana, Exodus, Fata Apost., Dream of the Rood_, and the
"Listenith lordinges!" of mediaeval lays.--E. Cf. Chaucer, Prologue, ed.
Morris, l. 853:
"Sin I shal beginne the game, _What_, welcome be the cut, a Goddes name!"
wē ... gefrūnon is a variant on the usual epic formulǣ ic gefrægn (l. 74)
and mīne gefrǣge (l. 777). _Exodus, Daniel, Phoenix_, etc., open with the
same formula.
l. 1. "GÄr was the javelin, armed with two of which the warrior went into
battle, and which he threw over the 'shield-wall.' It was barbed."--Br.
124. Cf. _Maldon_, l. 296; _Judith_, l. 224; _Gnom. Verses_, l. 22; etc.
l. 4. "Scild of the Sheaf, not 'Scyld the son of Scaf'; for it is too
inconsistent, even in myth, to give a patronymic to a foundling. According
to the original form of the story, Scēaf was the foundling; he had come
ashore with a sheaf of corn, and from that was named. This form of the
story is preserved in Ethelwerd and in William of Malmesbury. But here the
foundling is Scyld, and we must suppose he was picked up with the sheaf,
and hence his cognomen."--E., p. 105. Cf. the accounts of Romulus and
Remus, of Moses, of Cyrus, etc.
l. 6. egsian is also used in an active sense (not in the Gloss.), = _to
terrify_.
l. 15. S. suggests Ã¾Ä (_which_) for þæt, as object of drÄ“ogan; and for
aldor-lēase, Gr. suggested aldor-ceare.--_Beit_. ix. 136.
S. translates: "For God had seen the dire need which the rulerless ones
before endured."
l. 18. "Beowulf (that is, Beaw of the Anglo-Saxon genealogists, not our
Beowulf, who was a Geat, not a Dane), 'the son of Scyld in Scedeland.' This
is our ancestral myth,--the story of the first culture-hero of the North;
'the patriarch,' as Rydberg calls him, 'of the royal families of Sweden,
Denmark, Angeln, Saxland, and England.'"--Br., p. 78. Cf. _A.-S. Chron._
an. 855.
H.-So. omits parenthetic marks, and reads (after S., _Beit._ ix. 135)
eaferan; cf. _Fata Apost._: lof wīde sprang þēodnes þegna.
"The name _BÄ“owulf_ means literally 'Bee-wolf,' wolf or ravager of the
bees, = bear. Cf. _beorn_, 'hero,' originally 'bear,' and _bēohata_,
'warrior,' in CÇ£dmon, literally 'bee-hater' or 'persecutor,' and hence
identical in meaning with _bēowulf_."--Sw.
Cf.
"Arcite and Palamon, That foughten _breme_, as it were bores two."
--Chaucer, _Knightes Tale_, l. 841, ed. Morris.
Cf. M. Müller, _Science of Lang._, Sec. Series, pp. 217, 218; and Hunt's
_Daniel_, 104.
l. 19. Cf. l. 1866, where Scedenig is used, = _Scania_, in Sweden(?).
l. 21. wine is pl.; cf. its apposition wil-gesīðas below. H.-So. compares
_Héliand_, 1017, for language almost identical with ll. 20, 21.
l. 22. on ylde: cf.
"_In elde_ is bothe wisdom and usage." --Chaucer, _Knightes Tale_, l. 1590,
ed. Morris.
l. 26. Reflexive objects often pleonastically accompany verbs of motion;
cf. ll. 234, 301, 1964, etc.
l. 31. The object of Ähte is probably geweald, to be supplied from wordum
wēold of l. 30.--H.-So.
R., Kl., and B. all hold conflicting views of this passage: _Beit._ xii.
80, ix. 188; _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 382, etc. Kl. suggests lǣndagas for
lange.
l. 32. "hringed-stefna is sometimes translated 'with curved prow,' but it
means, I think, that in the prow were fastened rings through which the
cables were passed that tied it to the shore."--Br., p. 26. Cf. ll. 1132,
1898. Hring-horni was the mythic ship of the Edda. See Toller-Bosworth for
three different views; and cf. wunden-stefna (l. 220), hring-naca (l.
1863).
ll. 34-52. Cf. the burial of Haki on a funeral-pyre ship, _Inglinga Saga;_
the burial of Balder, Sinfiötli, Arthur, etc.
l. 35. "And this [their joy in the sea] is all the plainer from the number
of names given to the ship-names which speak their pride and affection. It
is the AEtheling's vessel, the Floater, the Wave-swimmer, the Ring-sterned,
the Keel, the Well-bound wood, the Sea-wood, the Sea-ganger, the Sea-broad
ship, the Wide-bosomed, the Prow-curved, the Wood of the curved neck, the
Foam-throated floater that flew like a bird."--Br., p. 168.
l. 49. "We know from Scandinavian graves ... that the illustrious dead were
buried ... in ships, with their bows to sea-ward; that they were however
not sent to sea, but were either burnt in that position, or mounded over
with earth."--E. See Du Chaillu, _The Viking Age_, xix.
l. 51. (1) sele-rǣdende (K., S., C.); (2) sēle-rǣdenne (H.); (3)
sele-rǣdende (H.-So.). Cf. l. 1347; and see Ha.
l. 51. E. compares with this canto Tennyson's "Passing of Arthur" and the
legendary burial-journey of St. James of Campostella, an. 800.
l. 53. The poem proper begins with this, "There was once upon a time," the
first 52 lines being a prelude. Eleven of the "fitts," or cantos, begin
with the monosyllable þÄ, four with the verb gewÄ«tan, nine with the formula
HrÅðgÄr (BÄ“owulf, Unferð) maðelode, twenty-four with monosyllables in
general (him, swÄ, sÄ“, hwæt, þÄ, heht, wæs, mæg, cwÅm, strÇ£t).
l. 58. gamel. "The ... characteristics of the poetry are the use of archaic
forms and words, such as mec for mé, the possessive sÃn, gamol, dógor, swát
for eald, dǣg, blód, etc., after they had become obsolete in the prose
language, and the use of special compounds and phrases, such as hildenǣdre
(_war-adder_) for 'arrow,' gold-gifa (_gold-giver_) for 'king,' ...
goldwine gumena (_goldfriend of men, distributor of gold to men_) for
'king,'" etc.--Sw. Other poetic words are ides, ielde (_men_), etc.
l. 60. H.-So. reads rÇ£swa (referring to HeorogÄr alone), and places a point
(with the Ms.) after HeorogÄr instead of after rÇ£swa. Cf. l. 469; see B.,
_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 193.
l. 62. Elan here (OHG. _Elana, Ellena, Elena, Elina, Alyan_) is thought by
B. (_Tidskr._ viii. 43) to be a remnant of the masc. name Onela, and he
reads: [On-]elan ewēn, Heaðoscilfingas(=es) healsgebedda.
l. 68. For hē, omitted here, cf. l. 300. Pronouns are occasionally thus
omitted in subord. clauses.--Sw.
l. 70. þone, here = þonne, _than_, and micel = mÄre? The passage, by a
slight change, might be made to read, medo-ærn micle mÄ gewyrcean,--þone =
_by much larger than_,--in which þone (þonne) would come in naturally.
l. 73. folc-scare. Add _folk-share_ to the meanings in the Gloss.; and cf.
gūð-scearu.
l. 74. ic wide gefrægn: an epic formula very frequent in poetry, = _men
said._ Cf. _Judith_, ll. 7, 246; _Phoenix_, l. 1; and the parallel (noun)
formula, mīne gefrǣge, ll. 777, 838, 1956, etc.
ll. 78-83. "The hall was a rectangular, high-roofed, wooden building, its
long sides facing north and south. The two gables, at either end, had
stag-horns on their points, curving forwards, and these, as well as the
ridge of the roof, were probably covered with shining metal, and glittered
bravely in the sun."--Br., p. 32.
l. 84. _Son-in-law and father-in-law;_ B., a so-called _dvanda_ compound.
Cf. l. 1164, where a similar compound means _uncle and nephew;_ and
Wīdsīð's suhtorfǣdran, used of the same persons.
l. 88. "The word drēam conveys the buzz and hum of social happiness, and
more particularly the sound of music and singing."--E. Cf. l. 3021; and
_Judith_, l. 350; _Wanderer_, l. 79, etc.
ll. 90-99. There is a suspicious similarity between this passage and the
lines attributed by Bede to CÇ£dmon:
Nū wē sculan herian heofonrices Weard, etc. --Sw., p. 47.
ll. 90-98 are probably the interpolation of a Christian scribe.
ll. 92-97. "The first of these Christian elements [in _BÄ“owulf_] is the
sense of a fairer, softer world than that in which the Northern warriors
lived.... Another Christian passage (ll. 107, 1262) derives all the demons,
eotens, elves, and dreadful sea-beasts from the race of Cain. The folly of
sacrificing to the heathen gods is spoken of (l. 175).... The other point
is the belief in immortality (ll. 1202, 1761)."--Br. 71.
l. 100. Cf. l. 2211, where the third dragon of the poem is introduced in
the same words. Beowulf is the forerunner of that other national
dragon-slayer, St. George.
l. 100. onginnan in _BÄ“owulf_ is treated like verbs of motion and modal
auxiliaries, and takes the object inf. without tÅ; cf. ll. 872, 1606, 1984,
244. Cf. _gan_ (= _did_) in Mid. Eng.: _gan_ espye (Chaucer, _Knightes
Tale_, l. 254, ed. Morris).
l. 101. B. and H.-So. read, fēond on healle; cf. l. 142.--_Beit._ xii.
ll. 101-151. "Grimm connects [Grendel] with the Anglo-Saxon grindel (_a
bolt_ or _bar_).... It carries with it the notion of the bolts and bars of
hell, and hence _a fiend._ ... Ettmüller was the first ... to connect the
name with grindan, _to grind, to crush to pieces, to utterly destroy._
Grendel is then _the tearer, the destroyer_."--Br., p. 83.
l. 102. gæst = _stranger_ (Ha.); cf. ll. 1139, 1442, 2313, etc.
l. 103. See Ha., p. 4.
l. 105 MS. and Ho. read won-sǣli.
l. 106. "The perfect and pluperfect are often expressed, as in Modern
English, by hǣfð and hǣfde with the past participle."--Sw. Cf. ll. 433,
408, 940, 205 (p. p. inflected in the last two cases), etc.
l. 106. S. destroys period here, reads in Caines, etc., and puts þone ...
drihten in parenthesis.
l. 108. þæs þe = _because_, especially after verbs of thanking (cf. ll.
228, 627, 1780, 2798); _according as_ (l. 1351).
l. 108. The def. article is omitted with Drihten (_Lord_) and Deofol
(_devil_; cf. l. 2089), as it is, generally, sparingly employed in poetry;
cf. tŠsǣ (l. 318), ofer sǣ (l. 2381), on lande (l. 2311), tŠræste (l.
1238), on wicge (l. 286), etc., etc.
l. 119. weras (S., H.-So.); wera (K., Th.).--_Beit._ ix. 137.
l. 120. unfǣlo = _uncanny_ (R.).
l. 131. E. translates, _majestic rage;_ adopting Gr.'s view that swyð is =
Icel. sviði, _a burn_ or _burning_. Cf. l. 737.
l. 142. B. supposes heal-þegnes to be corrupted from helþegnes; cf. l.
101.--_Beit._ xii. 80. See GūðlÄc, l. 1042.
l. 144. See Ha., p. 6, for S.'s rearrangement.
l. 146. S. destroys period after sēlest, puts wæs ... micel in parenthesis,
and inserts a colon after tīd.
l. 149. B. reads sÄrcwidum for syððan.
l. 154. B. takes sibbe for accus. obj. of wolde, and places a comma after
Deniga.--_Beit._ xii. 82.
l. 159. R. suggests ac se for atol.
l. 168. H.-So. plausibly conjectures this parenthesis to be a late
insertion, as, at ll. 180-181, the Danes also are said to be heathen.
Another commentator considers the throne under a "spell of enchantment,"
and therefore it could not be touched.
l. 169. nē ... wisse: _nor had he desire to do so_ (W.). See Ha., p. 7, for
other suggestions.
l. 169. myne wisse occurs in _Wanderer_, l. 27.
l. 174. The gerundial inf. with tÅ expresses purpose, defines a noun or
adjective, or, with the verb be, expresses duty or necessity passively; cf.
ll. 257, 473, 1004, 1420, 1806, etc. Cf. tÅ + inf. at ll. 316, 2557.
ll. 175-188. E. regards this passage as dating the time and place of the
poem relatively to the times of heathenism. Cf. the opening lines, _In days
of yore_, etc., as if the story, even then, were very old.
l. 177. gÄst-bona is regarded by Ettmüller and G. Stephens (_Thunor_, p.
54) as an epithet of Thor (= _giant-killer_), a kenning for Thunor or Thor,
meaning both _man_ and _monster_.--E.
l. 189. Cf. l. 1993, where similar language is used. H.-So. takes both
mÅd-ceare and mÇ£l-ceare as accus., others as instr.
ll. 190, 1994. sēað: for this use of sēoðan cf. Bede, _Eccles. Hist._, ed.
Miller, p. 128, where p. p. soden is thus used.
l. 194. fram hÄm = _in his home_ (S., H.-So.); but fram hÄm may be for fram
him (_from them_, i.e. _his people_, or _from Hrothgar's_). Cf. Ha., p. 8.
l. 197. Cf. ll. 791, 807, for this fixed phrase.
l. 200. See _Andreas, Elene_, and _Juliana_ for swan-rÄd (_= sea_). "The
swan is said to breed wild now no further away than the North of Sweden."
--E. Cf. ganotes bæð, l. 1862.
l. 203. Concessive clauses with þēah, þēah þe, þēah ... eal, vary with
subj. and ind., according as fact or contingency is dominant in the mind;
cf. ll. 526, 1168, 2032, etc. (subj.), 1103, 1614 (ind.). Cf. gif, nefne.
l. 204. hǣl, an OE. word found in Wülker's Glossaries in various forms, =
_augury, omen, divination_, etc. Cf. hǣlsere, _augur_; hǣl, _omen;_
hǣlsung, _augurium_, hǣlsian, etc. Cf. Tac., _Germania_, 10.
l. 207. C. adds "= _impetrare_" to the other meanings of findan given in
the Gloss.
l. 217. Cf. l. 1910; and _Andreas_, l. 993.--E. E. compares Byron's
"And fast and falcon-like the vessel flew," --_Corsair_, i. 17.
and Scott's
"Merrily, merrily bounds the bark." --_Lord of the Isles_, iv. 7.
l. 218. Cf.
"The fomy stedes on the golden brydel Gnawinge." --Chaucer, _Knightes
Tale_, l. 1648, ed. Morris.
l 218. MS. and Ho. read fÄmi-heals.
l. 219. Does Än-tÄ«d mean _hour_ (Th.), or _corresponding hour_ = Änd-tÄ«d
(H.-So.), or _in due time_ (E.), or _after a time_, when Åþres, etc., would
be adv. gen.? See C., _Beit._ viii. 568.
l. 224. eoletes may = (1) _voyage_; (2) _toil, labor_; (3) _hurried
journey;_ but _sea_ or _fjord_ appears preferable.
ll. 229-257. "The scenery ... is laid on the coast of the North Sea and the
Kattegat, the first act of the poem among the Danes in Seeland, the second
among the Geats in South Sweden."--Br., p. 15.
l. 239. "A shoal of simple terms express in _BÄ“owulf_ the earliest
sea-thoughts of the English.... The simplest term is SÇ£.... To this they
added WÇ£ter, Flod, Stream, Lagu, Mere, Holm, Grund, Heathu, Sund, Brim,
Garsecg, Eagor, Geofon, Fifel, Hron-rad, Swan-rad, Segl-rad,
Ganotes-bǣð."--Br., p. 163-166.
l. 239. "The infinitive is often used in poetry after a verb of motion
where we should use the present participle."--Sw. Cf. ll. 711, 721, 1163
1803, 268, etc. Cf. German _spazieren fahren reiten_, etc., and similar
constructions in French, etc.
l. 240, W. reads hringed-stefnan for helmas bǣron. B. inserts (?) after
holmas and begins a new line at the middle of the verse. S. omits B.'s "on
the wall."
l. 245. Double and triple negatives strengthen each other and do not
produce an affirmative in A.-S. or M. E. The neg. is often prefixed to
several emphatic words in the sentence, and readily contracts with vowels,
and h or w; cf. ll. 863, 182, 2125, 1509, 575, 583, 3016, etc.
l. 249. seld-guma = _man-at-arms in another's house_ (Wood); = _low-ranking
fellow_ (Ha.); stubenhocker, _stay-at-home_ (Gr.), Scott's "carpet knight,"
_Marmion_, i. 5.
l. 250. næfne (nefne, nemne) usually takes the subj., = _unless_; cf. ll.
1057, 3055, 1553. For ind., = _except_, see l. 1354. Cf. būtan, gif, þēah.
l. 250. For a remarkable account of armor and weapons in _BÄ“owulf_, see S.
A. Brooke, _Hist. of Early Eng. Lit._ For general "Old Teutonic Life in
BÄ“owulf," see J. A. Harrison, _Overland Monthly_.
l. 252. ǣr as a conj. generally has subj., as here; cf. ll. 264, 677, 2819,
732. For ind., cf. l. 2020.
l. 253. lēas = _loose_, _roving_. Ettmüller corrected to lēase.
l. 256. This proverb (ofest, etc.) occurs in _Exod._ (Hunt), l. 293.
l. 258. An "elder" may be a very young man; hence yldesta, = _eminent_, may
be used of Beowulf. Cf. _Laws of AElfred_, C. 17: NÄ Ã¾Ã¦t Ç£lc eald syÌ„, ac
þæt hÄ“ eald syÌ„ on wÄ«sdÅme.
l. 273. Verbs of hearing and seeing are often followed by acc. with inf.;
cf. ll. 229, 1024, 729, 1517, etc. Cf. German construction with _sehen,
horen_, etc., French construction with _voir, entendre_, etc., and the
classical constructions.
l. 275. dǣd-hata = _instigator_. Kl. reads dǣd-hwata.
l. 280. ed-wendan, n. (B.; cf. 1775), = edwenden, limited by bisigu. So ten
Br. = _Tidskr._ viii. 291.
l. 287. "Each is denoted ... also by the strengthened forms ǽghwæðer
(ǽgðer), éghwæðer, etc. This prefixed ǽ, óe corresponds to the Goth, _aiw_,
OHG. _eo_, _io_, and is umlauted from á, ó by the i of the gi which
originally followed."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 190.
l. 292. "All through the middle ages suits of armour are called
'weeds.'"--E.
l. 299. MS. reads gÅd-fremmendra. So H.-So.
l. 303. "An English warrior went into battle with a boar-crested helmet,
and a round linden shield, with a byrnie of ringmail ... with two javelins
or a single ashen spear some eight or ten feet long, with a long two-edged
sword naked or held in an ornamental scabbard.... In his belt was a short,
heavy, one-edged sword, or rather a long knife, called the seax ... used
for close quarters."--Br., p. 121.
l. 303. For other references to the boar-crest, cf. ll. 1112, 1287, 1454;
Grimm, _Myth._ 195; Tacitus, _Germania_, 45. "It was the symbol of their
[the Baltic AEstii's] goddess, and they had great faith in it as a
preservative from hard knocks."--E. See the print in the illus. ed. of
Green's _Short History_, Harper & Bros.
l. 303. "See Kemble, _Saxons in England_, chapter on heathendom, and
Grimm's _Teutonic Mythology_, chapter on Freyr, for the connection these
and other writers establish between the Boar-sign and the golden boar which
Freyr rode, and his worship."--Br., p. 128. Cf. _Elene_, l. 50.
l. 304. Gering proposes hlēor-bergan = _cheek-protectors_; cf. _Beit._ xii.
26. "A bronze disk found at Öland in Sweden represents two warriors in
helmets with boars as their crests, and cheek-guards under; these are the
hlēor-bergan."--E. Cf. hauberk, with its diminutive habergeon, < A.-S.
heals, _neck_ + beorgan, _to cover_ or _protect_; and harbor, < A.-S. here,
_army_ + beorgan, id.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ xii. 123. Cf. cinberge, Hunt's
_Exod._ l. 175.
l. 305. For ferh wearde and gūðmÅde grummon, B. and ten Br. read
ferh-wearde (l. 305) and gūðmÅdgum men (l. 306), = _the boar-images ...
guarded the lives of the warlike men_.
l. 311. lēoma: cf. Chaucer, _Nonne Preestes Tale_, l. 110, ed. Morris:
"To dremen in here dremes Of armes, and of fyr with rede _lemes_."
l. 318. On the double gender of sǣ, cf. Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 147; and
note the omitted article at ll. 2381, 318, 544, with the peculiar tmesis of
_between_ at ll. 859, 1298, 1686, 1957. So _CÇ£dmon_, l. 163 (Thorpe),
_Exod._ l. 562 (Hunt), etc.
l. 320. Cf. l. 924; and _Andreas_, l. 987, where almost the same words
occur. "Here we have manifestly before our eye one of those ancient
causeways, which are among the oldest visible institutions of
civilization." --E.
l. 322. S. inserts comma after scīr, and makes hring-īren (= _ring-mail_)
parallel with gūð-byrne.
l. 325. Cf. l. 397. "The deposit of weapons outside before entering a house
was the rule at all periods.... In provincial Swedish almost everywhere a
church porch is called våkenhus,... i.e. _weapon-house_, because the
worshippers deposited their arms there before they entered the house."--E.,
after G. Stephens.
l. 333. Cf. Dryden's "mingled metal _damask'd_ o'er with gold."--E.
l. 336. "ǣl-, el-, kindred with Goth. _aljis_, other, e.g. in ǣlþéodig,
elþéodig, foreign."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 47.
l. 336. Cf. l. 673 for the functions of an ombiht-þegn.
l. 338. Ho. marks wræc- and its group long.
l. 343. Cf. l. 1714 for the same bēod-genēatas,--"the predecessor title to
that of the Knights of the Table Round."--E. Cf. _Andreas_ (K.), l. 2177.
l. 344. The future is sometimes expressed by willan + inf., generally with
some idea of volition involved; cf. ll. 351, 427, etc. Cf. the use of
willan as principal vb. (with omitted inf.) at ll. 318, 1372, 543, 1056;
and sculan, ll. 1784, 2817.
l. 353. sīð here, and at l. 501, probably means _arrival_. E. translates
the former by _visit_, the latter by _adventure_.
l. 357. unhÄr = _hairless, bald_ (Gr., etc.).
l. 358. Ä“ode is only one of four or five preterits of gÄn (gongan, gangan,
gengan), viz. gēong (gīong: ll. 926, 2410, etc.), gang (l. 1296, etc.),
gengde (ll. 1402, 1413). Sievers, p. 217, apparently remarks that Ä“ode is
"probably used only in prose." (?!). Cf. geng, _Gen._ ll. 626, 834; _Exod._
(Hunt) l. 102.
l. 367. The MS. and H.-So. read with Gr. and B. glædman HrÅðgÄr, abandoning
Thorkelin's glædnian. There is a glass. hilaris glædman.--_Beit._ xii. 84;
same as glæd.
l. 369. dugan is a "preterit-present" verb, with new wk. preterit, like
sculan, durran, magan, etc. For various inflections, see ll. 573, 590,
1822, 526. Cf. _do_ in "that will _do_"; _doughty_, etc.
l. 372. Cf. l. 535 for a similar use; and l. 1220. Bede, _Eccles. Hist._,
ed. Miller, uses the same expression several times. "Here, and in all other
places where cniht occurs in this poem, it seems to carry that technical
sense which it bore in the military hierarchy [of a noble youth placed out
and learning the elements of the art of war in the service of a qualified
warrior, to whom he is, in a military sense, a servant], before it bloomed
out in the full sense of _knight_."--E.
l. 373. E. remarks of the hyphened eald-fæder, "hyphens are risky toys to
play with in fixing texts of pre-hyphenial antiquity"; eald-fæder could
only = _grandfather_. eald here can only mean _honored_, and the hyphen is
unnecessary. Cf. "old fellow," "my old man," etc.; and Ger. _alt-vater_.
l. 378. Th. and B. propose GÄ“atum, as presents from the Danish to the
Geatish king.--_Beit._ xii.
l. 380. hæbbe. The subj. is used in indirect narration and question, wish
and command, purpose, result, and hypothetical comparison with swelce = _as
if_.
ll. 386, 387. Ten Br. emends to read: "Hurry, bid the kinsman-throng go
into the hall together."
l. 387. sibbe-gedriht, for Beowulf's friends, occurs also at l. 730. It is
subject-acc. to sēon. Cf. ll. 347, 365, and Hunt's _Exod._ l. 214.
l. 404. "Here, as in the later Icelandic halls, Beowulf saw Hrothgar
enthroned on a high seat at the east end of the hall. The seat is sacred.
It has a supernatural quality. Grendel, the fiend, cannot approach
it."--Br., p. 34. Cf. l. 168.
l. 405. "At Benty Grange, in Derbyshire, an Anglo-Saxon barrow, opened in
1848, contained a coat of mail. 'The iron chain work consists of a large
number of links of two kinds attached to each other by small rings half an
inch in diameter; one kind flat and lozenge-shaped ... the others all of
one kind, but of different lengths.'"--Br., p. 126.
l. 407. Wes ... hÄl: this ancient Teutonic greeting afterwards grew into
wassail. Cf. Skeat's _Luke_, i. 28; _Andreas_ (K.), 1827; Layamon, l.
14309, etc.
l. 414. "The distinction between wesan and weorðan [in passive relations]
is not very clearly defined, but wesan appears to indicate a state, weorðan
generally an action."--Sw. Cf. Mod. German _werden_ and _sein_ in similar
relations.
l. 414. Gr. translates hÄdor by _receptaculum_; cf. Gering, _Zachers
Zeitschr._ xii. 124. Toller-Bosw. ignores Gr.'s suggestion.
ll. 420, 421. B. reads: þǣr ic (_on_) fīfelgeban (= _ocean_) ȳðde eotena
cyn. Ten Br. reads: þǣr ic fÄ«felgeban ȳðde, eotena hÄm. Ha. suggests
fīfelgeband = _monster-band_, without further changes.
l. 420. R. reads þǣra = _of them_, for þǣr.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 399;
_Beit._ xii. 367.
l. 420. "niht has a gen., nihtes, used for the most part only adverbially,
and almost certainly to be regarded as masculine."--Cook's Sievers' Gram.,
p. 158.
l. 425. Cf. also ll. 435, 635, 2345, for other examples of Beowulf's
determination to fight single-handed.
l. 441. þe hine = _whom_, as at l. 1292, etc. The indeclinable þe is often
thus combined with personal pronouns, = relative, and is sometimes
separated from them by a considerable interval.--Sw.
l. 443. The MS. has Geotena. B. and Fahlbeck, says H.-So., do not consider
the GÄ“atas, but the Jutes, as the inhabitants of Swedish West-Gothland.
Alfred translates Juti by GÄ“atas, but _Jutland_ by _Gotland_. In the laws
they are called Guti.--_Beit._ xii. 1, etc.
l. 444. B., Gr., and Ha. make unforhte an adv. = _fearlessly_, modifying
etan. Kl. reads anforhte = _timid_.
l. 446. Cf. l. 2910. Th. translates: _thou wilt not need my head to hide_
(i.e. _bury_). Simrock supposes a dead-watch or lyke-wake to be meant.
Wood, _thou wilt not have to bury so much as my head!_ H.-So. supposes
hēafod-weard, _a guard of honor_, such as sovereigns or presumptive rulers
had, to be meant by hafalan hȳdan; hence, _you need not give me any
guard_, etc. Cf. Schmid, _Gesetze der A._, 370-372.
l. 447. S. places a colon after nimeð.
l. 451. H.-So., Ha., and B. (_Beit._ xii. 87) agree essentially in
translating feorme, _food_. R. translates _consumption of my corpse.
Maintenance, support_, seems preferable to either.
l. 452. Rönning (after Grimm) personifies Hild.--_Beovulfs Kvadet_, l. 59.
Hildr is the name of one of the Scandinavian Walkyries, or battle-maidens,
who transport the spirits of the slain to Walhalla. Cf. Kent's _Elene_, l.
18, etc.
l. 455. "The war-smiths, especially as forgers of the sword, were garmented
with legend, and made into divine personages. Of these Weland is the type,
husband of a swan maiden, and afterwards almost a god."-- Br., p. 120. Cf.
A. J. C. Hare's account of "Wayland Smith's sword with which Henry II. was
knighted," and which hung in Westminster Abbey to a late date.--_Walks in
London_, ii. 228.
l. 455. This is the ǣlces mannes wyrd of Boethius (Sw., p. 44) and the wyrd
bið swīðost of Gnomic Verses, 5. There are about a dozen references to it
in _BÄ“owulf_.
l. 455. E. compares the fatalism of this concluding hemistich with the
Christian tone of l. 685 _seq._
ll. 457, 458. B. reads wǣre-ryhtum ( = _from the obligations of
clientage_).
l. 480. Cf. l. 1231, where the same sense, "flown with wine," occurs.
l. 488. "The duguð, the mature and ripe warriors, the aristocracy of the
nation, are the support of the throne."--E. The M. E. form of the word,
_douth_, occurs often. Associated with geogoð, ll. 160 and 622.
l. 489. Kl. omits comma after meoto and reads (with B.) sige-hrēð-secgum, =
_disclose thy thought to the victor-heroes_. Others, as Körner, convert
meoto into an imperative and divide on sǣl = _think upon happiness_. But
cf. onband beadu-rūne, l. 501. B. supposes onsǣl meoto =_speak courteous
words_. _Tidskr._ viii. 292; _Haupts Zeitschr._ xi. 411; _Eng. Stud._ ii.
251.
l. 489. Cf. the invitation at l. 1783.
l. 494. Cf. Grimm's _Andreas_, l. 1097, for deal, =_proud, elated,
exulting_; _Phoenix_ (Bright), l. 266.
l. 499. MS. has Hunferð, but the alliteration requires Unferð, as at ll.
499, 1166, 1489; and cf. ll. 1542, 2095, 2930. See _List of Names_.
l. 501. sīð = _arrival_ (?); cf. l. 353.
l. 504. þon mÄ = _the more_ (?), may be added to the references under þon.
l. 506. E. compares the taunt of Eliab to David, I Sam. xvii. 28.
l. 509. dol-gilp = _idle boasting_. The second definition in the Gloss. is
wrong.
l. 513. "Eagor-stream might possibly be translated the stream of Eagor, the
awful terror-striking stormy sea in which the terrible [Scandinavian] giant
dwelt, and through which he acted."--Br., p. 164. He remarks, "The English
term _eagre_ still survives in provincial dialect for the tide-wave or bore
on rivers. Dryden uses it in his _Threnod. Angust._ 'But like an _eagre_
rode in triumph o'er the tide.' Yet we must be cautious," etc. Cf. Fox's
_Boethius_, ll. 20, 236; Thorpe's _CÇ£dmon_, 69, etc.
l. 524. Krüger and B. read BÄnstÄnes.--_Beit._ ix. 573.
l. 525. R. reads wyrsan (= wyrses: cf. Mod. Gr. _guten Muthes_) geþinges;
but H.-So. shows that the MS. wyrsan ... þingea = wyrsena þinga, _can
stand_; cf. gen. pl. banan, _Christ_, l. 66, etc.
l. 545 _seq._ "Five nights Beowulf and Breca kept together, not swimming,
but sailing in open boats (to swim the seas is to sail the seas), then
storm drove them asunder ... Breca is afterwards chief of the Brondings, a
tribe mentioned in _WÄ«dsÃth_. The story seems legendary, not
mythical."--Br., pp. 60, 61.
ll. 574-578. B. suggests swÄ Ã¾Ç£r for hwæðere, = _so there it befell me_.
But the word at l. 574 seems = _however_, and at l. 578 = _yet_; cf. l.
891; see S.; _Beit._ ix. 138; _Tidskr._ viii. 48; _Zacher_, iii. 387, etc.
l. 586. Gr. and Grundt. read fÄgum sweordum (no ic þæs fela gylpe!),
supplying fela and blending the broken half-lines into one. Ho. and Kl.
supply geflites.
l. 599. E. translates nyÌ„d-bÄde by _blackmail_; adding "nÄ“d bÄd, _toll_;
nÄ“d bÄdere, _tolltaker_."--Land Charters, Gloss, v.
l. 601. MS. has ond = _and_ in three places only (601, 1149, 2041);
elsewhere it uses the symbol 7 = _and_.
l. 612. _seq._ Cf. the drinking ceremony at l. 1025. "The royal lady offers
the cup to Beowulf, not in his turn where he sate among the rest, but after
it has gone the round; her approach to Beowulf is an act apart."--E.
l. 620. "The [loving] cup which went the round of the company and was
tasted by all," like the Oriel and other college anniversary cups.--E.
l. 622. Cf. ll. 160, 1191, for the respective places of young and old.
l. 623. Cf. the circlet of gold worn by Wealhþēow at l. 1164.
l. 631. gyddode. Cf. Chaucer, _Prol._ l. 237 (ed. Morris):
"Of _yeddynges_ he bar utterly the prys."
Cf. _giddy_.
l. 648. Kl. suggests a period after geþinged, especially as B. (_Tidskr._
viii. 57) has shown that oþþe is sometimes = ond. Th. supplies ne.
l. 650. oþþe here and at ll. 2476, 3007, probably = _and_.
l. 651. Cf. 704, where sceadu-genga (the _night-ganger_ of _Leechdoms_, ii.
344) is applied to the demon.--E.
l. 659. Cf. l. 2431 for same formula, "to have and to hold" of the Marriage
Service.--E.
l. 681. B. considers þēah ... eal a precursor of Mod. Eng. _although_.
l. 682. gÅdra = _advantages in battle_ (Gr.), _battle-skill_ (Ha.), _skill
in war_ (H.-So.). Might not nÄt be changed to nah = ne + Äh (cf. l. 2253),
thus justifying the translation _ability_ (?) --_he has not the ability
to_, etc.
l. 695. Kl. reads hiera.--_Beit._ ix. 189. B. omits hīe as occurring in the
previous hemistich.--_Beit._ xii. 89.
l. 698. "Here Destiny is a web of cloth."--E., who compares the Greek
Clotho, "spinster of fate." Women are also called "weavers of peace," as l.
1943. Cf. Kent's _Elene_, l. 88; _Wīdsīð_, l. 6, etc.
l. 711. B. translates Ã¾Ä by _when_ and connects with the preceding
sentences, thus rejecting the ordinary canto-division at l. 711. He objects
to the use of cÅm as principal vb. at ll. 703, 711, and 721. (_Beit_, xii.)
l. 711. "Perhaps the Gnomic verse which tells of Thyrs, the giant, is
written with Grendel in the writer's mind,--þyrs sceal on fenne gewunian
Äna inuan lande, _the giant shall dwell in the fen, alone in the land_
(Sweet's Read., p. 187)."--Br. p. 36.
l. 717. Dietrich, in _Haupt._ xi. 419, quotes from AElfric, _Hom._ ii. 498:
hÄ“ beworhte Ã¾Ä bigelsas mid gyldenum lÇ£frum, _he covered the arches with
gold-leaf_,--a Roman custom derived from Carthage. Cf. Mod. Eng. _oriel_ =
_aureolum_, a gilded room.--E. (quoting Skeat). Cf. ll. 2257, 1097, 2247,
2103, 2702, 2283, 333, 1751, for various uses of gold-sheets.
l. 720. B. and ten Br. suggest _hell-thane_ (Grendel) for heal-þegnas, and
make hæle refer to Beowulf. Cf. l. 142.
l. 723. Z. reads [ge]hrÄn.
l. 727. For this use of standan, cf. ll. 2314, 2770; and Vergil, _Ecl._ ii.
26:
"Cum placidum ventis _staret_ mare."
l. 757. gedræg. _Tumult_ is one of the meanings of this word. Here, appar.
= _occupation, lair_.
l. 759. R. reads mÅdega for gÅda, "because the attribute cannot be
separated from the word modified unless the two alliterate."
l. 762. Cf. _Andreas_, l. 1537, for a similar use of Å«t = _off_.--E.
l. 769. The foreign words in _BÄ“owulf_ (as ceaster-here) are not numerous;
others are (aside from proper names like _Cain, Abel_, etc.) dēofol
(diabolus), candel (l. 1573), ancor (l. 303), scrīfan (for- ge-), segn (l.
47), gīgant (l. 113), mīl- (l. 1363), strǣt (l. 320), ombeht (l. 287), gim
(l. 2073), etc.
l. 770. MS. reads cerwen, a word conceived by B. and others to be part of a
fem. compd.: -scerwen like -wenden in ed-wenden, -rǣden, etc. (cf.
meodu-scerpen in _Andreas_, l. 1528); emended to -scerwen, _a great scare
under the figure of a mishap at a drinking-bout_; one might compare
bescerwan, _to deprive_, from bescyrian (Grein, i. 93), hence ealu-seerwen
would = _a sudden taking away, deprivation, of the beer_.--H.-So., p. 93.
See B., _Tidskr._ viii. 292.
l. 771. Ten Br. reads rēðe, rēnhearde, = _raging, exceeding bold_.
l. 792. Instrumental adverbial phrases like ǣnige þinga, nǣnige þinga (_not
at all_), hūru þinga (_especially_) are not infrequent. See Cook's Sievers'
Gram., p. 178; March, _A.-S. Gram._, p. 182.
l. 811. myrðe. E. translates _in wanton mood_. Toller-Bosw. does not
recognize _sorrow_ as one of the meanings of this word.
ll. 850, 851. S. reads dēop for dēog and erases semicolon after wēol, =
_the death-stained deep welled with sword-gore_; cf. l. 1424. B. reads
dēað-fǣges dēop, etc., = _the deep welled with the doomed one's
gore_.--_Beit._ xii. 89.
l. 857. The meaning of blaneum is partly explained by fealwe mēaras below,
l. 866. Cf. Layamon's "and leop on his _blancke" = steed_, l. 23900; Kent's
_Elene_, l. 1185.
l. 859. Körner, _Eng. Stud._ i. 482, regards the oft-recurring be sǣm
twēonum as a mere formula = _on earth_; cf. ll. 1298, 1686. twēone is part
of the separable prep. _between_; see be-. Cf. Baskerville's _Andreas_, l.
558.
l. 865. Cf. _Voyage of ÅŒhthere and WulfstÄn_ for an account of funeral
horse-racing, Sweet's Read., p. 22.
l. 868. See Ha., p. 31, for a variant translation.
l. 871 _seq._ R. considers this a technical description of improvised
alliterative verse, suggested by and wrought out on the spur of the moment.
l. 872. R. and B. propose secg[an], = _rehearse_, for secg, which suits the
verbs in the next two lines.
ll. 878-98. "It pleases me to think that it is in English literature we
possess the first sketch of that mighty saga [the Volsunga Saga = Wælsinges
gewin] which has for so many centuries engaged all the arts, and at last in
the hands of Wagner the art of music."--Br., p. 63. Cf. _Nibelung. Lied_,
l. 739.
l. 894. Intransitive verbs, as gÄn, weorðan, sometimes take habban, "to
indicate independent action."--Sw. Cf. hafað ... geworden, l. 2027.
l. 895. "brūcan (_enjoy_) always has the genitive."--Sw.; cf. l. 895; acc.,
gen., instr., dat., according to March, _A.-S. Gram._, p. 151.
l. 898. Scherer proposes hÄte, = _from heat_, instr. of hÄt, _heat_; cf. l.
2606.
l. 901. hÄ“ þæs Äron þÄh = _he throve in honor_ (B.). Ten Br. inserts comma
after þÄh, making siððan introduce a depend. clause.--_Beit._ viii. 568.
Cf. weorð-myndum þÄh, l. 8; ll. 1155, 1243.--H.-So.
l. 902. HeremÅdes is considered by Heinzel to be a mere epithet = _the
valiant_; which would refer the whole passage to Sigmund (Sigfrid), the
eotenas, l. 903, being the Nibelungen. This, says H.-So., gets rid of the
contradiction between the good "HeremÅd" here and the bad one, l. 1710
_seq._--B. however holds fast to HeremÅd.--_Beit._ xii. 41. on fÄ“onda
geweald, l. 904,--_into the hands of devils_, says B.; cf. ll. 809, 1721,
2267; _Christ_, l. 1416; _Andreas_, l. 1621; for hine fyren onwÅd, cf.
_Gen._ l. 2579; Hunt's _Dan._ 17: hÄ«e wlenco anwÅd.
l. 902 _seq._ "HeremÅd's shame is contrasted with the glory of Sigemund,
and with the prudence, patience, generosity, and gentleness of Beowulf as a
chieftain."--Br., p. 66.
l. 906. MS. has lemede. Toller-Bosw. corrects to lemedon.
l. 917. Cf. Hunt's _Exod._, l. 170, for similar language.
l. 925. hÅs, G. hansa, _company_, "the word from which the mercantile
association of the 'Hanseatic' towns took their designation."--E.
l. 927. on staþole = _on the floor_ (B., Rask, ten Br.).--_Beit._ xii. 90.
l. 927. May not stēapne here = _bright_, from its being immediately
followed by golde fÄhne? Cf. Chaucer's "his eyen _stepe_," _Prol._ l. 201
(ed. Morris); Cockayne's _Ste. Marherete_, pp. 9, 108; _St. Kath._, l.
1647.
l. 931. grynna may be for gyrnna (= _sorrows_), gen. plu. of gyrn, as
suggested by one commentator.
l. 937. B. (_Beit._ xii. 90) makes gehwylcne object of wīd-scofen (hæfde).
Gr. makes wēa nom. absolute.
l. 940. scuccum: cf. G. scheuche, scheusal; Prov. Eng. _old-shock_; perhaps
the pop. interjection _O shucks!_ (!)
l. 959. H. explains wē as a "plur. of majesty," which Bēowulf throws off at
l. 964.
l. 963. fēond þone frætgan (B. _Beit._ xii. 90).
l. 976. synnum. "Most abstract words in the poetry have a very wide range
of meanings, diverging widely from the prose usage, synn, for instance,
means simply _injury, mischief, hatred_, and the prose meaning _sin_ is
only a secondary one; hata in poetry is not only _hater_, but _persecutor,
enemy_, just as nīð is both _hatred_ and _violence, strength_; heard is
_sharp_ as well as _hard_."--Sw.
l. 986. S. places wæs at end of l. 985 and reads stīðra nægla, omitting
gehwylc and the commas after that and after scēawedon. _Beit._ ix. 138;
stēdra (H.-So.); hand-sporu (H.-So.) at l. 987.
l. 986. Miller (_Anglia_, xii. 3) corrects to ǣghwylene, in apposition to
fingras.
l. 987. hand-sporu. See _Anglia_, vii. 176, for a discussion of the
intrusion of u into the nom. of n-stems.
l. 988. Cf. ll. 2121, 2414, for similar use of unhēoru = ungeheuer.
l. 992. B. suggests hÄ“atimbred for hÄten, and gefrætwon for -od; Kl.,
hroden (_Beit._ ix. 189).
l. 995, 996. Gold-embroidered tapestries seem to be meant by web =
_aurifrisium_.
l. 997. After þÄra þe = _of those that_, the depend, vb. often takes sg.
for pl.; cf. ll. 844, 1462, 2384, 2736.--Sw.; Dietrich.
l. 998. "Metathesis of l takes place in seld for setl, bold for botl,"
etc.--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 96. Cf. Eng. proper names, _Bootle,
Battle_field, etc.--Skeat, _Principles_, i. 250.
l. 1000. heorras: cf. Chaucer, _Prol._ (ed. Morris) l. 550:
"Ther was no dore that he nolde heve of _harre_."
ll. 1005-1007. See _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 391, and _Beit._ xii. 368, for
R.'s and B.'s views of this difficult passage.
l. 1009. Cf. l. 1612 for sǣl and mǣl, surviving still in E. Anglia in "mind
your _seals and meals_," = _times and occasions_, i.e. have your wits about
you.--E.
ll. 1012, 1013. Cf. ll. 753, 754 for two similar comparatives used in
conjunction.
l. 1014. Cf. l. 327 for similar language.
ll. 1015, 1016. H.-So. puts these two lines in parentheses (fylle ...
þÄra). Cf. B., _Beit._ xii. 91.
l. 1024. One of the many famous swords spoken of in the poem. See Hrunting,
ll. 1458, 1660; HÅ«nlÄfing, l. 1144, etc. Cf. Excalibur, Roland's sword, the
Nibelung Balmung, etc.
l. 1034. scūr-heard. For an ingenious explanation of this disputed word see
Professor Pearce's article in _Mod. Lang. Notes_, Nov. 1, 1892, and ensuing
discussion.
l. 1039. eoderas is of doubtful meaning. H. and Toller-Bosw. regard the
word here = _enclosure, palings of the court_. Cf. _CÇ£dmon_, ll. 2439,
2481. The passage throws interesting light on horses and their trappings
l. 1043. Grundt. emends wīg to wicg, = _charger_; and E. quotes Tacitus,
_Germania_, 7.
l. 1044. "Power over each and both"; cf. "all and some," "one and all."
For Ingwin, see _List of Names_.
l. 1065. Gr. contends that fore here = de, _concerning, about_ (Ebert's
_Jahrb._, 1862, p. 269).
l. 1069. H.-So. supplies fram after eaferum, to govern it, = _concerning_
(?). Cf. _Fight at Finnsburg_, Appendix.
l. 1070. For the numerous names of the Danes, "bright-" "spear-" "east-"
"west-" "ring-" Danes, see these words.
l. 1073. Eotenas = _Finn's people, the Frisians_; cf. ll. 1089, 1142, 1146,
etc., and _Beit._ xii. 37. Why they are so called is not known.
l. 1084. R. proposes wiht Hengeste wið gefeohtan (_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii.
394). Kl., wið H. wiht gefeohtan.
ll. 1085 and 1099. wÄ“a-lÄf occurs in Wulfstan, _Hom._ 133, ed. Napier.--E.
Cf. daroða lÄf, _Brunanb._, l. 54; Ädes lÄfe, _Phoenix_, 272 (Bright), etc.
l. 1098. elne unflitme = _so dass der eid (der inhalt des eides) nicht
streitig war_.--B., _Beit._ iii. 30. But cf. 1130, where Hengist and Finn
are again brought into juxtaposition and the expression ealles (?) unhlitme
occurs.
l. 1106. The pres. part. + be, as myndgiend wǣre here, is comparatively
rare in original A.-S. literature, but occurs abundantly in translations
from the Latin. The periphrasis is generally meaningless. Cf. l. 3029.
l. 1108. Körner suggests ecge, = _sword_, in reference to a supposed old
German custom of placing ornaments, etc., on the point of a sword or spear
(_Eng. Stud._ i. 495). Singer, ince-gold = _bright gold_; B., andīege =
Goth, _andaugjo, evidently_. Cf. incge lÄfe, l. 2578. Possibly: and inge (=
_young men_) gold ÄhÅfon of horde. For inge, cf. Hunt's _Exod._ l. 190.
ll. 1115-1120. R. proposes (hÄ“t Ã¾Ä ...) bÄnfatu bærnan ond on bÇ£l dÅn,
earme on eaxe = _to place the arms in the ashes_, reading gūðrēc =
_battle-reek_, for -rinc (_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 395). B., Sarrazin
(_Beit._ xi. 530), Lichtenfeld (_Haupts Zeitschr._ xvi. 330), C., etc.,
propose various emendations. See H.-So., p. 97, and _Beit._ viii. 568. For
gùðrinc ÄstÄh, cf. Old Norse, _stiga á bál_, "ascend the bale-fire."
l. 1116. sweoloðe. "On Dartmoor the burning of the furze up the hillsides
to let new grass grow, is called _zwayling_."--E. Cf. _sultry_, G.
_schwül_, etc.
l. 1119. Cf. wudu-rÄ“c ÄstÄh, l. 3145; and _Exod._ (Hunt), l. 450: wÇ£lmist
ÄstÄh.
l. 1122. ætspranc = _burst forth, arose_ (omitted from the Gloss.), < æt +
springan.
l. 1130. R. and Gr. read elne unflitme, = _loyally and without contest_, as
at l. 1098. Cf. Ha., p. 39; H.-So., p. 97.
l. 1137. scacen = _gone_; cf. ll. 1125, 2307, 2728.
l. 1142. "The sons of the Eotenas" (B., _Beit._ xii. 31, who conjectures a
gap after 1142).
l. 1144. B. separates thus: HÅ«n LÄfing, = _HÅ«n placed the sword LÄfing_,
etc.--_Beit._ xii. 32; cf. R., _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 396. Heinzel and
Homburg make other conjectures (Herrig's _Archiv_, 72, 374, etc.).
l. 1143. B., H.-So., and Möller read: worod rÇ£denne, þonne him HÅ«n LÄfing,
= _military brotherhood, when HÅ«n laid upon his breast_ (the sword)
_LÄfing_. There is a sword _Laufi, Lövi_ in the Norse sagas; but swords,
armor, etc., are often called the _leaving_ (lÄf) of files, hammers, etc.,
especially a precious heirloom; cf. ll. 454, 1033, 2830, 2037, 2629, 796,
etc., etc.
l. 1152. roden = _reddened_ (B., _Tidskr._ viii. 295).
l. 1160. For ll. 1069-1160, containing the Finn episode, cf. Möller,
_Alteng. Volksepos_, 69, 86, 94; Heinzel, _Anz. f. dtsch. Altert._, 10,
226; B., _Beit._ xii. 29-37. Cf. _Wīdsīð_, l. 33, etc.
ll. 1160, 1161. lēoð (lied = _song, lay_) and gyd here appear synonyms.
ll. 1162-1165. "Behind the wars and tribal wanderings, behind the
contentions of the great, we watch in this poem the steady, continuous life
of home, the passions and thoughts of men, the way they talked and moved
and sang and drank and lived and loved among one another and for one
another."--Br., p. 18.
l. 1163. Cf. _wonderwork_. So _wonder-death, wonder-bidding,
wonder-treasure, -smith, -sight_, etc. at ll. 1748, 3038, 2174, 1682, 996,
etc. Cf. the German use of the same intensive, = _wondrous_, in
_wunder-schön_, etc.
l. 1165. Ã¾Ä gyÌ„t points to some future event when "each" was not "true to
other," undeveloped in this poem, suhtor-gefæderan = HrÅðgÄr and HrÅðulf,
l. 1018. Cf. Äðum-swerian, l. 84.
l. 1167 almost repeats l. 500, æt fÅtum, etc., where Unferð is first
introduced.
l. 1191. E. sees in this passage separate seats for youth and middle-aged
men, as in English college halls, chapels, convocations, and churches
still.
l. 1192. ymbutan, _round about_, is sometimes thus separated: ymb hīe ūtan;
cf. _Voyage of ÅŒhthere_, etc. (Sw.), p. 18, l. 34, etc.; _BÄ“owulf_, ll.
859, 1686, etc.
l. 1194. bewægned, a ἃπαξ λεγόμενον, tr. _offered_ by Th. Probably a p. p.
wægen, made into a vb. by -ian, like _own, drown_, etc. Cf. hafenian ( <
hafen, < hebban), etc.
l. 1196. E. takes the expression to mean "mantle and its rings or
broaches." "Rail" long survived in Mid. Eng. (_Piers Plow._, etc.).
l. 1196. This necklace was afterwards given by Beowulf to Hygd, ll. 2173,
2174.
ll. 1199-1215. From the obscure hints in the passage, a part of the poem
may be approximately dated,--if HygelÄc is the _Chochi-laicus_ of Gregory
of Tours, _Hist. Francorum_, iii. 3,--about A.D. 512-20.
l. 1200. The Breosinga men (Icel. _Brisinga men_) is the necklace of the
goddess Freya; cf. _Elder Edda, Hamarshemt._ HÄma stole the necklace from
the Gothic King Eormenrīc; cf. _Traveller's Song_, ll. 8, 18, 88, 111. The
comparison of the two necklaces leads the poet to anticipate HygelÄc's
history,--a suggestion of the poem's mosaic construction.
l. 1200. For BrÅsinga mene, cf. B., _Beit._ xii. 72. C. suggests flÄ“ah, =
_fled_, for fealh, placing semicolon after byrig, and making hē subject of
flēah and gecēas.
l. 1202. B. conjectures gecēas ēcne rǣd to mean _he became a pious man and
at death went to heaven_. Heime (HÄma) in the _Thidrekssaga_ goes into a
cloister = to choose the better part (?). Cf. H.-So., p. 98. But cf.
HrÅðgÄr's language to Beowulf, ll. 1760, 1761.
l. 1211. S. proposes feoh, = _property_, for feorh, which would be a
parallel for brēost-gewǣdu ... bēah below.
l. 1213. E. remarks that in the _Laws of Cnut_, i. 26, the devil is called
se wÅdfreca werewulf, _the ravening werwolf_.
l. 1215. C. proposes heals-bÄ“ge onfÄ“ng. _Beit._ viii. 570. For hreÄ- Kl.
suggests hrǣ-.
l. 1227. The son referred to is, according to Ettmüller, the one that
reigns after HrÅðgÄr.
l. 1229. Kl. suggests sī, = _be_, for _is_.
l. 1232. S. gives _wine-elated_ as the meaning of druncne.--_Beit._ ix.
139; Kl. _ibid._ 189, 194. But cf. _Judith_, ll. 67, 107.
l. 1235. Cf. l. 119 for similarity of language.
l. 1235. Kl. proposes gea-sceaft; but cf. l. 1267.
l. 1246. Ring armor was common in the Middle Ages. E. points out the
numerous forms of byrne in cognate languages,--Gothic, Icelandic, OHG.,
Slavonic, O. Irish, Romance, etc. Du Chaillu, _The Viking Age_, i. 126. Cf.
Murray's _Dict._ s. v.
l. 1248. ÄnwÄ«g-gearwe = _ready for single combat_ (C.); but cf. Ha. p. 43;
_Beit._ ix. 210, 282.
l. 1252. Some consider this _fitt_ the beginning of Part (or Lay) II. of
the original epic, if not a separate work in itself.
l. 1254. K., W., and Ho. read farode = _wasted;_ Kolbing reads furode; but
cf. wēsten warode, l. 1266. MS. has warode.
ll. 1255-1258. This passage is a good illustration of the constant
parallelism of word and phrase characteristic of A.-S. poetry, and is
quoted by Sw. The changes are rung on ende and swylt, on gesȳne and
wīdcūð, etc.
l. 1259. "That this story of Grendel's mother was originally a separate lay
from the first seems to be suggested by the fact that the monsters are
described over again, and many new details added, such as would be inserted
by a new singer who wished to enhance and adorn the original tale."--Br.,
p. 41.
l. 1259. Cf. l. 107, which also points to the ancestry of murderers and
monsters and their descent from "Cain."
l. 1261. The MS. has sē þe, m.; changed by some to seo þe. At ll. 1393,
1395, 1498, Grendel's mother is referred to as m.; at ll. 1293, 1505,
1541-1546, etc., as f., the uncertain pronoun designating a creature female
in certain aspects, but masculine in demonic strength and
savageness.--H.-So.; Sw. p. 202. Cf. the masc. epithets at ll. 1380, 2137,
etc.
l. 1270. ÄglÇ£ca = _Grendel_, though possibly referring to Beowulf, as at l.
1513.--Sw.
l. 1273. "It is not certain whether anwalda stands for onwealda, or whether
it should be read Änwealda, = _only ruler_.--Sw.
l. 1279. The MS. has sunu þeod wrecan, which R. changes to sunu
þēod-wrecan, þēod- = _monstrous_; but why not regard þēod as opposition to
sunu, = _her son, the prince?_ See Sweet's Reader, and Körner's discussion,
_Eng. Stud._ i. 500.
l. 1281. Ten Br. suggests (for sÅna) sÄra = _return of sorrows._
l. 1286. "geþuren (twice so written in MSS.) stands for geþrúen, _forged_,
and is an isolated p. p."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., 209. But see Toller-Bosw.
for examples; Sw., Gloss.; March, p. 100, etc.
ll. 1292. þe hine = _whom;_ cf. ll. 441, 1437, 1292; _Hēliand_, l. 1308.
l. 1298. be sǣm tweonum; cf. l. 1192; Hunt's _Exod._ l. 442; and Mod. Eng.
"to _us_-ward, etc.--Earle's _Philol._, p. 449. Cf. note, l. 1192.
l. 1301. C. proposes Åðer him ærn = _another apartment was assigned him_.
l. 1303. B. conjectures under hrÅf genam; but Ha., p. 45, shows this to be
unnecessary, under also meaning _in_, as _in_ (or _under_) these
circumstances.
l. 1319. E. and Sw. suggest nǣgde or nēgde, _accosted_, < nēgan = Mid. Ger.
_nēhwian_, pr. p. _nēhwiandans, approach_. For hnǣgan, _press down,
vanquish_, see ll. 1275, 1440, etc.
l. 1321. C. suggests nÄ“ad-lÄðum for nÄ“od-laðu, _after crushing hostility_;
but cf. frēond-laðu, l. 1193.
l. 1334. K. and ten Br. conjecture gefægnod = _rejoicing in her fill_, a
parallel to ǣse wlanc, l. 1333.
l. 1340. B. translates: "and she has executed a deed of blood-vengeance of
far-reaching consequence."--_Beit._ xii. 93.
l. 1345. B. reads gēo for ēow (_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 205).
ll. 1346-1377. "This is a fine piece of folk-lore in the oldest extant
form.... The authorities for the story are the rustics (ll. 1346, 1356)."
--E.
l. 1347. Cf. sele-rǣdende at l. 51.
l. 1351. "The ge [of gewitan] may be merely a scribal error,--a repetition
(dittography) of the preceding ge of gewislīcost."--Sw.
l. 1352. ides, like fīras, _men_, etc., is a poetic word supposed by Grimm
to have been applied, like Gr. νÏμφη, to superhuman or semi-divine women.
ll. 1360-1495 _seq._ E. compares this Dantesque tarn and scenery with the
poetical accounts of _AEneid_, vii. 563; _Lucretius_, vi. 739, etc.
l. 1360. firgenstrēam occurs also in the _Phoenix_ (Bright, p. 168) l. 100;
_Andreas_, ll. 779, 3144 (K.); _Gnomic Verses_, l. 47, etc.
l. 1363. The genitive is often thus used to denote measure = by or in
miles; cf. l. 3043; and contrast with partitive gen. at l. 207.
l. 1364. The MS. reads hrinde = hrīnende (?), which Gr. adopts; K. and Th.
read hrinde-bearwas; hringde, _encircling_ (Sarrazin, _Beit._ xi. 163);
hrīmge = _frosty_ (Sw.); _with frost-whiting covered_ (Ha.). See Morris,
_Blickling Hom._, Preface, vi., vii.
l. 1364. Cf. Ruin, hrīmige edoras behrofene, _rimy, roofless halls_.
l. 1366. nīðwundor may = nið- (as in nið-sele, _q. v._) wundor, _wonder of
the deep_.
l. 1368. The personal pronoun is sometimes omitted in subordinate and even
independent clauses; cf. wite here; and Hunt's _Exod._, l. 319.
l. 1370. hornum. Such "datives of manner or respect" are not infrequent
with adj.
l. 1371. "seleð is not dependent on ǣr, for in that case it would be in the
subjunctive, but ǣr is simply an adverb, correlative with the conjunction
Ç£r in the next line: 'he will (sooner) give up his life, before he will,'
etc."--Sw.
l. 1372. Cf. ll. 318 and 543 for willan with similar omitted inf.
l. 1373. heafola is found only in poetry.--Sw. It occurs thirteen or
fourteen times in this poem. Cf. the poetic gamol, swÄt (l. 2694), etc.,
for eald, blÅd.
l. 1391. uton: hortatory subj. of wītan, _go_, = _let us go;_ cf. French
_allons_, Lat. _eamus_, Ital. _andiamo_, etc. + inf. Cf. ll. 2649, 3102.
l. 1400. H. is dat. of person indirectly affected, = advantage.
l. 1402. geatolīc probably = _in his equipments_, as B. suggests (_Beit._
xii. 83), comparing searolīc.
ll. 1402, 1413 reproduce the wk. form of the pret. of gÄn (Goth,
_gaggida_). Cf. _Andreas_, l. 1096, etc.
l. 1405. S. (_Beit._ ix. 140) supplies [þǣr hÄ“o] gegnum fÅr; B. (_ibid._
xii. 14) suggests hwǣr hēo.
l. 1411. B., Gr., and E. take Än-paðas = paths wide enough for only one,
like Norwegian _einstig_; cf. stīge nearwe, just above. _Trail_ is the
meaning. Cf. enge Änpaðas, uncūð gelÄd, _Exod._ (Hunt), l. 58.
l. 1421. Cf. oncȳð, l. 831. The whole passage (ll. 1411-1442) is replete
with suggestions of walrus-hunting, seal-fishing, harpooning of sea-animals
(l. 1438), etc.
l. 1425. E. quotes from the 8th cent. Corpus Gloss., "_Falanx_ foeða."
l. 1428. For other mention of nicors, cf. ll. 422, 575, 846. E. remarks,
"it survives in the phrase 'Old Nick' ... a word of high authority ...
Icel. _nykr_, water-goblin, Dan. _nök, nisse_, Swed. _näcken_, G. _nix,
nixe_, etc." See Skeat, _Nick._
l. 1440. Sw. reads gehnǣged, _prostrated_, and regards nīða as gen. pl.
"used instrumentally," = _by force._
l. 1441. -bora = _bearer, stirrer;_ occurs in other compds., as mund-,
rǣd-, wǣg-bora.
l. 1447. him = _for him_, a remoter dative of reference.--Sw.
l. 1455. Gr. reads brondne, = _flaming_.
l. 1457. lÄ“on is the inf. of lÄh; cf. onlÄh (< onlÄ“on) at l. 1468. lÄ«han
was formerly given as the inf.; cf. lǣne = lǣhne.
l. 1458. Cf. the similar dat. of possession as used in Latin.
l. 1458. H.-So. compares the Icelandic saga account of Grettir's battle
with the giant in the cave. hæft-mēce may be = Icel. _heptisax_ (_Anglia_,
iii. 83), "hip-knife."
l. 1459. "The sense seems to be 'pre-eminent among the old treasures.' ...
But possibly foran is here a prep. with the gen.: 'one before the old
treasures.'".--Sw. For other examples of foran, cf. ll. 985, 2365.
l. 1460. Äter-tÄ“arum = _poison-drops_ (C., _Beit._ viii. 571; S., _ibid._
xi. 359).
l. 1467. þæt, comp. relative, = _that which_; "we testify _that_ we do
know."
l. 1480. forð-gewitenum is in appos. to me, = _mihi defuncto_.--M.
Callaway, _Am. Journ. of Philol._, October, 1889.
l. 1482. nime. Conditional clauses of doubt or future contingency take gif
or būton with subj.; cf. ll. 452, 594; of fact or certainty, the ind.; cf.
ll. 442, 447, 527, 662, etc. For būton, cf. ll. 967, 1561.
l. 1487. "findan sometimes has a preterit funde in W. S. after the manner
of the weak preterits."--Cook's Sievers' Cram., p, 210.
l. 1490. Kl. reads wæl-sweord, = _battle-sword_.
l. 1507. "This cave under the sea seems to be another of those natural
phenomena of which the writer had personal knowledge (ll. 2135, 2277), and
which was introduced by him into the mythical tale to give it a local
color. There are many places of this kind. Their entrance is under the
lowest level of the tide."--Br., p. 45.
l. 1514. B. (_Beit._ xii. 362) explains niðsele, hrÅfsele as _roof-covered
hall in the deep_; cf. Grettir Saga (_Anglia_, iii. 83).
l. 1538. Sw., R., and ten Br. suggest feaxe for eaxle, = _seized by the
hair_.
l. 1543. and-lēan (R.); cf. l. 2095. The MS. has hand-lēan.
l. 1546. Sw. and S. read seax.--_Beit._ ix. 140.
l. 1557. H.-So. omits comma and places semicolon after ȳðelīce; Sw. and S.
place comma after gescēd.
l. 1584. Åðer swylc = _another fifteen_ (Sw.); = _fully as many_ (Ha.).
ll. 1592-1613 _seq._ Cf. _Anglia_, iii; 84 (Grettir Saga).
l. 1595. blondenfeax = _grizzly-haired_ (Bright, Reader, p. 258); cf.
_Brunanb._, l. 45 (Bright).
l. 1599. gewearð, impers. vb., = _agree, decide = many agreed upon this,
that_, etc. (Ha., p. 55; cf. ll. 2025-2027, 1997; B., _Beit._ xii. 97).
l. 1605. C. supposes wiston = wīscton = _wished_.--_Beit._ viii. 571.
l. 1607. brÅden mÇ£l is now regarded as a comp. noun, = _inlaid or
damascened sword_.--W., Ho.
l. 1611. wæl-rÄpas = _water-ropes = bands of frost_ (l. 1610) (?). Possibly
the Prov. Eng. weele, _whirlpool_. Cf. wǣl, _gurges_, Wright, Voc., _Gnom.
Verses_, l. 39.--E.
l. 1611. wÇ£grÄpas (Sw.) = _wave-bands_ (Ha.).
l. 1622. B. suggests eatna = eotena, eardas, _haunts of the giants_
(Northumbr. ea for eo).
l. 1635. cyning-holde (B., _Beit._ xii. 369); cf. l. 290.
l. 1650. H., Gr., and Ettmüller understand idese to refer to the queen.
l. 1651. Cf. _Anglia_, iii. 74, _Beit._ xi. 167, for coincidences with the
Grettir Saga (13th cent.).
l. 1664. B. proposes eotenise ... èste for ēacen ... oftost, omitting
brackets (_Zackers Zeitschr._ iv. 206). G. translates _mighty ... often_.
l. 1675. ondrǣdan. "In late texts the final n of the preposition on is
frequently lost when it occurs in a compound word or stereotyped phrase,
and the prefix then appears as a: abútan, amang, aweg, aright,
adr'Ç£dan."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 98.
ll. 1680-1682. Giants and their work are also referred to at ll. 113, 455,
1563, 1691, etc.
l. 1680. Cf. ceastra ... orðanc enta geweorc, _Gnomic Verses_, l. 2;
Sweet's Reader, p. 186.
ll. 1687-1697. "In this description of the writing on the sword, we see the
process of transition from heathen magic to the notions of Christian times
.... The history of the flood and of the giants ... were substitutes for
names of heathen gods, and magic spells for victory."--E. Cf. Mohammedan
usage.
ll. 1703, 1704. þæt þē eorl nǣre geboren betera (B., _Tidskr._ 8, 52).
l. 1715. Äna hwearf = _he died solitary and alone_ (B., _Beit._ xii. 38); =
_lonely_ (Ha.); = _alone_ (G.).
l. 1723. lēod-bealo longsum = _eternal hell-torment_ (B., _Beit._ xii. 38,
who compares _Ps. Cott._ 57, līf longsum).
l. 1729. E. translates on lufan, _towards possession_; Ha., _to
possessions_.
l. 1730. mÅdgeþonc, like lig, sÇ£, segn, niht, etc., is of double gender
(m., n. in the case of mÅdgeþ.).
l. 1741. The doctrine of nemesis following close on ὓβÏις, or overweening
pride, is here very clearly enunciated. The only protector against the
things that "assault and hurt" the soul is the "Bishop and Shepherd of our
souls" (l. 1743).
l. 1745 appears dimly to fore-shadow the office of the evil archer Loki,
who in the Scandinavian mythology shoots Balder with a mistletoe twig. The
language closely resembles that of Psalm 64.
l. 1748. Kl. regards wom = wÅ(u)m; cf. wÅh-bogen, l. 2828. See Gloss., p.
295, under wam. Contrast the construction of bebeorgan a few lines below
(l. 1759), where the dat. and acc. are associated.
l. 1748. See Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 167, for declension of wÅh, _wrong_
= gen. wÅs or wÅges, dat. wÅ(u)m, etc.; pl. gen. wÅra, dat. wÅ(u)m, etc.;
and cf. declension of hēah, hrēoh, rūh, etc.
l. 1748. wergan gÄstes; cf. _Blickl. Hom._ vii.; _Andreas_, l. 1171. "_Auld
Wearie_ is used in Scotland, or was used a few years ago, ... to mean the
devil."--E. Bede's _Eccles. Hist._ contains (naturally) many examples of
the expression = devil.
l. 1750. on gyld = _in reward_ (B. _Beit._ xii. 95); Ha. translates
_boastfully_; G., _for boasting_; Gr., _to incite to boastfulness_. Cf.
_Christ_, l. 818.
l. 1767. E. thinks this an allusion to the widespread superstition of the
evil eye (_mal occhio, mauvais ǣil_). Cf. Vergil, _Ecl._ iii. 103. He
remarks that Pius IX., Gambetta, and President Carnot were charged by their
enemies with possessing this weapon.
l. 1784. wigge geweorðad (MS. wigge weorðad) is C.'s conjecture; cf.
_Elene_, l. 150. So G., _honored in war_.
l. 1785. The future generally implied in the present of bēon is plainly
seen in this line; cf. ll. 1826, 661, 1830, 1763, etc.
l. 1794. Some impers. vbs. take acc. (as here, Geat) of the person
affected; others (as þyncan) take the dat. of the person, as at ll. 688,
1749, etc. Cf. verbs of dreaming, being ashamed, desiring, etc.--March,
A.-S. Gram., p. 145.
l. 1802. E. remarks that the blaca hrefn here is a bird of good omen, as
opposed to se wonna hrefn of l. 3025. The raven, wolf, and eagle are the
regular epic accompaniments of battle and carnage. Cf. ll. 3025-3028;
_Maldon_, 106; _Judith_, 205-210, etc.
l. 1803. S. emends to read: "then came the light, going bright after
darkness: the warriors," etc. Cf. Ho., p. 41, l. 23. G. puts period before
"the warriors." For Ånettan, cf. Sw.'s Gloss, and Bright's Read., Gloss.
ll. 1808-1810. Müllenh. and Grundt. refer se hearda to Beowulf, correct
sunu (MS.) to suna EcglÄfes (i.e. Unferth); [_he_] (Beo.) _thanked him_
(Un.) _for the loan_. Cf. ll. 344, 581, 1915.
ll. 1823-1840. "Beowulf departing pledges his services to Hroðgar, to be
what afterwards in the mature language of chivalry was called his 'true
knight'"--E.
l. 1832. Kl. corrects to dryhtne, in appos. with HigelÄce.
l. 1835 gÄr-holt more properly means _spear-shaft_; cf. æsc-holt.
l. 1855. sēl = _better_ (Grundt.; B., _Beit._ xii. 96), instead of MS. wēl.
ll. 1855-1866. "An ideal picture of international amity according to the
experience and doctrine of the eighth century."--E.
l. 1858. S. and Kl. correct to gemǣne, agreeing with sib.--_Beit._ ix. 140,
190.
l. 1862. "The gannet is a great diver, plunging down into the sea from a
considerable height, such as forty feet."--E.
l. 1863. Kl. suggests heafu, = _seas_.
l. 1865. B. proposes geþÅhte, = _with firm thought_, for geworhte; cf. l.
611.
l. 1876. gesÄ“on = _see again_ (Kl., _Beit._ ix. 190). S. and B. insert nÄ
to modify gesÄ“on and explain HrÅðgÄr's tears. Ha. and G. follow Heyne's
text. Cf. l. 567.
l. 1881. Is beorn here = bearn (be-arn?) of l. 67? or more likely = born,
barn, = _burned?_--S., Th.
l. 1887. orleahtre is a ἃπαξ λεγόμενον. E. compares Tennyson's "blameless"
king. Cf. also ll. 2015, 2145; and the gÅd cyning of l. 11.
l. 1896. scaðan = _warriors_ (cf. l. 1804) has been proposed by C.; but cf.
l. 253.
l. 1897. The boat had been left, at ll. 294-302, in the keeping of
HrÅðgÄr's men; at l. 1901 the bÄt-weard is specially honored by Beowulf
with a sword and becomes a "sworded squire."--E. This circumstance appears
to weld the poem together. Cf. also the speed of the journey home with ymb
Än-tÄ«d Åþres dÅgores of l. 219, and the similarity of language in both
passages (fÄmig-heals, clifu, næssas, sÇ£lde, brim, etc.).--The nautical
terms in Beowulf would form an interesting study.
l. 1904. R. proposes, gewÄt him on naca, = _the vessel set out_, on
alliterating as at l. 2524 (_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 402). B. reads on
nacan, but inserts irrelevant matter (_Beit._ xii. 97).
l. 1913. Cf. the same use of cēol, = _ship_, in the _A.-S. Chron._, ed.
Earle-Plummer; _Gnomic Verses_, etc.
l. 1914. S. inserts þæt hē before on lande.
l. 1916. B. makes lÄ“ofra manna depend on wlÄtode, = _looked for the dear
men ready at the coast_ (_Beit._ xii. 97).
l. 1924. Gr., W., and Ho. propose wunade, = _remained;_ but cf. l. 1929. S.
conceives ll. 1924, 1925 as "direct speech" (_Beit._ ix. 141).
l. 1927 _seq._ "The women of Beowulf are of the fine northern type; trusted
and loved by their husbands and by the nobles and people; generous, gentle,
and holding their place with dignity."--Br., p. 67. Thrytho is the
exception, l. 1932 _seq._
l. 1933. C. suggests frēcnu, = _dangerous, bold_, for Thrytho could not be
called "excellent." G. writes "Modthrytho" as her name. The womanly Hygd
seems purposely here contrasted with the terrible Thrytho, just as, at l.
902 _seq._, Sigemund and HeremÅd are contrasted. For Thrytho, etc., cf.
Gr., _Jahrb. für rom. u. eng. Lit._ iv. 279; Müllenhoff, _Haupts Zeitschr._
xiv. 216; Matthew Paris; Suchier, _Beit._ iv. 500-521; R. _Zachers
Zeitschr._ iii. 402; B., _ibid._ iv. 206; Körner, _Eng. Stud._ i. 489-492;
H.-So., p. 106.
l. 1932-1963. K. first pointed out the connection between the historical
Offa, King of Mercia, and his wife Cwendrida, and the Offa and Þrȳðo
(Gr.'s _Drida_ of the _Vita Offǣ Secundi_) of the present passage. The tale
is told of her, not of Hygd.
l. 1936. Suchier proposes andÇ£ges, = _eye to eye_; Leo proposes ÄndÇ£ges, =
_the whole day_; G., _by day_. No change is necessary if an be taken to
govqern hire, = _on her_, and dæges be explained (like nihtes, etc.) as a
genitive of time, = _by day_.
l. 1943. R. and Suchier propose onsēce, = _seek, require_; but cf. 2955.
l. 1966. Cf. the _heofoncandel_ of _Exod._ l. 115 (Hunt). Shak.'s 'night's
candles.'
l. 1969. Cf. l. 2487 _seq._ for the actual slayer of Ongenþēow, i.e. Eofor,
to whom HygelÄc gave his only daughter as a reward, l. 2998.
l. 1981. meodu-scencum = _with mead-pourers_ or _mead-cups_ (G., Ha.);
_draught or cup of mead_ (Toller-Bosw.).
l. 1982. K., Th., W., H. supply [heal-]reced; Holler [hēa-].
l. 1984. B. defends the MS., reading hǣ nū (for hǣðnū), which he regards as
= Heinir, the inhabitants of the Jutish "heaths" (hǣð). Cf. H.-So., p. 107;
_Beit._ xii. 9.
l. 1985. sīnne. "In poetry there is a reflexive possessive of the third
person, sīn (declined like mīn). It is used not only as a true reflexive,
but also as a non-reflexive (= Lat. _ejus_)"--Sw.; Cook's Sievers' Gram.,
p. 185. Cf. ll. 1508, 1961, 2284, 2790.
l. 1994. Cf. l. 190 for a similar use of sēað; cf. to "glow" with emotion,
"boil" with indignation, "burn" with anger, etc. weallan is often so used;
cf. ll. 2332, 2066, etc.
l. 2010. B. proposes fÄcne, = _in treachery_, for fenne. Cf. _Juliana_, l.
350; _Beit._ xii. 97.
l. 2022. Food of specific sorts is rarely, if at all, mentioned in the
poem. Drink, on the other hand, occurs in its primitive varieties,--_ale_
(as here: ealu-wǣg), _mead, beer, wine, līð_ (cider? Goth. _leiþus_, Prov.
Ger. _leit-_ in _leit-haus_, ale-house), etc.
l. 2025. Kl. proposes is for wæs.
l. 2027. Cf. l. 1599 for a similar use of weorðan, = _agree, be pleased
with_ (Ha.); _appear_ (Sw., Reader, 6th ed.).
ll. 2030, 2031. Ten Br. proposes: oft seldan ( = _gave_) wǣre æfter
lÄ“od-hryre: lyÌ„tle hwÄ«le bongÄr bÅ«geð, þēah sÄ“o bryÌ„d duge = _oft has a
treaty been given after the fall of a prince: but little while the
murder-spear resteth, however excellent the bride be._ Cf. Kl., _Beit._ ix.
190; B., _Beit._ xii. 369; R., _Zachers Zeitschr._ in. 404; Ha., p. 69; G.,
p. 62.
l. 2036. Cf. Kl, _Beit._ ix. 191; R., _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 404.
l. 2042. For bÄ“ah B. reads bÄ, = _both_, i.e. Freaware and the Dane.
l. 2063. Thorkelin and Conybeare propose wīgende, = _fighting_, for
lifigende.
l. 2068. W.'s edition begins section xxx. (not marked in the MS.) with this
line. Section xxxix. (xxxviii. in copies A and B, xxxix. in Thorkelin) is
not so designated in the MS., though Ã¾Ä (at l. 2822) is written with
capitals and xl. begins at l. 2893.
l. 2095. Cf. l. 1542, and note.
l. 2115 _seq._ B. restores thus:
Þǣr on innan gīong
niðða nÄthwylc, nÄ“ode tÅ gefÄ“ng
hǣðnum horde; hond ætgenam
seleful since fÄh; nÄ“ hÄ“ þæt syððan Ägeaf,
þēah þe hē slǣpende besyrede hyrde
þēofes cræfte: þæt se þīoden onfand,
bȳ-folc beorna, þæt hē gebolgen wæs.
--_Beit._ xii. 99; _Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 210.
l. 2129. B. proposes fǣrunga, = _suddenly_, for Gr.'s reading in the
text.--_Beit._ xii. 98.
l. 2132. MS. has þine life, which Leo translates _by thy leave_ (= ON.
_leyfi_); B., _by thy life_.--_Beit._ xii. 369.
l. 2150. B. renders gēn, etc., by "now I serve thee alone again as my
gracious king" (_Beit._ xii. 99).
l. 2151. The forms hafu [hafo], hafast, hafað, are poetic archaisms.--Sw.
l. 2153. Kl. proposes ealdor, = _prince_, for eafor. W. proposes the compd.
eafor-hēafodsegn, = _helm_; cf. l. 1245.
l. 2157. The wk. form of the adj. is frequent in the vocative, especially
when postponed: "Beowulf lēofa," l. 1759. So, often, in poetry in nom.:
wudu selesta, etc.
l. 2158. Ç£rest is possibly the verbal subs. from ÄrÄ«san, _to arise, =
arising, origin_. R. suggested ǣrist, _arising, origin_. Cf. Bede, _Eccles.
Hist._, ed. Miller, where the word is spelt as above, but = (as usual)
_resurrection_. See Sweet, Reader, p. 211; E.-Plummer's _Chronicle_, p.
302, etc. The MS. has est. See Ha., p. 73; S., _Beit._ x. 222; and cf. l.
2166.
l. 2188. Gr., W., H. supply [wēn]don, = _weened_, instead of Th.'s [oft
sæg]don.
l. 2188. The "slack" Beowulf, like the sluggish Brutus, ultimately reveals
his true character, and is presented with a historic sword of honor. It is
"laid on his breast" (l. 2195) as Hun laid LÄfing on Hengest's breast, l.
1145.
l. 2188. "The boy was at first slothful, and the Geats thought him an
unwarlike prince, and long despised him. Then, like many a lazy third son
in the folk tales, a change came, he suddenly showed wonderful daring and
was passionate for adventure."--Br., p. 22.
l. 2196. "Seven of thousands, manor and lordship" (Ha.). Kl., _Beit._ ix.
191, thinks with Ettm. that þūsendo means a hide of land (see Schmid, _Ges.
der Angl_, 610), Bede's familia = 1/2 sq. meter; seofan being used (like
hund, l. 2995) only for the alliteration.
l. 2196. "A vast Honour of 7000 hides, a mansion, and a judgment-seat"
[throne].--E.
l. 2210. MS. has the more correct wintra.
l. 2211. Cf. similar language about the dragon at l. 100. Beowulf's
"jubilee" is fitly solemnized by his third and last dragon-fight.
l. 2213. B. proposes sē þe on hearge hǣðen hord beweotode; cf. Ha., p. 75.
l. 2215. "The dragon lies round the treasures in a cave, as Fafnir, like a
Python, lay coiled over his hoard. So constant was this habit among the
dragons that gold is called Worms' bed, Fafnir's couch, Worms' bed-fire.
Even in India, the cobras ... are guardians of treasure."--Br., p. 50.
l. 2216. nēode. E. translates _deftly_; Ha., _with ardor_. H.-So. reads
nēode, = _with desire, greedily_, instr. of nēod.
l. 2223. E. begins his "Part Third" at this point as he begins "Part
Second" at l. 1252, each dragon-fight forming part of a trilogy.
ll. 2224, 2225. B. proposes: nealles mid gewealdum wyrmes weard gæst sylfes
willum.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 211; _Beit._ xii. 100.
l. 2225. For þēow read þegn.--K. and Z.
l. 2227. For ofer-þearfe read ǣrnes þearfa.--Z.
ll. 2229-2231. B. proposes:
secg synbysig sÅna onwlÄtode,
þēah þÄm gyste gryrebrÅga stÅd,
hwæðre earmsceapen innganges þearfa
. . . . . . . . . .
fÄ“asceapen, Ã¾Ä hyne se fÇ£r begeat.
--_Beit._ xii. 101. Cf. Ha., p. 69.
l. 2232. W. suggests seah or seīr for geseah, and Gr. suggests searolīc.
l. 2233. Z. surmises eorð-hūse (for -scræfe).
l. 2241. B. proposes lǣn-gestrēona, = _transitory_, etc.; Th., R. propose
leng (= _longer_) gestrēona; S. accepts the text but translates "the long
accumulating treasure."
l. 2246. B. proposed (1) hard-fyndne, = _hard to find_; (2) hord-wynne
dǣl,--_a deal of treasure-joy_ (cf. l. 2271).--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 211;
_Beit._ xii. 102.
l. 2247. fecword = _banning words_ (?) MS. has fec.
l. 2254. Others read feor-[mie], = _furbish_, for fetige: _I own not one
who may_, etc.
l. 2261. The Danes themselves were sometimes called the "Ring-Danes," =
clad in ringed (or a ring of) armor, or possessing rings. Cf. ll. 116,
1280.
l. 2263. Koeppel suggests nis for næs.
The editors are much indebted to E. Koeppel (in _Eng. Stud._ xiii. 3) for
numerous corrections in text and glossary.
l. 2264. Note the early reference to hawking. Minstrelsy (hearpan wyn),
saga-telling, racing, swimming, harpooning of sea-animals, feasting, and
the bestowal of jewels, swords, and rings, are the other amusements most
frequent in _BÄ“owulf_.
l. 2264. Cf. _Maldon_, ll. 8, 9, for a reference to hawking.
l. 2276. Z. suggests swȳðe ondrǣdað; Ho. puts gesēcean for Gr.'s gewunian.
l. 2277. Z. and K. read: hord on hrūsan. "Three hundred winters," at l.
2279, is probably conventional for "a long time," like hund missēra, l.
1499; hund þūsenda, l. 2995; þrītig (of Beowulf's strength), l. 379; þrītig
(of the men slain by Grendel), l. 123; seofan þūsendo, l. 2196, etc.
l. 2285. B. objects to hord as repeated in ll. 2284, 2285; but cf. Ha., p.
77. C. prefers sum to hord. onboren = _inminutus_; cf. B., _Beit._ xii.
102.
l. 2285. onberan is found also at line 991, = _carry off_, with on- = E.
_un--(un-bind, -loose, -tie_, etc.), G. _ent-_. The negro still pronounces
_on-do_, etc.
l. 2299. Cf. H.-So., p. 112, for a defense of the text as it stands. B.
proposes "nor was there any man in that desert who rejoiced in conflict,"
etc. So ten Br.
l. 2326. B. and ten Br,. propose hÄm, = _home_, for him.--_Beit._ xii. 103.
l. 2335. E. translates Ä“alond utan by _the sea-board front, the
water-washed land on the (its) outside_. See B., _Beit._ xii. 1, 5.
l. 2346. Cf. l. 425, where Beowulf resolves to fight the dragon
single-handed. E. compares _Guy of Warwick_, ll. 49, 376.
l. 2355. Ten Br. proposes laðan cynne as apposition to mǣgum.
l. 2360. Cf. Beowulf's other swimming-feat with Breca, ll. 506 _seq._
l. 2362. Gr. inserts Äna, = _lone-going_, before xxx.: approved by B.; and
Krüger, _Beit._ ix. 575. Cf. l. 379.
l. 2362. "Beowulf has the strength of thirty men in the original tale.
Here, then, the new inventor makes him carry off thirty coats of
mail."--Br., p. 48.
l. 2364. Hetware = Chattuarii, a nation allied against HygelÄc in his
Frisian expedition; cf. ll. 1208 _seq._, 2917, etc.
l. 2368. B. proposes _quiet sea_ as trans, of sioleða bigong, and compares
Goth. _anasilan_, to be still; Swed. dial, _sil_, still water between
waterfalls.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 214.
l. 2380. hyne--Heardrēd; so him, l. 2358.
l. 2384. E. calls attention to Swīo-rīce as identical with the modern
_Sverige_ = Sweden; cf. l. 2496.
l. 2386. Gr. reads on feorme, = _at the banquet_; cf. Möller, _Alteng.
Volksepos_, 111, who reads (f)or feorme. The MS. has or.
l. 2391. Cf. l. 11.
l. 2394. B., Gr., and MÅ«llenh. understand ll. 2393-2397 to mean that
Ä’adgils, ÅŒhthere's son, driven from Sweden, returns later, supported by
Beowulf, takes the life of his uncle Onela, and probably becomes himself
O.'s successor and king of Sweden. For another view see H.-So., p. 115. MS.
has freond (l. 2394), which Leo, etc., change to fēond. G. translates
_friend_.--_Beit._ xii. 13; _Anzeiger f. d. Altert._ iii. 177.
l. 2395. Ä’adgils is ÅŒhthere's son; cf. l. 2381; Onela is ÅŒhthere's brother;
cf. ll. 2933, 2617.
l. 2402. "Twelfsome"; cf. "fifteensome" at l. 207, etc. As _BÄ“owulf_ is
essentially _the_ Epic of Philanthropy, of the true love of man, as
distinguished from the ordinary love-epic, the number twelve in this
passage may be reminiscent of another Friend of Man and another Twelve. In
each case all but one desert the hero.
l. 2437. R. proposes stȳred, = _ordered, decreed_, for strēd.--_Zachers
Zeitschr._ iii. 409.
l. 2439. B. corrects to frēo-wine = _noble friend_, asking, "How can
Herebeald be called Hæðcyn's frēa-wine [MS.], _lord?_"
l. 2442. feohlēas gefeoht, "a homicide which cannot be atoned for by
money--in this case an unintentional fratricide."--Sw.
l. 2445. See Ha., pp. 82, 83, for a discussion of ll. 2445-2463. Cf. G., p.
75.
l. 2447. MS. reads wrece, justified by B. (_Tidskr._ viii. 56). W.
conceives wrece as optative or hortative, and places a colon before þonne.
l. 2449. For helpan read helpe.--K., Th., S. (_Zeitschr. f. D. Phil._ xxi.
3, 357).
ll. 2454-2455. (1) Müllenh. (_Haupts Zeitschr._ xiv. 232) proposes:
þonne se Än hafað
þurh dǣda nȳd dēaðes gefandod.
(2) B. proposes:
þurh dǣda nīð dēaðes gefondad.
--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 215.
l. 2458. Cf. scēotend, pl., ll. 704, 1155, like rīdend. Cf. _Judith_, l.
305, etc.
l. 2474. Th. considers the "wide water" here as the Mälar lake, the
boundary between Swedes and Goths.
l. 2477. On oþþe = _and_, cf. B., _Tidskr._ viii. 57. See Ha., p. 83.
l. 2489. B. proposes hrÄ“a-blÄc for Gr.'s heoro-.--_Tikskr._ viii. 297.
l. 2494. S. suggests ēðel-wynne.
l. 2502. E. translates for dugeðum, _of my prowess_; so Ettmüller.
ll. 2520-2522. Gr. and S. translate, "if I knew how else I might combat the
monster's boastfulness."--Ha., p. 85.
l. 2524. and-hÄttres is H.'s invention. Gr. reads oreðes and attres, _blast
and venom_. Cf. oruð, l. 2558, and l. 2840 (where attor- also occurs).
l. 2526. E. quotes flÄ“on fÅtes trym from _Maldon_, l. 247.
l. 2546. Gr., H.-So., and Ho. read standan stÄn-bogan (for stÅd on
stÄn-bogan) depending on geseah.
l. 2550. Grundt. and B. propose dēor, _brave one_, i.e. Beowulf, for dēop.
L. 2565. MS. has ungleaw (K., Th.), unglaw (Grundt.). B. proposes unslÄw, =
_sharp_.--_Beit._ xii. 104. So H.-So., Ha., p. 86.
ll. 2570, 2571. (1) May not gescīfe (MS. to gscipe) = German _schief_,
"crooked," "bent," "aslant," and hence be a parallel to gebogen, _bent,
coiled?_ cf. l. 2568, Ã¾Ä se wyrm gebÄ“ah snÅ«de tÅsomne, and l. 2828. Coiled
serpents spring more powerfully for the coiling. (2) Or perhaps destroy
comma after tÅ and read gescæpe, = _his fate_; cf. l. 26: him Ã¾Ä Scyld
gewÄt tÅ gescæp-hwÄ«le. G. appar. adopts this reading, p. 78.
l. 2589. grund-wong = _the field_, not _the earth_ (so B.); H.-So., _cave_,
as at l. 2771. So Ha., p. 87.
l. 2595. S. proposes colon after stefne.--_Beit._ ix. 141.
l. 2604. Müllenh. explains lēod Scylfinga in _Anzeiger f. d. Altert._ iii.
176-178.
l. 2607. Äre = _possessions, holding_ (Kl., _Beit._ ix. 192; Ha., p. 88).
l. 2609. folcrihta. Add "folk-right" to the meanings in the Gloss.; and cf.
ēðel-, land-riht, word-riht.
l. 2614. H.-So. reads with Gr. wrÇ£ccan winelÄ“asum WÄ“ohstÄn bana, = _whom, a
friendless exile, W. had slain_.
ll. 2635-61. E. quotes Tacitus, _Germania_, xiv.: "turpe comitatui virtutem
principis non adaequare." Beowulf had been deserted by his _comitatus_.
l. 2643. B. proposes Å«ser.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 216.
l. 2649. wutun; l. 3102, uton = pres. subj. pl. 1st person of wītan, _to
go_, used like Mod. Eng. _let us_ + inf., Lat. _eamus_, Ital. _andiamo_,
Fr. _allons_; M. E. (_Layamon_) _uten_. Cf. Psa. ii. 3, etc. March, _A.-S.
Gram._, pp. 104, 196.
l. 2650. B. suggests hÄt for hyt,.--_Beit._ xii. 105.
l. 2656. fÄne = fÄh-ne; cf. fÄra = fÄh-ra, l. 578; so hÄ“anne (MS.) =
hēah-ne, etc., l. 984. See Cook's Sievers' Gram.
ll. 2660, 2661. Why not read beadu-scrūd, as at l. 453, = _battle-shirt?_
B. and R. suppose two half-verses omitted between byrdu-scrÅ«d and bÄm
gemǣne. B. reads bȳwdu, = _handsome_, etc. Gr. suggests unc nū, = _to us
two now_, for Å«rum; and K. and Grundt. read bÄ“on gemÇ£ne for bÄm, etc. This
makes sense. Cf. Ha., p. 89.
l. 2666. Cf. the dat. absolute without preposition.
l. 2681. Nægling; cf. Hrunting, LÄfing, and other famous wundor-smiða
geweorc of the poem.
l. 2687. B. changes þonne into þone (rel. pro.) = _which_.--_Beit._ xii.
105.
l. 2688. B. supports the MS. reading, wundum.
l. 2688. Cf. l. 2278 for similar language.
l. 2698. B. (_Beit._ xii. 105) renders: "he did not heed the head of the
dragon (which Beowulf with his sword had struck without effect), but he
struck the dragon somewhat further down." Cf. Saxo, vi. p. 272.
l. 2698. Cf. the language used at ll. 446 and 1373, where hafelan also
occurs; and hȳdan.
l. 2700. hwēne; cf. Lowl. Sc. _wheen_, a number; Chaucer's _woon_, number.
l. 2702. S. proposes Ã¾Ä (for þæt) þæt fyÌ„r, etc., = _when the fire began_,
etc.
l. 2704. "The (hup)-seax has often been found in Saxon graves on the hip of
the skeleton."--E.
l. 2707. Kl. proposes: feorh ealne wræc, = _drove out all the life_; cf.
_Gen._ l. 1385.--_Beit._ ix. 192. S. suggests gefylde,--_he felled the
foe_, etc.--_Ibid._ Parentheses seem unnecessary.
l. 2727. dæg-hwīl = _time allotted, lifetime_.
l. 2745, 2745. Ho. removes geong from the beginning of l. 2745 and places
it at the end of l. 2744.
l. 2750. R. proposes sigle searogimmas, as at l. 1158.
l. 2767. (1) B. proposes doubtfully oferhīgean or oferhīgan, = Goth,
_ufarhauhjan_, p. p. _ufarhauhids_ (Gr. τυφωθείς) = _exceed in
value_.--_Tidskr._ viii. 60. (2) Kl. proposes oferhȳdian, = _to make
arrogant, infatuate_; cf. oferhȳd.--_Beit._ ix. 192.
l. 2770. gelocen leoðocræftum = (1) _spell-bound_ (Th., Arnold, E.); (2)
_wrought with hand-craft_ (G.); (3) _meshed, linked together_ (H., Ho.);
cf. _Elene_, ll. 1251, 522.
l. 2778. B. considers bill ... ealdhlÄfordes as Beowulf's short sword, with
which he killed the dragon, l. 2704 (_Tidskr._ viii. 299). R. proposes
ealdhlÄforde. Müllenh. understands ealdhlÄford to mean the former possessor
of the hoard. W. agrees to this, but conceives Ç£rgescÅd as a compd. = Ç£re
calceatus, _sheathed in brass_. Ha. translates Ç£rgescÅd as vb. and adv.
l. 2791. Cf. l. 224, eoletes æt ende; landes æt ende, _Exod._ (Hunt).
l. 2792. MS. reads wæteres weorpan, which R. would change to wætere
sweorfan.
l. 2806. "Men saw from its height the whales tumbling in the waves, and
called it Whale's Ness (Hrones-nǣs)."--Br. p. 28. Cf. l. 3137.
l. 2815. WÄ«glÄf was the next of kin, the last of the race, and hence the
recipient of Beowulf's kingly insignia. There is a possible play on the
word lÄf (WÄ«g-_lÄf_, ende-_lÄf_).
l. 2818. gingeste word; cf. _novissima verba_, and Ger. _jüngst_, lately.
l. 2837. E. translates on lande, _in the world_, comparing _on līfe, on
worulde_.
l. 2840. gerǣsde = pret. of gerǣsan (omitted from the Gloss.), same as
rǣsan; cf. l. 2691.
l. 2859. B. proposes dÄ“að ÄrÇ£dan, = _determine death_.--_Beit._ xii. 106.
l. 2861. Change geongum to geongan as a scribal error (?), but cf.
Lichtenheld, _Haupts Zeitschr._ xvi. 353-355.
l. 2871. S. and W. propose ÅwÄ“r.--_Beit._ ix. 142.
l. 2873. S. punctuates: wrÄðe forwurpe, þÄ, etc.
l. 2874. H.-So. begins a new sentence with nealles, ending the preceding
one with beget.
l. 2879. ætgifan = _to render, to afford_; omitted in Gloss.
ll. 2885-2892. "This passage ... equals the passage in Tacitus which
describes the tie of chief to companion and companion to chief among the
Germans, and which recounts the shame that fell on those who survived their
lord."--Br., p. 56.
l. 2886. cyn thus has the meaning of _gens_ or clan, just as in many
Oriental towns all are of one blood. E. compares Tacitus, _Germania_, 7;
and cf. "kith and kin."
l. 2892. Death is preferable to dishonor. Cf. Kemble, _Saxons_, i. 235.
l. 2901. The ἄγγελος begins his ἀγγελία here.
l. 2910. S. proposes higemēðe, _sad of soul;_ cf. ll. 2853 and 2864
(_Beit._ ix. 142). B. considers higemēðum a dat. or instr. pl. of an
abstract in -u (_Beit._ xii. 106). H. makes it a dat. pl. = _for the dead_.
For heafod-wearde, etc., cf. note on l. 446.
l. 2920-2921. B. explains "he could not this time, as usual, give jewels to
his followers."--_Beit._ xii. 106.
l. 2922. The Merovingian or Frankish race.
l. 2940 _seq._ B. conjectures:
cwæð hīe on mergenne mēces ecgum
gētan wolde, sumon galgtreowu
ÄhÄ“awan on holte ond hÄ«e ÄhÅan on þÄ
fuglum tÅ gamene.
--_Beit._ xii. 107, 372.
Cf. S., _Beit._ ix. 143. gētan = _cause blood to be shed._
l. 2950. B. proposes gomela for gÅda; "a surprising epithet for a Geat to
apply to the 'terrible' Ongentheow."--Ha. p. 99. But "good" does not
necessarily mean "morally excellent," as a "good" hater, a "good" fighter.
l. 2959. See H.-So. for an explanatory quotation from Paulus Diaconus, etc.
B., K., and Th. read segn HigelÄces, = H.'s banner uplifted began to pursue
the Swede-men.--_Beit._ xii. 108. S. suggests sǣce, = _pursuit_.
l. 2977. gewyrpton: this vb. is also used reflexively in _Exod._ (Hunt), l.
130: wyrpton hīe wērige.
l. 2989. bær is Grundt.'s reading, after the MS. "The surviving victor is
the heir of the slaughtered foe."--H.-So. Cf. _Hildebrands Lied_, ll. 61,
62.
l. 2995. "A hundred of thousands in land and rings" (Ha., p. 100). Cf. ll.
2196, 3051. Cf. B., _Beit._ xii. 20, who quotes Saxo's _bis senas gentes_
and remarks: "Hrolf Kraki, who rewards his follower, for the slaying of the
foreign king, with jewels, rich lands, and his only daughter's hand,
answers to the Jutish king HygelÄc, who rewards his liegeman, for the
slaying of Ongenthēow, with jewels, enormous estates, and _his_ only
daughter's hand."
l. 3006. H.-So. suggests Scilfingas for Scyldingas, because, at l. 2397,
Beowulf kills the Scylfing Ä’adgils and probably acquires his lands. Thus
ll. 3002, 3005, 3006, would indicate that, after Beowulf's death, the
Swedes desired to shake off his hated yoke. Müllenh., however, regards l.
3006 as a thoughtless repetition of l. 2053.--_Haupts Zeitschr._ xiv. 239.
l. 3008. Cf. the same proverb at l. 256; and _Exod._ (Hunt.) l. 293.
l. 3022. E. quotes:
"Thai token an harp _gle and game_
And maked a lai and yaf it name."
--_Weber_, l. 358.
and from Percy, "The word _glee_, which peculiarly denoted their art (the
minstrels'), continues still in our own language ... it is to this day used
in a musical sense, and applied to a peculiar piece of composition."
l. 3025. "This is a finer use than usual of the common poetic attendants of
a battle, the wolf, the eagle, and the raven. The three are here like three
Valkyrie, talking of all that they have done."--Br., p. 57.
l. 3033. Cf. Hunt's _Dan._ l. 731, for similar language.
l. 3039. B. supplies a supposed gap here:
[banan ēac fundon bennum sēocne
(nē) ǣr hī þǣm gesēgan syllīcran wiht]
wyrm on wonge...
--_Beit._ xii. 372.
Cf. Ha., p. 102. W. and Ho. insert [þǣr] before gesēgan.
l. 3042. Cf. l. 2561, where gryre-giest occurs as an epithet of the dragon.
B. proposes gry[re-fÄh].
l. 3044. lyft-wynne, _in the pride of the air_, E.; _to rejoice in the
air_, Ha.
l. 3057. (1) He (God) is men's hope; (2) he is the heroes' hope; (3) gehyld
= the secret place of enchanters; cf. hēlsmanna gehyld, Gr.'s reading,
after A.-S. hǣlsere, haruspex, augur.
l. 3060. B. suggests gehȳðde, = _plundered_ (i.e. by the thief), for
gehȳdde.
ll. 3063-3066. (1) B. suggests wundur [dÄ“aðe] hwÄr þonne eorl ellenrof ende
gefēre = _let a brave man then somewhere meet his end by wondrous venture_,
etc.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 241; cf. l. 3038. (2) S. supposes an indirect
question introduced by hwÄr and dependent upon wundur, = _a mystery is it
when it happens that the hero is to die, if he is no longer to linger among
his people_.--_Beit._ ix. 143. (3) Müllenh. suggests: _is it to be wondered
at that a man should die when he can no longer live?_--_Zachers Zeitschr._
xiv. 241. (4) Possibly thus:
Wundrað hwæt þonne,
eorl ellen-rÅf, ende gefÄ“re
līf-gesceafta, þonne leng ne mæg (etc.),
in which hwæt would = þurh hwæt at l. 3069, and eorl would be subject of
the conjectural vb. wundrað: "the valiant earl wondereth then through what
he shall attain his life's end, when he no longer may live. ... So BÄ“owulf
knew not (wondered how) through what _his_ end should come," etc. W. and
Ho. join þonne to the next line. Or, for hwÄr read wÇ£re: Wundur wÇ£re þonne
(= gif), etc., = "would it be any wonder if a brave man," etc., which is
virtually Müllenhoff's.
l. 3053. galdre bewunden, _spell-bound_, throws light on l. 2770, gelocen
leoðo-cræftum. The "accursed" gold of legend is often dragon-guarded and
placed under a spell. Even human ashes (as Shakespeare's) are thus banned.
ll. 3047-3058 recall the so-called "Treasury of Atreus."
l. 3070. H.-So. begins a new line with swÄ.
l. 3073. herh, hearh, _temple_, is conjectured by E. to survive in _Harrow.
Temple, barrow_, etc., have thus been raised to proper names. Cf. BÄ«owulfes
biorh of l. 2808.
l. 3074. H.-So. has strude, = _ravage_, and compares l. 3127. MS. has
strade. S. suggests stride, = _tread_.
l. 3074. H.-So. omits strÄdan, = _tread, stride over_, from the Gloss.,
referring ll. 3174 and 3074 to strūdan, q. v.
l. 3075. S. proposes: næs hē goldhwætes gearwor hæfde, etc., = _Beowulf had
not before seen the greedy possessor's favor_.--_Beit._ ix. 143. B. reads,
goldhwæte gearwor hæfde, etc., making goldhwæte modify ēst, = _golden
favor_; but see _Beit._ xii. 373, for B.'s later view.
l. 3086-3087. B. translates, "that which (i.e. the treasure) drew the king
thither was granted indeed, but it overwhelmed us."--_Beit._ xii. 109.
l. 3097. B. and S. propose æfter wine dēadum, = _in memory of the dead
friend_.--_Beit._ ix. 144.
l. 3106. The brÄd gold here possibly includes the iÅ«-monna gold of l. 3053
and the wunden gold of l. 3135. E. translates brÄd by _bullion_.
l. 3114. B. supposes folc-Ägende to be dat. sg. to gÅdum, referring to
Beowulf.
l. 3116. C. considers weaxan, = Lat. _vescor_, to devour, as a parallel to
fretan, and discards parentheses.--_Beit._ viii. 573.
l. 3120. fūs = _furnished with_; a meaning which must be added to those in
the Gloss.
ll. 3124-3125. S. proposes:
Ä“ode eahta sum under inwit-hrÅf
hilderinca: sum on handa bær, etc.
--_Beit._ ix. 144.
l. 3136. H.-So. corrects (after B.) to æðeling_c_, the MS. having _e_.
l. 3145. "It was their [the Icelanders'] belief that the higher the smoke
rose in the air the more glorious would the burnt man be in heaven."--
_Ynglinga Saga_, 10 (quoted by E.). Cf. the funeral pyre of Herakles.
l. 3146-3147. B. conjectures:
... swÅgende lÄ“c
wÅpe bewunden windblonda lÄ“g
(lÄ“c from lÄcan, see Gloss.).--_Beit._ xii. 110. Why not windblonda lÄc?
l. 3147. Müllenhoff rejected wind-blond gelæg because a great fire raises
rather than "lays" the wind; hence B., as above, = "swoughing sported the
flame wound with the howling of wind-currents."
l. 3151 _seq._ B. restores conjecturally:
swylce giÅmor-gyd sio geÅ-meowle
[æfter Bēowulfe] bunden-heorde
[song] sorg-cearig, sǣde geneahhe,
þæt hīo hyre [hearm-]dagas hearde on [dr]ēde,
wælfylla worn, [w]īgendes egesan,
hȳ[n]ðo ond hæftnȳd, hēof on rīce wealg.
--_Beit._ xii. 100.
Here geÅ-meowle = _old woman_ or _widow;_ bunden-heorde = _with bound
locks;_ hēof = _lamentation;_ cf. l. 3143. on rīce wealg is less preferable
than the MS. reading, heofon rēce swealg = _heaven swallowed the
smoke_.--H.-So. B. thinks Beowulf's widow (geÅmeowle) was probably Hygd;
cf. ll. 2370, 3017-3021.
l. 3162. H.-So. reads (with MS.) bronda be lÄfe, for betost, and omits
colon after bēcn. So B., _Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 224.
l. 3171. E. quotes Gibbon's accounts of the burial of Attila when the
"chosen squadrons of the Hun, wheeling round in measured evolutions,
chanted a funeral song to the memory of a hero."
ll. 3173-3174. B. proposes:
woldon gēn cwīðan [ond] kyning
wordgyd wrecan ond ymb wēl sprecan.
--_Beit._ xii. 112.
l. 3183. Z., K., Th. read manna for mannum.
l. 3184. "It is the English ideal of a hero as it was conceived by an
Englishman some twelve hundred years ago."--Br., p. 18.
NOTES TO THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURG.
The original MS. of this fragment has vanished, but a copy had been made
and printed by Hickes in his _Thesaurus Linguarum Septentrionalium_, i.
192. The original was written on a single sheet attached to a codex of
homilies in the Lambeth Library. Möller, _Alteng. Epos_, p. 65, places the
fragment in the Finn episode, between ll. 1146 and 1147. Bugge (_Beit._
xii. 20) makes it illustrate the conflict in which Hnæf fell, _i.e._ as
described in _BÄ“owulf_ as antecedent to the events there given. Heinzel
(_Anzeiger f. d. Altert._), however, calls attention to the fact that
Hengest in the fragment is called cyning, whereas in _BÄ“owulf_, l. 1086, he
is called þegn. See H.-So., p. 125.
"The _Fight at Finnsburg_ and the lays from which our _BÄ“owulf_ was
composed were, as it seems to me, sung among the English who dwelt in the
north of Denmark and the south of Sweden, and whose tribal name was the
Jutes or Goths."--Br., p. 101.
l. 1. R. supposes [hor]nas, and conjectures such an introductory
conversation as follows: "Is it dawning in the east, or is a fiery dragon
flying about, or are the turrets of some castle burning?" questions which
the king negatives in the same order. Then comes the positive declaration,
"rather they are warriors marching whose armor gleams in the moonlight."
--_Alt- und Angels. Lesebuch_, 1861. Heinzel and B. conjecture, [beorhtor
hor]nas byrnað nǣfre. So. G.--_Beit._ xii. 22; _Anzeiger f. d. Altert._ x.
229.
l. 5. B. conjectures fugelas to mean _arrows_, and supplies:
ac hēr forð berað [fyrdsearu rincas,
flacre flÄnbogan], fugelas singað.
He compares Saxo, p. 95, _cristatis galeis hastisque sonantibus instant_,
as explanatory of l. 6.--_Beit._ xii. 22. But see Brooke, _Early Eng.
Literature_, who supposes fugelas = _raven_ and _eagle_, while grǣg-hama is
= _wulf_ (the "grey-coated one"), the ordinary accompaniers of battle.
l. 11. hicgeað, etc.: cf. _Maldon_, l. 5; _Exod._ l. 218.
l. 15. Cf. B. (_Beit._ xii. 25), etc., and Saxo, p. 101, for l. 13.
ll. 18-21. H.-So. remarks: "If, according to Möller and Bugge, GÄrulf is
one of the attackers, one of Finn's men, this does not harmonize with his
character as GūðlÄf's son (l. 33), who (l. 16, and _BÄ“owulf_, l. 1149) is a
Dane, therefore one of Finn's antagonists." B. (_Beit._ xii. 25)
conjectures:
Ã¾Ä gyÌ„t Gūðdene GÄrulf styrode,
þæt hÄ“ swÄ frÄ“olÄ«c feorh forman sīðe
tŠþǣre healle durum hyrsta ne bǣre,
nÅ« hÄ«e nīða heard Änyman wolde;
in which Gūðdene is the same as Sigeferð, l. 24; hē (l. 22) refers to
GÄrulf; and hÄ«e (l. 21) to hyrsta.
l. 27. swæðer = _either_ (bad or good, life or death).--H.-So.
l. 29. cēlod: meaning doubtful; cf. _Maldon_, l. 283. G. renders "curved
board"; Sw. suggests "round"? "hollow"?
l. 30. B. suggests bÄr-helm, = _boar-helm._ Cf. Saxo, p. 96.--_Beit._ xii.
26.
l. 34. B. conjectures: (1) hwearf flacra hrǣw hræfen, wandrode; (2) hwearf
flacra hrÇ£w hræfen fram Åðrum = _flew from one corpse to another_.--_Beit._
xii. 27.
l. 43. B. supposes wund hæleð to be a Dane, folces hyrde to be Hnæf, in
opposition to Holtzmann (_Germania_, viii. 494), who supposes the wounded
man to be a Frisian, and folces hyrde to be their king, Finn.--_Beit._ xii.
28.
l. 45. B. adopts Th.'s reading heresceorp unhrÅr = _equipments
useless_.--_Beit._ xii. 28.
l. 47. "Though wounded, they had retained their strength and activity in
battle."--B., _Beit._ xii. 28.
GLOSSARY
A
ac, conj. denoting contrariety: hence 1) _but_ (like N.H.G. sondern), 109,
135, 339, etc.--2) _but_ (N.H.G. aber), _nevertheless_, 602, 697, etc.--3)
in direct questions: nonne, numquid, 1991.
ÄglÇ£ca, ÄhlÇ£ca, Ç£glÇ£ca, -cea, w. m. (cf. Goth, aglo, _trouble_, O.N. agi,
_terror_, + lÄc, _gift, sport: = misery, vexation, = bringer of trouble_;
hence): 1) _evil spirit, demon, a demon-like being_; of Grendel, 159, 433,
593, etc.; of the drake, 2535, 2906, etc.--2) _great hero, mighty warrior_;
of Sigemund, 894; of BÄ“owulf: gen. sg. ÄglÇ£can(?), 1513; of BÄ“owulf and the
drake: nom. pl. Ã¾Ä ÄglÇ£cean, 2593.
ÄglÇ£c-wÄ«f, st. n., _demon, devil, in the form of a woman_; of Grendel's
mother, 1260.
aldor. See ealdor.
al-wealda. See eal-w.
am-biht (from and-b., Goth, and-baht-s), st. m., _servant, man-servant_:
nom. sg. ombeht, of the coast-guard, 287; ombiht, of WulfgÄr, 336.
ambiht-þegn (from ambiht n. officium and þegn, which see), _servant,
man-servant_: dat. sg. ombiht-þegne, of Bēowulf's servant, 674.
an, prep, with the dat., _on, in, with respect to_, 678; _with, among, at,
upon_ (position after the governed word), 1936; with the acc., 1248.
Elsewhere on, which see.
ancor, st. m., _anchor_: dat. sg. ancre, 303, 1884.
ancor-bend, m. (?) f. (?), _anchor-cable_: dat. pl. oncer-bendum, 1919.
and, conj. (ond is usual form; for example, 601, 1149, 2041), and 33, 39,
40, etc. (See Appendix.)
anda, w. m., _excitement, vexation, horror_: dat. wrÄðum on andan, 709,
2315.
and-git, st. n., _insight, understanding_: nom. sg., 1060. See gitan.
and-hÄtor, st. m. n., _heat coming against one_: gen. sg. rēðes
and-hÄttres, 2524.
and-lang, -long, adj., _very long._ hence 1) _at whole length, raised up
high_: acc. andlongne eorl, 2696 (cf. Bugge upon this point, Zachers
Ztschr., 4, 217).--2) _continual, entire_; andlangne dæg, 2116, _the whole
day_; andlonge niht, 2939.
and-lēan, st. n., _reward, payment in full_: acc. sg., 1542, 2095 (hand-,
hond-lean, MS.).
and-risno, st. f. (see rīsan, surgere, decere), _that which is to be
observed, that which is proper, etiquette_: dat. pl. for andrysnum,
_according to etiquette_, 1797.
and-saca, w. m., _adversary_: godes andsaca (Grendel), 787, 1683.
and-slyht, st. m., _blow in return_: acc. sg., 2930, 2973 (MS. both times
hond-slyht).
and-swaru, st. f., _act of accosting_: 1) to persons coming up, _an
address_, 2861.--2) in reply to something said, _an answer_, 354, 1494,
1841.
and-weard, adj., _present, existing_: acc. sg. n. swīn ofer helme and-weard
(_the image of the boar, which stands on his helm_), 1288.
and-wlita, w. m., _countenance_: acc. sg. -an, 690.
an-sund, adj., _entirely unharmed_: nom. sg. m., 1001.
an-sȳn, f., _the state of being seen_: hence 1) _the exterior, the form_,
251: ansȳn ȳwde, _showed his form_, i.e. appeared, 2835.--2) _aspect,
appearance_, 929; on-sȳn, 2773.
an-walda, w. m., _He who rules over all, God_, 1273. See Note.
atelīc, adj., _terrible, dreadful_: atelīc egesa, 785.
atol, adj. (also eatol, 2075, etc.), _hostile, frightful, cruel_: of
Grendel, 159, 165, 593, 2075, etc.; of Grendel's mother's hands (dat. pl.
atolan), 1503; of the undulation of the waves, 849; of battle, 597,
2479.--cf. O.N. atall, fortis, strenuus.
attor, st. n., _poison_, here of the poison of the dragon's bite: nom.,
2716.
attor-sceaða, w. m., _poisonous enemy, of the poisonous dragon_: gen. sg.
-sceaðan, 2840.
Äwa, adv. (certainly not the dative, but a reduplicated form of Ä, which
see), _ever_: Äwa tÅ aldre, _fÅr ever and ever_, 956.
Ä€
Ä, adv. (Goth, áiv, acc. from aiv-s aevum), _ever, always_, 455, 882, 931,
1479: Ä syððan, _ever afterwards, ever, ever after_, 283, 2921.--_ever_,
780.--Comp. nÄ.
Äd st. m. _funeral pile_: acc. sg. Äd, 3139; dat. sg. Äde, 1111, 1115.
Äd-faru, st. f., _way to the funeral pile_, dat. sg. on Äd-fære, 3011.
Ädl, st. f. _sickness_, 1737, 1764, 1849.
Äð, st. m., _oath in general_, 2740; _oath of allegiance_, 472 (?); _oath
of reconciliation of two warring peoples_, 1098, 1108.
Äð-sweord, st. n., _the solemn taking of an oath, the swearing of an oath_:
nom. pl., 2065. See sweord.
Äðum-swerian, m. pl., _son-in-law and father-in-law_: dat. pl., 84.
Ägan, verb, pret. and pres., _to have, to possess_, w. acc.: III. prs. sg.
Äh, 1728; inf. Ägan, 1089; prt. Ähte, 487, 522, 533; with object, geweald,
to be supplied, 31. Form contracted with the negative: prs. sg. I. nÄh hwÄ
sweord wege (_I have no one to wield the sword_), 2253.
Ägen, adj., _own, peculiar_, 2677.
Ägend (prs. part. of Ägan), _possessor, owner, lord_: gen. sg. Ägendes, _of
God_, 3076.--Compounds: blÇ£d-, bold-, folc-, mægen-Ägend.
Ägend-frÄ“a, w. m., _owner, lord_: gen. sg. Ägend-frÄ“an, 1884.
Ähsian, ge-Ähsian, w. v.: 1) _to examine, to find out by inquiring_: pret.
part. ge-Ähsod, 433.--2) _to experience, to endure_: pret. Ähsode, 1207;
pl. Ähsodon, 423.
Äht, st. n. (contracted from Ä-wiht, which see), _something, anything_: Äht
cwices, 2315.
Än, num. The meaning of this word betrays its apparent demonstrative
character: 1) _this, that_, 2411, of the hall in the earth mentioned
before; similarly, 100 (of Grendel; already mentioned), cf. also 2775.--2)
_one_, a particular one among many, a single one, in numerical sense: ymb
Äne niht (_the next night_), 135; þurh Änes cræft, 700; þÄra Änum, 1038; Än
æfter Änum, _one for the other_ (Hrēðel for Herebeald), 2462: similarly, Än
æfter eallum, 2269; Änes hwæt, _some single thing, a part_, 3011; se Än
lÄ“oda duguðe, _the one of the heroes of the people_, 2238; Änes willan,
_for the sake of a single one_, 3078, etc.--Hence, again, 3) _alone,
distinguished_, 1459, 1886.--4) _a_, in the sense of an indefinite article:
Än ... fÄ“ond, 100; gen. sg. Änre bÄ“ne (or to No.2[?]), 428; Än ... draca,
2211--5) gen. pl. Änra, in connection with a pronoun, _single_; Änra
gehwylces, _every single one_, 733; Änra gehwylcum, 785. Similarly, the
dat. pl. in this sense: nemne fÄ“aum Änum, _except a few single ones_,
1082.--6) solus, _alone_: in the strong form, 1378, 2965; in the weak form,
145, 425, 431, 889, etc.; with the gen., Äna GÄ“ata duguðe, _alone of the
warriors of the GÄ“atas_, 2658.--7) solitarius, _alone, lonely_, see
Ç£n.--Comp. nÄn.
Än-feald, adj., _simple, plain, without reserve_: acc. sg. Änfealdne
geþÅht, _simple opinion_, 256.
Än-genga, -gengea, w. m., _he who goes alone_, of Grendel, 165, 449.
Än-haga, w. m., _he who stands alone_, solitarius, 2369.
Än-hyÌ„dig, adj. (like the O.N. ein-rÄd-r, _of one resolve_, i.e. of firm
resolve), _of one opinion_, i.e. firm, brave, decided, 2668.
Änga, adj. (only in the weak form), _single, only_: acc. sg. Ängan dÅhtor,
375, 2998; Ängan eaferan, 1548; dat. sg. Ängan brēðer, 1263.
Än-pæð, st. m., _lonely way, path_: acc. pl. Änpaðas, 1411.
Än-rÇ£d, adj. (cf. under Än-hyÌ„dig), _of firm resolution, resolved_, 1530,
1576.
Än-tÄ«d, st. f., _one time_, i.e. the same time, ymb Än-tÄ«d Åðres dÅgores,
_about the same time the second day_ (they sailed twenty-four hours),
219.--Än stands as in Än-mod, O.H.G. ein-muoti, _harmonious, of the same
disposition_.
Änunga, adv., _throughout, entirely, wholly_, 635.
Är, st. m., _ambassador, messenger_, 336, 2784.
Är, st. f., 1) _honor, dignity_: Ärum healdan, _to hold in honor_, 296;
similarly, 1100, 1183.--2) _favor, grace, support_: acc. sg. Äre, 1273,
2607; dat. sg. Äre, 2379; gen. pl. hwæt ... Ärna, 1188.--Comp. worold-Är;
also written ǣr.
Är-fæst, adj., _honorable, upright_, 1169; of Hunferð (with reference to
588). See fæst.
Ärian, w. v., (_to be gracious_), _to spare_: III. sg. prs. w. dat. nÇ£negum
Ärað; of Grendel, 599.
Är-stæf, st. m.,(elementum honoris), _grace, favor_: dat. pl. mid Ärstafum,
317.--_Help, support_: dat. pl. for Är-stafum, _to the assistance_, 382,
458. See stæf.
Äter-tÄ“ar, m., _poisonous drop_: dat. pl. Ä«ren Äter-tÄ“arum fÄh (steel which
is dipped in poison or in poisonous sap of plants), 1460.
Æ
æðele, adj., _noble_: nom. sg., of Bēowulf, 198, 1313; of Bēowulf's father,
263, where it can be understood as well in a moral as in a genealogical
sense; the latter prevails decidedly in the gen. sg. æðelan cynnes, 2235.
æðeling, st. m., _nobleman, man of noble descent_, especially the
appellation of a man of royal birth; so of the kings of the Danes, 3; of
Scyld, 33; of HrÅðgÄr, 130; of Sigemund, 889; of BÄ“owulf, 1226, 1245, 1597,
1816, 2189, 2343, 2375, 2425, 2716, 3136; perhaps also of Dæghrefn,
2507;--then, in a broader sense, also denoting other noble-born men:
Æschere, 1295; HrÅðgÄr's courtiers, 118, 983; HeremÅd's courtiers, 907;
Hengest's warriors, 1113; BÄ“owulf's retinue, 1805, 1921, 3172; noble-born
in general, 2889. --Comp. sib-æðeling.
æðelu, st. n., only in the pl., _noble descent, nobility_, in the sense of
noble lineage: acc. pl. æðelu, 392; dat. pl. cyning æðelum gÅd, _the king,
of noble birth_, 1871; æðelum dīore, _worthy on account of noble lineage_,
1950; æðelum (hǣleþum, MS.), 332.--Comp. fæder-æðelu.
æfnan, w. v. w. acc., _to perform, to carry out, to accomplish_: inf.
ellen-weorc æfnan, _to do a heroic deed_, 1465; pret. unriht æfnde,
_perpetrated wrong_, 1255.
ge-æfnan, 1) _to carry out, to do, to accomplish_: pret. pl. þæt geæfndon
swÄ, _so carried that out_, 538; pret. part. Äð wæs geæfned, _the oath was
sworn_, 1108.--2) _get ready, prepare_: pret. part. geæfned, 3107. See
efnan.
æfter (comparative of af, Ags. of, which see; hence it expresses the idea
of _forth, away, from, back_), a) adv., _thereupon, afterwards_, 12, 341,
1390, 2155.--ic him æfter sceal, _I shall go after them_, 2817; in word
æfter cwæð, 315, the sense seems to be, _spoke back, having turned_; b)
prep. w. dat., 1) (temporal) _after_, 119, 128, 187, 825, 1939, etc.; æfter
beorne, _after the_ (death of) _the hero_, 2261, so 2262; æfter
mÄððum-welan, _after_ (obtaining) _the treasure_, 2751.--2) (causal) as
proceeding from something, denoting result and purpose, hence, _in
consequence of, conformably to_: æfter rihte, _in accordance with right_,
1050, 2111; æfter faroðe, _with the current_, 580; so 1321, 1721, 1944,
2180, etc., æfter heaðo-swÄte, _in consequence of the blood of battle_,
1607; æfter wælnīðe, _in consequence of mortal enmity_, 85; _in accordance
with, on account of, after, about_: æfter æðelum (hǣleþum, MS.)frægn,
_asked about the descent_, 332; ne frīn þū æfter sǣlum, _ask not after my
welfare_, 1323; æfter sincgyfan grēoteð, _weeps for the giver of treasure_,
1343; him æfter dēorum men dyrne langað, _longs in secret for the dear
man_, 1880; Än æfter Änum, _one for the other_, 2462, etc.--3) (local),
_along_: æfter gumcynnum, _throughout the races of men, among men_, 945;
sÅhte bed æfter bÅ«rum, _sought a bed among the rooms of the castle_ (the
castle was fortified, the hall was not), 140; æfter recede wlÄt, _looked
along the hall_, 1573; stone æfter stÄne, _smelt along the rocks_, 2289;
æfter lyfte, _along the air through the air_, 2833; similarly, 996, 1068,
1317, etc.
æf-þunca, w. m., _anger, chagrin, vexatious affair_: nom., 502.
ge-æhtan, w. v., _to prize, to speak in praise of_: pret. part. geæhted,
1866.
ge-æhtla, w. m., or ge-æhtle, w. f., _a speaking of with praise, high
esteem_: gen. sg. hȳ ... wyrðe þinceað eorla geæhtlan, _seem worthy of the
high esteem of the noble-born_, 369.
æglÇ£cea. See ÄglÇ£cea.
æl-fylce (from æl-, Goth. ali-s, ἄλλος, and fylce, O.N. fylki, collective
form from folc), st. n., _other folk, hostile army_: dat. pl. wið ælfylcum,
2372.
æl-mihtig (for eal-m.), adj., _almighty_: nom. sg. m., of the weak form, se
æl-mihtiga, 92.
æl-wiht, st. m., _being of another species, monster_: gen. pl. æl-wihta
eard, of the dwelling-place of Grendel's kindred, 1501.
æppel-fealu, adj., _dappled sorrel_, or _apple-yellow_: nom. pl.
æppel-fealuwe mēaras, _apple-yellow steeds_, 2166.
ærn, st. n., _house_, in the compounds heal-, hord-, medo-, þrȳð-,
win-ærn.
æsc, st. m., _ash_ (does not occur in Bēowulf in this sense), _lance,
spear_, because the shaft consists of ash wood: dat. pl. (quÄ instr.) æscum
and ecgum, _with spears and swords_, 1773.
æsc-holt, st. n., _ash wood, ashen shaft_: nom. pl. æsc-holt ufan grǣg,
_the ashen shafts gray above_ (spears with iron points), 330.
æsc-wiga, w. m., _spear-fighter, warrior armed with the spear_: nom. sg.,
2043.
æt, prep. w. dat., with the fundamental meaning of nearness to something,
hence 1) local, a) _with, near, at, on, in_ (rest): æt hȳðe, in _harbor_,
32; æt symle, _at the meal_, 81, æt Äde, _on the funeral-pile_, 1111, 1115;
æt þē Änum, _with thee alone_, 1378; æt wÄ«ge, _in the fight_, 1338; æt
hilde, 1660, 2682; æt ǣte, _in eating_, 3027, etc. b) _to, towards, at, on_
(motion to): dÄ“aðes wylm hrÄn æt heortan, _seized upon the heart_, 2271;
gehēton æt hærgtrafum, _vowed at_ (or _to_) _the temples of the gods_, 175.
c) with verbs of taking away, _away from_ (as starting from near an
object): geþeah þæt ful æt Wealhþēon, _took the cup from W_., 630; fela ic
gebÄd grynna æt Grendle, _from Grendel_, 931; æt mÄ«num fæder genam, _took
me from my father to himself_, 2430.--2) temporal, _at, in, at the time
of_: æt frumsceafte, _in the beginning_, 45; æt ende, _at an end_, 224;
fand sīnne dryhten ealdres æt ende, _at the end of life, dying_, 2791;
similarly, 2823; æt feohgyftum, _in giving gifts_, 1090; æt sīðestan,
_finally_, 3014.
æt-grǣpe, adj., _laying hold of_, prehendens, 1270.
æt-rihte, adv., _almost_, 1658.
Ç¢
Ç£dre, Ä“dre, st. f., _aqueduct, canal_ (not in BÄ“ow.), _vein_ (not in
BÄ“ow.), _stream, violent pouring forth_: dat. pl. swÄt Ç£drum sprong, _the
blood sprang in streams_, 2967; blÅd Ä“drum dranc, _drank the blood in
streams_(?), 743.
Ç£dre, adv., _hastily, directly, immediately_, 77, 354, 3107.
ǣðm, st. m., _breath, gasp, snort_: instr. sg. hreðer ǣðme wēoll, _the
breast_ (of the drake) _heaved with snorting_, 2594.
Ç£fen, st. m., _evening_, 1236.
ǣfen-gram, adj., _hostile at evening, night-enemy_: nom. sg. m. ǣfen-grom,
of Grendel, 2075.
ǣfen-lēoht, st. n., _evening-light_: nom. sg., 413.
ǣfen-ræst, st. f., _evening-rest_: acc. sg. -ræste, 647, 1253.
ǣfen-sprǣc, st. f., _evening-talk_: acc. sg. gemunde ...ǣfen-sprǣce,
_thought about what he had spoken in the evening_, 760.
Ç£fre, adv., _ever, at any time_, 70, 280, 504, 693, etc.: in negative
sentences, ǣfre ne, _never_, 2601.--Comp. nǣfre.
Ç£g-hwÄ (O.H.G. Ä“o-ga-hwër), pron., _every, each_: dat. sg. Ç£ghwÇ£m, 1385.
The gen. sg. in adverbial sense, _in all, throughout, thoroughly_: ǣghwæs
untǣle, _thoroughly blameless_, 1866; ǣghwæs unrīm, _entirely innumerable
quantity_, i.e. an enormous multitude, 2625, 3136.
ǣg-hwæðer (O.H.G. ēo-ga-hwëdar): 1) _each_ (of two): nom. sg. hæfde
ǣghwæðer ende gefēred, _each of the two_ (Bēowulf and the drake) _had
reached the end_, 2845; dat. sg. Ç£ghwæðrum wæs brÅga fram Åðrum, _to each
of the two_ (BÄ“owulf and the drake) _was fear of the other_, 2565; gen. sg.
ǣghwæðres ... worda and worca, 287.--2) _each_ (of several): dat. sg. heora
ǣghwæðrum, 1637.
ǣg-hwǣr, adv., _everywhere_, 1060.
ǣg-hwilc (O.H.G. ēo-gi-hwëlih), pron., unusquisque, _every_ (one): 1) used
as an adj.: acc. sg. m. dǣl ǣghwylcne, 622.--2) as substantive, a) with the
partitive genitive: nom. sg. ǣg-hwylc, 9, 2888; dat. sg. ǣghwylcum, 1051.
b) without gen.: nom. sg. Ç£ghwylc, 985, 988; (wæs) Ç£ghwylc Åðrum tryÌ„we,
_each one_ (of two) _true to the other_, 1166.
ǣg-weard, st. f., _watch on the sea shore_: acc. sg. ǣg-wearde, 241.
Ç£ht (abstract form from Ägan, denoting the state of possessing), st. f.: 1)
_possession, power_: acc. sg. on flÅdes Ç£ht, 42; on wæteres Ç£ht, _into the
power of the water_, 516; on ǣht gehwearf Denigea frēan, _passed over into
the possession of a Danish master_, 1680.--2) _property, possessions,
goods_: acc. pl. Ç£hte, 2249.--Comp. mÄðm-, gold-Ç£ht.
Ç£ht (O.H.G. Ähta), st. f., _pursuit_: nom. Ã¾Ä wæs Ç£ht boden SwÄ“ona lÄ“odum,
segn HigelÄce, _then was pursuit offered to the people of the SwÄ“onas,
(their) banner to HygelÄc_ (i.e. the banner of the Swedes, taken during
their flight, fell into the hands of HygelÄc), 2958.
Ç£led (Old Sax. eld, O.N. edl-r), st. m., _fire_, 3016.
ǣled-lēoma, w. m., _(fire-light), torch_: acc. sg. lēoman, 3126. See lēoma.
Ç£n (oblique form of Än), num., _one_: acc. sg. m. þone Ç£nne þone..., _the
one whom_..., 1054; oftor micle þonne on ǣnne sīð, _much oftener than one
time_, 1580; forð onsendon ǣnne, _sent him forth alone_, 46.
ǣne, adv., _once_: oft nalles ǣne, 3020.
Ç£nig, pron., _one, any one_, 474, 503, 510, 534, etc.: instr. sg. nolde ...
0nige þinga, _would in no way, not at all_, 792; lȳt ǣnig mearn, _little
did any one sorrow_ (i.e. no one), 3130.--With the article: næs se
folccyning ... ǣnig, _no people's king_, 2735.--Comp. nǣnig.
ǣn-līc, adj., _alone, excellent, distinguished_: ǣnlīc ansȳn,
_distinguished appearance_, 251; þēah þe hīo ǣnlīcu sȳ, _though she be
beautiful_, 1942.
Ç£r (comparative form, from Ä): 1) adv., _sooner, before, beforehand_, 15,
656, 695, 758, etc., _for a long time_, 2596; eft swÄ Ç£r, _again as
formerly_, 643; ǣr nē siððan, _neither sooner nor later_, 719; ǣr and sīð,
_sooner and later_ (all times), 2501; nŠþȳ ǣr (_not so much the sooner_),
_yet not_, 755, 1503, 2082, 2161, 2467.--2) conjunct., _before, ere_: a)
with the ind.: ǣr hīo tŠsetle gēong, 2020. b) w. subjunc.: ǣr gē fyr
fēran, _before you travel farther_, 252; ǣr hē on hwurfe 164, so 677, 2819;
Ç£r þon dæg cwÅme, _ere the day break_, 732; Ç£r correlative to Ç£r adv.: Ç£r
hÄ“ feorh seleð, aldor an Åfre, Ç£r hÄ“ wille ..., _he will sooner_ (rather)
_leave his life upon the shore, before_ (than) _he will_ ..., 1372.--3)
prepos. with dat., _before_ ǣr dēaðe, _before death_, 1389; ǣr dæges hwīle,
_before daybreak_, 2321; ǣr swylt-dæge, _before the day of death_, 2799.
Ç£ror, comp. adv., _sooner, before-hand_, 810; _formerly_, 2655.
ǣrra, comp. adj., _earlier_; instr. pl., ǣrran mǣlum, _in former times_,
908, 2238, 3036.
Ç£rest, superl.: 1) adv., _first of all, foremost_, 6, 617, 1698, etc.--2)
as subst. n., _relation to, the beginning_: acc. þæt ic his ǣrest þē eft
gesægde (_to tell thee in what relation it stood at first to the coat of
mail that has been presented_), 2158. See Note.
ǣr-dæg, st. m. (_before-day_), _morning-twilight, gray of morning_: dat.
sg. mid ǣrdæge, 126; samod ǣrdæge, 1312, 2943.
Ç£rende, st. n., _errand, trust_: acc. sg., 270, 345.
Ç£r-fæder, st. m., _late father, deceased father_: nom sg. swÄ his Ç£rfæder,
2623.
ǣr-gestrēon, st. n., _old treasure, possessions dating from old times_: acc
sg., 1758; gen. sg. swylcra fela ǣrgestrēona, _much of such old treasure_,
2233. See gestrēon.
ǣr-geweorc, st. n., _work dating from old times_: nom. sg. enta ǣr-geweorc,
_the old work of the giants_ (of the golden sword-hilt from Grendel's
water-hall), 1680. See geweorc.
Ç£r-gÅd, adj., _good since old times, long invested with dignity_ or
_advantages_: æðeling Ç£rgÅd, 130; (eorl) Ç£rgÅd, 1330; Ä«ren Ç£rgÅd
(_excellent sword_), 990, 2587.
Ç£r-wela, w. m., _old possessions, riches dating from old times_: acc. sg.
Ç£rwelan, 2748. See wela.
ǣs, st. n., _carcass, carrion_: dat. (instr.) sg. ǣse, of Æschere's corpse,
1333.
ǣt, st. m., _food, meat_: dat, sg., hū him æt ǣte spēow, _how he fared well
at meat_, 3027.
Ç£ttren (see attor), adj., _poisonous_: wæs þæt blÅd tŠþæs hÄt, Ç£ttren
ellorgÄst, se Ç£r inne swealt, _so hot was the blood, (and) poisonous the
demon_ (Grendel's mother) _who died therein_, 1618
B
bana, bona, w. m., _murderer_, 158, 588, 1103, etc.: acc. sg. bonan
Ongenþēowes, of HygelÄc, although in reality his men slew Ongenþēow (2965
ff.), 1969. Figuratively of inanimate objects: ne wæs ecg bona, 2507; wearð
wracu WÄ“ohstÄnes bana, 2614.--Comp.: ecg-, feorh-, gÄst-, hand-, mūð-bana.
bon-gÄr, st. m. _murdering spear_, 2032.
ge-bannan, st. v. w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the person, _to command,
to bid_: inf., 74.
bÄd, st. f., _pledge_, only in comp.: nyÌ„d-bÄd.
bÄn, st. n., _bone_: dat. sg. on bÄne (on the bony skin of the drake),
2579; dat. pl. heals ealne ymbefÄ“ng biteran bÄnum (here of the teeth of the
drake), 2693.
bÄn-cofa, w. m., "cubile ossium" (Grimm) of the body: dat. sg. -cofan,
1446.
bÄn-fÄg, adj., _variegated with bones_, either with ornaments made of
bone-work, or adorned with bone, perhaps deer-antlers; of HrÅðgÄr's hall,
781. The last meaning seems the more probable.
bÄn-fæt, st. n., _bone-vessel_, i.e. the body: acc. pl. bÄn-fatu, 1117.
bÄn-hring, st. m., _the bone-structure, joint, bone-joint_: acc. pl. hire
wið halse ... bÄnhringas bræc (_broke her neck-joint_), 1568.
bÄn-hÅ«s, st. n., _bone-house_, i.e. the body: acc. sg. bÄnhÅ«s gebræc, 2509;
similarly, 3148.
bÄn-loca, w. m., _the enclosure of the bones_, i.e. the body: acc. sg. bÄt
bÄnlocan, _bit the body_, 743; nom. pl. burston bÄnlocan, _the body burst_
(of Grendel, because his arm was torn out), 819.
bÄt, st. m., _boat, craft, ship_, 211.--Comp. sÇ£-bÄt.
bÄt-weard, st. m., _boat-watcher, he who keeps watch over the craft._ dat.
sg. -wearde, 1901.
bæð, st. n., _bath_: acc. sg. ofer ganotes bæð, _over the diver's bath_
(i.e. the sea), 1862.
bærnan, w. v., _to cause to burn, to burn_: inf. hÄ“t ... bÄnfatu bærnan,
_bade that the bodies be burned_, 1117; ongan ... beorht hofu bærnan,
_began to consume the splendid country-seats_ (the dragon), 2314.
for-bærnan, w. v., _consume with fire_: inf. hyÌ„ hine ne mÅston ...
brondefor-bærnan, _they_ (the Danes) _could not burn him_ (the dead
Æschere) _upon the funeral-pile_, 2127.
bǣdan (Goth, baidjan, O.N. beðia), _to incite, to encourage_: pret. bǣdde
byre geonge, _encouraged the youths_ (at the banquet), 2019.
ge-bǣdan, w. v., _to press hard_: pret. part. bysigum gebǣded, _distressed
by trouble, difficulty, danger_ (of battle), 2581; _to drive, to send
forth_: strǣla storm strengum gebǣded, _the storm of arrows sent with
strength_, 3118; _overcome_: draca ... bealwe gebǣded, _the dragon ...
overcome by the ills of battle_, 2827.
bÇ£l (O.N. bÄl), st. n., _fire, flames_: (wyrm) mid bÇ£le fÅr, _passed
(through the air) with fire_, 2309; hæfde landwara līge befangan, bǣle and
bronde, _with fire and burning_, 2323.--Especially, _the fire of the
funeral-pile, the funeral-pile_, 1110, 1117, 2127; ǣr hē bǣl cure, _ere he
sought the burning_ (i.e. died), 2819; hÄtað ... hlÇ£w gewyrcean ... æfter
bǣle, _after I am burned, let a burial mound be thrown up_ (Bēowulf's
words), 2804.
bǣl-fȳr, st. n., _bale-fire, fire of the funeral-pile_: gen. pl. bǣlfȳra
mǣst, 3144.
bǣl-stede, st. m., _place for the funeral-pile_: dat. sg. in bǣl=stede,
3098.
bǣl-wudu, st. m., _wood for the funeral-pile_, 3113.
bǣr, st. f., _bier_, 3106.
ge-bǣran, w. v., _to conduct one's self, behave_: inf. w. adv., ne gefrægen
ic Ã¾Ä mÇ£gðe ... sÄ“l gebÇ£ran, _I did not hear that a troop bore itself
better, maintained a nobler deportment_, 1013; hē on eorðan geseah þone
lēofestan līfes æt ende blēate gebǣran, _saw the best-beloved upon the
earth, at the end of his life, struggling miserably_ (i.e. in a helpless
situation), 2825.
ge-bǣtan (denominative from bǣte, _the bit_), w. v., _to place the bit in
the mouth of an animal, to bridle_: pret. part. Ã¾Ä wæs HrÅðgÄre hors
gebǣted, 1400.
be, prep. w. dat. (with the fundamental meaning _near_, "but not of one
direction, as æt, but more general"): 1) local, _near by, near, at, on_
(rest): be yÌ„dlÄfe uppe lÇ£gon, _lay above, upon the deposit of the waves_
(upon the strand, of the slain nixies), 566; hæfde be honda, _held by the
hand_ (Bēowulf held Grendel), 815; be sǣm tweonum, _in the circuit of both
the seas_, 859, 1686; be mæste, _on the mast_, 1906; by fȳre, _by the
fire_, 2220; be næsse, _at the promontory_, 2244; sæt be þǣm gebrÅðrum
twÇ£m, _sat by the two brothers_, 1192; wæs se gryre lÇ£ssa efne swÄ micle
swÄ bið mægða cræft be wÇ£pnedmen, _the terror was just so much less, as is
the strength of woman to the warrior_ (i.e. is valued by), 1285, etc.--2)
also local, but of motion from the subject in the direction of the object,
_on, upon, by_: gefÄ“ng be eaxle, _seized by the shoulder_, 1538; ÄlÄ“don
lēofne þēoden be mæste, _laid the dear lord near the mast_, 36; be healse
genam, _took him by the neck, fell upon his neck_, 1873; wǣpen hafenade be
hiltum, _grasped the weapon by the hilt_, 1757, etc.--3) with this is
connected the causal force, _on account of, for, according to_: ic þis gid
be þē Äwræc, _I spake this solemn speech for thee, for thy sake_, 1724; þū
þē lÇ£r be þon, _learn according to this, from this_, 1723; be fæder lÄre,
_according to her father's direction_, 1951.--4) temporal, _while, during_:
be þē lifigendum, _while thou livest, during thy life_, 2666. See bī.
bed, st. n., _bed, couch_: acc. sg. bed, 140, 677; gen. sg. beddes, 1792;
dat. pl. beddum, 1241.--Comp: deað-, hlin-, læger-, morðor-, wæl-bed.
ge-bedde, w. f., _bed-fellow_: dat. sg. wolde sēcan ewēn tŠgebeddan,
_wished to seek the queen as bed-fellow, to go to bed with her_,
666.--Comp. heals-gebedde.
bÄ“gen, fem. bÄ, _both_: nom. m., 536, 770, 2708; acc. fem. on bÄ healfa,
_on two sides_ (i.e. Grendel and his mother), 1306; dat. m. bÄm, 2197; and
in connection with the possessive instead of the personal pronoun, Å«rum
bÄm, 2661; gen. n. bÄ“ga, 1874, 2896; bÄ“ga gehwæðres, _each one of the two_,
1044; bēga folces, of _both peoples_, 1125.
ge-belgan, st. v. (properly, _to cause to swell, to swell_), _to irritate_:
w. dat. (pret. subj.) þæt hē ēcean dryhtne bitre gebulge, _that he had
bitterly angered the eternal Lord_, 2332; pret. part. gebolgen, 1540;
(gebolge, MS.), 2222; pl. gebolgne, 1432; more according to the original
meaning in torne gebolgen, 2402.
Ä-belgan, _to anger_: pret. sg. w. acc. oð þæt hyne Än Äbealh mon on mÅde,
_till a man angered him in his heart_, 2281; pret. part. Äbolgen, 724.
ben, st. f., _wound_: acc. sg. benne, 2725.--Comp.: feorh-, seax-ben.
benc, st. f., _bench_: nom. sg. benc, 492; dat. sg. bence, 327, 1014, 1189,
1244.--Comp.: ealu-, medu-benc.
benc-swēg, st. m., (_bench-rejoicing_), _rejoicing which resounds from the
benches_, 1162.
benc-þel, st. n., _bench-board, the wainscotted space where the benches
stand_: nom. pl. benc-þelu, 486; acc. pl. bencþelu beredon, _cleared the
bench-boards_ (i.e. by taking away the benches, so as to prepare couches),
1240.
bend, st. m. f., _bond, fetter_: acc. sg. forstes bend, _frost's bond_,
1610; dat. pl. bendum, 978.--Comp.: fȳr-, hell-, hyge-, īren-, oncer-,
searo-, wæl-bend.
ben-geat, st. n., (_wound-gate_), _wound-opening_: nom. pl. ben-geato,
1122.
bera (O.N. beri), w. m., _bearer_: in comp. hleor-bera.
beran, st. v. w. acc., _to carry_; III. sg. pres. byreð, 296, 448; þone
mÄððum byreð, _carries the treasure_ (upon his person), 2056; pres. subj.
bere, 437; pl. beren, 2654; inf. beran, 48, 231, 291, etc.; heht Ã¾Ä se
hearda Hrunting beran, _to bring Hrunting_, 1808; up beran, 1921; in beran,
2153; pret. bær, 495, 712, 847, etc.; mandryhtne bær fǣted wǣge, _brought
the lord the costly vessel_, 2282; pl. bǣron, 213, 1636, etc.; bǣran, 2851;
pret. part. boren, 1193, 1648, 3136.--The following expressions are poetic
paraphrases of the forms _go, come_: þæt wē rondas beren eft tŠearde,
2654; gewÄ«tað forð beran wÇ£pen and gewÇ£du, 291; ic gefrægn sunu WÄ«hstÄnes
hringnet beran, 2755; wīgheafolan bær, 2662; helmas bǣron, 240
(conjecture); scyldas bǣran, 2851: they lay stress upon the connection of
the man with his weapons.
æt-beran, _to carry to_: inf. tÅ beadulÄce (_battle_) ætberan, 1562; pret.
Ã¾Ä hine on morgentÄ«d on HeaðorÇ£mas holm up ætbær, _the sea bore him up to
the Heaðorǣmas_, 519; hīo Bēowulfe medoful ætbær _brought Bēowulf the
mead-cup_, 625; mægenbyrðenne ... hider ūt ætbær cyninge mīnum, _bore the
great burden hither to my king_, 3093; pl. hī hyne ætbǣron tŠbrimes
faroðe, 28.--2) _bear away_: æt līc ætbær, 2128.
for-beran, _to hold, to suppress_: inf. þæt hē þone brēostwylm forberan ne
mehte, _that he could not suppress the emotions of his breast_, 1878.
ge-beran, _to bring forth, to bear_: pret. part. þæt lÄ mæg secgan sÄ“ þe
sÅð and riht fremeð on folce ... þæt þes eorl wÇ£re geboren betera (_that
may every just man of the people say, that this nobleman is better born_),
1704.
oð-beran, _to bring hither_: pret. Ã¾Ä mec sÇ£ oðbær on Finna land, 579.
on-beran (O.H.G. in bëran, intpëran, but in the sense of carere), auferre,
_to carry off, to take away_: inf. Ä«ren Ç£rgÅd þæt þæs ÄhlÇ£can blÅdge
beadufolme onberan wolde, _excellent sword which would sweep off the bloody
hand of the demon_, 991; pret. part. (wæs) onboren bēaga hord, _the
treasure of the rings had been carried off_, 2285.--Compounds with the
pres. part.: helm-, sÄwl-berend.
berian (denominative from bær, _naked_), w. v., _to make bare, to clear_:
pret. pl. bencþelu beredon, _cleared the bench-place_ (by removing the
benches), 1240.
berstan, st. v., _to break, to burst_: pret. pl. burston bÄnlocan, 819;
bengeato burston, 1122.--_to crack, to make the noise of breaking_: fingras
burston, _the fingers cracked_ (from BÄ“owulf's gripe), 761.
for-berstan, _break, to fly asunder_: pret. Nægling forbærst, _Nægling_
(BÄ“owulf's sword) _broke in two_, 2681.
betera, adj. (comp.), _better_: nom. sg. m. betera, 469, 1704.
bet-lÄ«c, adj., _excellent, splendid_: nom. sg. n., of HrÅðgÄr's hall, 781;
of HygelÄc's residence, 1926.
betst, betost (superl.), _best, the best_: nom. sg. m. betst beadurinca,
1110; neut. nū is ofost betost, þæt wē ..., _now is haste the best, that
we..._, 3008; voc. m. secg betsta, 948; neut. acc. beaduscrūda betst, 453;
acc. sg. m. þegn betstan, 1872.
bēcn, st. n., _(beacon), token, mark, sign_: acc. sg. betimbredon
beadu-rÅfes bÄ“cn (of BÄ“owulf's grave-mound), 3162. See beacen.
bēg. See bēag.
bēn, st. f., _entreaty_: gen. sg. bēne, 428, 2285.
bÄ“na, w. m., _suppliant_, supplex: nom. sg. swÄ Ã¾Å« bÄ“na eart (_as thou
entreatest_), 352; swÄ hÄ“ bÄ“na wæs (_as he had asked_), 3141; nom. pl. hyÌ„
bēnan synt, 364.
ge-betan: 1) _to make good, to remove_: pret. ac þū HrÅðgÄre wÄ«dcūðne wÄ“an
wihte gebÄ“ttest, _hast thou in any way relieved HrÅðgÄr of the evil known
afar_, 1992; pret. part. acc. sg. swylce oncȳððe ealle gebētte, _removed
all trouble_, 831. --2) _to avenge_: inf. wihte ne meahte on þÄm feorhbonan
fǣhðe gebētan, _could in no way avenge the death upon the slayer_, 2466.
beadu, st. f., _battle, strife, combat_: dat. sg. (as instr.) beadwe, _in
combat_, 1540; gen. pl. bÄd beadwa ge-þinges, _waited for the combats_
(with Grendel) _that were in store for him_, 710.
beadu-folm, st. f., _battle-hand_: acc. sg. -folme, of Grendel's hand, 991.
beado-grīma, w. m., _(battle-mask), helmet_: acc. pl. -grīman, 2258.
beado-hrægl, st. n., _(battle-garment), corselet, shirt of mail_, 552.
beadu-lÄc, st. n., (_exercise in arms, tilting_), _combat, battle_: dat.
sg. tÅ beadu-lÄce, 1562.
beado-lēoma, w. m., (_battle-light_), _sword_: nom. sg., 1524.
beado-mēce, st. m., _battle-sword_: nom. pl. beado-mēcas, 1455.
beado-rinc, st. m., _battle-hero, warrior_: gen. pl. betst beadorinca,
1110.
beadu-rÅf, adj., _strong in battle_: gen. sg. -rÅfes, of BÄ“owulf, 3162.
beadu-rūn, st. f., _mystery of battle_: acc. sg. onband beadu-rūne, _solved
the mystery of the combat_, i.e. gave battle, commenced the fight, 501.
beadu-scearp, adj., _battle-sharp, sharp for the battle_, 2705.
beadu-scrūd, st. n., (_battle-dress_), _corselet, shirt of mail_: gen. pl.
beaduscrūda betst, 453.
beadu-serce, w. f., (_battle-garment_), _corselet, shirt of mail_: acc. sg.
brogdne beadu-sercean (because it consists of interlaced metal rings),
2756.
beado-weorc, st. n., (_battle-work_), _battle_: gen. sg. gefeh
beado-weorces, _rejoiced at the battle_, 2300.
beald, adj., _bold, brave_: in comp. cyning-beald.
bealdian, w. v., _to show one's self brave_: pret. bealdode gÅdum dÇ£dum
(_through brave deeds_), 2178.
bealdor, st. m., _lord, prince_: nom. sg. sinca baldor, 2429; winia
bealdor, 2568.
bealu, st. n., _evil, ruin, destruction_: instr. sg. bealwe, 2827; gen. pl.
bealuwa, 281; bealewa, 2083; bealwa, 910.--Comp.: cwealm-, ealdor-,
hreðer-, lēod-, morðor-, niht-, sweord-, wīg-bealu.
bealu, adj., _deadly, dangerous, bad_: instr. sg. hyne sÄr hafað befongen
balwon bendum, _pain has entwined him in deadly bands_, 978.
bealo-cwealm, st. m., _violent death, death by the sword_(?), 2266.
bealo-hycgende, pres. part., _thinking of death, meditating destruction_:
gen. pl. ǣghwæðrum bealo-hycgendra, 2566.
bealo-hȳdig, adj., _thinking of death, meditating destruction_: of
Grendel, 724.
bealo-nīð, st. m., (_zeal for destruction_), _deadly enmity_: nom. sg.,
2405; _destructive struggle_: acc. sg. bebeorh þē þone bealonīð, _beware of
destructive striving_, 1759; _death-bringing rage_: nom. sg. him on
brēostum bealo-nīð wēoll, _in his breast raged deadly fury_ (of the
dragon's poison), 2715.
bearhtm (see beorht): 1) st. m., _splendor, brightness, clearness_: nom.
sg. Ä“agena bearhtm, 1767.--2) _sound, tone_: acc. sg. bearhtm ongeÄton,
gūðhorn galan, _they heard the sound, (heard) the battle-horn sound_, 1432.
bearm, m., gremium, sinus, _lap, bosom_: nom. sg. foldan bearm, 1138; acc.
sg. on bearm scipes, 35, 897; on bearm nacan, 214; him on bearm hladan
bunan and discas, 2776.--2) figuratively, _possession, property_, because
things bestowed were placed in the lap of the receiver (1145 and 2195, on
bearm licgan, Älecgan); dat. sg. him tÅ bearme cwÅm mÄððumfæt mÇ£re, _came
into his possession_, 2405.
bearn, st. n., 1) _child, son_: nom. sg. bearn Healfdenes, 469, etc.;
EcglÄfes bearn, 499, etc.; dat. sg. bearne, 2371; nom. pl. bearn, 59; dat.
pl. bearnum, 1075.--2) in a broader sense, _scion, offspring, descendant_:
nom. sg. Ongenþēow's bearn, of his grandson, 2388; nom. pl. yldo. bearn,
70; gumena bearn, _children of men_, 879; hæleða bearn, 1190; æðelinga
bearn, 3172; acc. pl. ofer ylda bearn, 606; dat. pl. ylda bearnum, 150;
gen. pl. niðða bearna, 1006.--Comp.: brÅðor-, dryht-bearn.
bearn-gebyrdu, f., _birth, birth of a son_: gen. sg. þæt hyre ealdmetod
ēste wǣre bearn-gebyrdo, _has been gracious through the birth of such a
son_ (i.e. as BÄ“owulf), 947.
bearu, st. m., (_the bearer_, hence properly only the fruit-tree,
especially the oak and the beech), _tree_, collectively _forest_: nom. pl.
hrīmge bearwas, _rime-covered_ or _ice-clad_, 1364.
bēacen, st. n., _sign, banner_, vexillum: nom. sg. beorht bēacen godes, _of
the sun_, 570; gen. pl. bēacna beorhtost, 2778. See bēcn.
ge-bēacnian, w. v., _to mark, to indicate_: pret. part. ge-bēacnod, 140.
bēag, st. m., _ring, ornament_: nom. sg. bēah (_neck-ring_), 1212; acc. sg.
bēah (the collar of the murdered king of the Heaðobeardnas), 2042; bēg
(collective for the acc. pl.), 3165; dat. sg. cwÅm Wealhþēo forð gÄn under
gyldnum bēage, _she walked along under a golden head-ring, wore a golden
diadem_, 1164; gen. sg. bēages (of a collar), 1217; acc. pl. bēagas (rings
in general), 80, 523, etc.; gen. pl. bēaga, 35, 352, 1488, 2285, etc.--
Comp.: earm-, heals-bēag.
bēag-gyfa, w. m., _ring-giver_, designation of the prince: gen. sg. -gyfan,
1103.
bēag-hroden, adj., _adorned with rings, ornamented with clasps_: nom. sg.
bÄ“aghroden, cwÄ“n, of HrÅðgÄr's consort, perhaps with reference to her
diadem (cf. 1164, 624.
bēah-hord, st. m. n., _ring-hoard, treasure consisting of rings_: gen. sg.
bēah-hordes, 895; dat. pl. bēah-hordum, 2827; gen. pl. bēah-horda weard, of
King HrÅðgÄr, 922.
bēah-sele, st. m., _ring-hall, hall in which the rings were distributed_:
nom. sg., of Heorot, 1178.
bēah-þegu, st. f., _the receiving of the ring_: dat. sg. æfter bēah-þege,
2177.
bēah-wriða, w. m. _ring-band_, ring with prominence given to its having the
form of a band: acc. sg. bēah-wriðan, 2019.
bēam, st. m., _tree_, only in the compounds fyrgen-, glēo-bēam.
bēatan, st. v., _thrust, strike_: pres. sg. mearh burhstede bēateð, _the
steed beats the castle-ground_ (place where the castle is built), i.e. with
his hoofs, 2266; pret. part. swealt bille ge-bēaten, _died, struck by the
battle-axe_, 2360.
beorh, st. m.: 1) _mountain, rock_: dat. sg. beorge, 211; gen. sg. beorges,
2525, 2756; acc. pl. beorgas, 222.--2) _grave-mound, tomb-hill_: acc. sg.
biorh, 2808; beorh, 3098, 3165. A grave-mound serves the drake as a retreat
(cf. 2277, 2412): nom. sg. beorh, 2242; gen. sg. beorges, 2323.--Comp.
stÄn-beorh.
beorh, st. f., _veil, covering, cap_; only in the comp. hēafod-beorh.
beorgan, st. v. (w. dat. of the interested person or thing), _to save, to
shield_: inf. wolde fēore beorgan, _place her life in safety_, 1294;
here-byrne ... sÄ“o þe bÄncofan beorgan cūðe, _which could protect his
body_, 1446; pret. pl. ealdre burgan, 2600.
be-beorgan (w. dat. refl. of pers. and acc. of the thing), _to take care,
to defend one's self from_: inf. him be-beorgan ne con wom, _cannot keep
himself from stain_ (fault), 1747; imp. bebeorh þē þone bealontð, 1759.
ge-beorgan (w, dat. of person or thing to be saved), _to save, to protect_:
pret. sg. þæt gebearh fēore, _protected the life_, 1549; scyld wēl gebearg
līfe and līce, 2571.
ymb-beorgan, _to surround protectingly_: pret. sg. bring Å«tan ymb-bearh,
1504.
beorht, byrht, adj.: 1) _gleaming, shining, radiant, shimmering_: nom. sg.
beorht, of the sun, 570, 1803; beorhta, of Heorot, 1178; þæt beorhte bold,
998; acc. sg. beorhtne, of Bēowulf's grave-mound, 2804; dat. sg. tŠþǣre
byrhtan (here-byrhtan, MS.) byrig, 1200; acc. pl. beorhte frætwe, 214, 897;
beorhte randas, 231; bordwudu beorhtan, 1244; n. beorht hofu, 2314.
Superl.: bēacna beorhtost, 2778. --2) _excellent, remarkable_: gen. sg.
beorhtre bÅte, 158. --Comp.: sadol-, wlite-beorht.
beorhte, adv., _brilliantly, brightly, radiantly_, 1518.
beorhtian, w. v., _to sound clearly_: pret. sg. beorhtode benc-swēg, 1162.
beorn, st. m., _hero, warrior, noble man_: nom. sg. (HrÅðgÄr), 1881,
(Bēowulf), 2434, etc.; acc. sg. (Bēow.), 1025, (Æschere), 1300; dat. sg.
beorne, 2261; nom. pl. beornas (BÄ“owulf and his companions), 211,
(HrÅðgÄr's guests), 857; gen. pl. biorna (BÄ“owulf's liege-men),
2405.--Comp.: folc-, gūð-beorn.
beornan, st. v., _to burn_: pres. part. byrnende (of the drake),
2273.--Comp. un-byrnende.
for-beornan, _to be consumed, to burn_: pret. sg. for-barn, 1617, 1668;
for-born, 2673.
ge-beornan, _to be burned_: pret. gebarn, 2698.
beorn-cyning, st. m., _king of warriors, king of heroes_: nom. sg. (as
voc.), 2149.
bēodan, st. v.: 1) _to announce, to inform, to make known_: inf. bīodan,
2893.--2) _to offer, to proffer_ (as the notifying of a transaction in
direct reference to the person concerned in it): pret. pl. him geþingo
budon, _offered them an agreement_, 1086; pret. part. Ã¾Ä wæs Ç£ht boden
Swēona lēodum, _then was pursuit offered the Swedish people_, 2958; inf. ic
þǣm gÅdan sceal mÄðmas bÄ“odan, _I shall offer the excellent man treasures_,
385.
Ä-bÄ“odan, _to present, to announce_: pret. word inne ÄbÄ“ad, _made known the
words within_, 390; _to offer, to tender, to wish_: pret. him hÇ£l ÄbÄ“ad,
_wished him health_ (greeted him), 654. Similarly, hÇ£lo ÄbÄ“ad, 2419; eoton
weard ÄbÄ“ad, _offered the giant a watcher_, 669.
be-bÄ“odan, _to command, to order_: pret. swÄ him se hearda bebÄ“ad, _as the
strong man commanded them_, 401. Similarly, swÄ se rÄ«ca bebÄ“ad, 1976.
ge-bÄ“odan: 1) _to command, to order_: inf. hÄ“t Ã¾Ä gebÄ“odan byre WÄ«hstÄnes
hæleða monegum, þæt hīe..., _the son of Wihstan caused orders to be given
to many of the men..._, 3111.--2) _to offer_: him Hygd gebēad hord and
rīce, _offered him the treasure and the chief power_, 2370; inf. gūðe
gebēodan, _to offer battle_, 604.
bēod-genēat, st. m., _table-companion_: nom. and acc. pl. genēatas, 343,
1714.
bēon, verb, _to be_, generally in the future sense, _will be_: pres. sg. I.
gūðgeweorca ic bÄ“o gearo sÅna, _I shall immediately be ready for warlike
deeds_, 1826; sg. III. wÄ bið þǣm þe sceal..., _woe to him who_...! 183;
so, 186; gifeðe bið is given, 299; ne bið þē wilna gÄd (_no wish will be
denied thee_), 661; þǣr þē bið manna þearf, _if thou shalt need the
warriors_, 1836; ne bið swylc cwēnlīc þēaw, _is not becoming, honorable to
a woman_, 1941; eft sÅna bið _will happen directly_, 1763; similarly, 1768,
etc.; pl. þonne bīoð brocene, _then are broken_, 2064; feor cȳððe bēoð
sÄ“lran gesÅhte þÄm þe..., "terrae longinquae meliores sunt visitatu ei
qui..." (Grein), 1839; imp. bēo (bīo) þū on ofeste, _hasten!_ 386, 2748;
bēo wið Gēatas glæd, _be gracious to the Gēatas_, 1174.
bēor, st. n., _beer_: dat. sg. æt bēore, _at beer-drinking_, 2042; instr.
sg. bēore druncen, 531; bēore druncne, 480.
bēor-scealc, st. m., _keeper of the beer, cup-bearer_: gen. pl.
bÄ“or-scealca sum (one of HrÅðgÄr's followers, because they served the
GÄ“atas at meals), 1241.
bēor-sele, st. m., _beer-hall, hall in which beer is drunk_: dat. sg. in
(on) bēorsele, 482, 492, 1095; bīorsele, 2636.
bēor-þegu, st. f., _beer-drinking, beer-banquet_: dat. sg. æfter bēorþege,
117; æt þǣre bēorþege, 618.
bēot, st. n., _promise, binding agreement to something that is to be
undertaken_: acc. sg. hÄ“ bÄ“ot ne ÄlÄ“h, _did not break his pledge_, 80; bÄ“ot
eal ... gelǣste, _performed all that he had pledged himself to_, 523.
ge-bēotian, w. v., _to pledge one's self to an undertaking, to bind one's
self_: pret. gebēotedon, 480, 536.
bēot-word, st. n., same as bēot: dat. pl. bēot-wordum spræc, 2511.
biddan, st. v., _to beg, to ask, to pray_: pres. sg. I. dÅð swÄ ic bidde!
1232; inf. (w. acc. of the pers. and gen. of the thing asked for) ic þē
biddan wille Änre bÄ“ne, _beg thee for one_, 427; pret. swÄ hÄ“ selfa bæd,
_as he himself had requested_, 29; bæd hine blīðne (supply wesan) æt þǣre
bēorþege, _begged him to be cheerful at the beer-banquet_, 618; ic þē lange
bæd þæt þū..., _begged you a long time that you_, 1995; frioðowǣre bæd
hlÄford sÄ«nne, _begged his lord for protection_ (acc. of pers. and gen. of
thing), 2283; bæd þæt gē geworhton, _asked that you_..., 3097; pl. wordum
bǣdon þæt..., 176.
on-bidian, w. v., _to await_: inf. lǣtað hilde-bord hēr onbidian ... worda
geþinges, _let the shields await here the result of the conference_ (lay
the shields aside here), 397.
bil, st. n. _sword_: nom. sg. bil, 1568; bill, 2778; acc. sg. bil, 1558;
instr. sg. bille, 2360; gen. sg. billes, 2061, etc.; instr. pl. billum, 40;
gen. pl. billa, 583, 1145.--Comp.: gūð-, hilde-, wīg-bil.
bindan, st. v., _to bind, to tie_: pret. part. acc. sg. wudu bundenne, _the
bound wood_, i.e. the built ship, 216; bunden golde swurd, _a sword bound
with gold_, i.e. either having its hilt inlaid with gold, or having gold
chains upon the hilt (swords of both kinds have been found), 1901; nom. sg.
heoru bunden, 1286, has probably a similar meaning.
ge-bindan, _to bind_: pret. sg. þǣr ic fīfe geband, _where I had bound
five_(?), 420; pret. part. cyninges þegn word Åðer fand sÅðe gebunden, _the
king's man found_ (after many had already praised BÄ“owulf's deed) _other
words_ (also referring to BÄ“owulf, but in connection with Sigemund)
_rightly bound together_, i.e. in good alliterative verses, as are becoming
to a gid, 872; wundenmǣl wrǣttum gebunden, _sword bound with ornaments_,
i.e. inlaid, 1532; bisgum gebunden, _bound together by sorrow_, 1744; gomel
gūðwīga eldo gebunden, _hoary hero bound by old age_ (fettered, oppressed),
2112.
on-bindan, _to unbind, to untie, to loose_: pret. onband, 501.
ge-bind, st. n. coll., _that which binds, fetters_: in comp. Ä«s-gebind.
bite, st. m., _bite_, figuratively of the cut of the sword: acc. sg. bite
īrena, _the swords' bite_, 2260; dat. sg. æfter billes bite, 2061.--Comp.
lÄð-bite.
biter (primary meaning that of biting), adj.: 1) _sharp, cutting, cutting
in_: acc. sg. biter (of a short sword), 2705; instr. sg. biteran strǣle,
1747; instr. pl. biteran bÄnum, _with sharp teeth_, 2693.--2) _irritated,
furious_: nom. pl. bitere, 1432.
bitre, adv., _bitterly_ (in a moral sense), 2332.
bī, big (fuller form of the prep. be, which see), prep. w. dat.: 1) _near,
at, on, about, by_ (as under be, No. 1): bī sǣm twēonum, _in the circuit of
both seas_, 1957; ÄrÄs bÄ« ronde, _raised himself up by the shield_, 2539;
bī wealle gesæt, _sat by the wall_, 2718. With a freer position: him big
stÅdan bunan and orcas, _round about him_, 3048.--2) _to, towards_
(motion): hwearf Ã¾Ä bÄ« bence, _turned then towards the bench_, 1189; gÄ“ong
bī sesse, _went to the seat_, 2757.
bīd (see bīdan), st. n., _tarrying hesitation_: þǣr wearð Ongenþīo on bīd
wrecen, _forced to tarry_, 2963.
bīdan, st. v.: 1) _to delay, to stay, to remain, to wait_: inf. nŠon
wealle leng bīdan wolde, _would not stay longer within the wall_ (the
drake), 2309; pret. in þyÌ„strum bÄd, _remained in darkness_, 87; flota
stille bÄd, _the craft lay still_, 301; receda ... on þǣm se rÄ«ca bÄd,
_where the mighty one dwelt_, 310; þǣr se snottra bÄd, _where the wise man_
(HrÅðgÄr) _waited_, 1314; hÄ“ on searwum bÄd, _he_ (BÄ“owulf) _stood there
armed_, 2569; ic on earde bÄd mÇ£lgesceafta, _lived upon the paternal ground
the time appointed me by fate_, 2737; pret. pl. sume þǣr bidon, _some
remained, waited there_, 400.--2) _to await, to wait for_, with the gen. of
that which is awaited: inf. bīdan woldon Grendles gūðe, _wished to await
the combat with Grendel, to undertake it_, 482; similarly, 528; wīges
bīdan, _await the combat_, 1269; nalas andsware bīdan wolde, _would await
no answer_, 1495; pret. bÄd beadwa geþinges, _awaited the event of the
battle_, 710; sÇ£genga bÄd Ägend-frÄ“an, _the sea-goer_ (boat) _awaited its
owner_, 1883; sele ... heaðowylma bÄd, lÄðan lÄ«ges (the poet probably means
to indicate by these words that the hall Heorot was destroyed later in a
fight by fire; an occurrence, indeed, about which we know nothing, but
which 1165 and 1166, and again 2068 ff. seem to indicate), 82.
Ä-bÄ«dan, _to await_, with the gen.: inf., 978.
ge-bīdan: 1) _to tarry, to wait_: imp. gebīde gē on beorge, _wait ye on the
mountain_, 2530; pret. part. þēah þe wintra lȳt under burhlocan gebiden
hæbbe Hæreðes dÅhtor _although H's daughter had dwelt only a few years in
the castle_, 1929.--2) _to live through, to experience, to expect_ (w.
acc.): inf. sceal endedæg mīnne gebīdan, _shall live my last day_, 639; ne
wÄ“nde ... bÅte gebÄ«dan, _did not hope ... to live to see reparation_, 935;
fela sceal gebÄ«dan lÄ“ofes and lÄðes, _experience much good and much
affliction_, 1061; ende gebÄ«dan, 1387, 2343; pret. hÄ“ þæs frÅfre gebÄd,
_received consolation_ (compensation) _therefore_, 7; gebÄd wintra worn,
_lived a great number of years_, 264; in a similar construction, 816, 930,
1619, 2259, 3117. With gen.: inf. tÅ gebÄ«danne Åðres yrfeweardes, _to await
another heir_, 2453. With depend, clause: inf. tŠgebīdanne þæt his byre
rīde on galgan, _to live to see it, that his son hang upon the gallows_,
2446; pret. drÄ“am-lÄ“as gebÄd þæt hÄ“..., _joyless he experienced it, that
he_..., 1721; þæs þe ic on aldre gebÄd þæt ic..., _for this, that I, in my
old age, lived to see that_..., 1780.
on-bÄ«dan, _to wait, to await_: pret. hordweard onbÄd earfoðlÄ«ce oð þæt Ç£fen
cwÅm, _scarcely waited, could scarcely delay till it was evening_, 2303.
bītan, st. v., _to bite_, of the cutting of swords: inf. bītan, 1455, 1524;
pret. bÄt bÄnlocan, _bit into his body_ (Grendel), 743; bÄt unswīðor, _cut
with less force_ (BÄ“owulf's sword), 2579.
blanca, w. m., properly _that which shines_ here of the horse, not so much
of the white horse as the dappled: dat. pl. on blancum, 857.
ge-bland, ge-blond, st. n., _mixture, heaving mass, a turning_.--Comp.:
sund-, ȳð-geblond, windblond.
blanden-feax, blonden-feax, adj., _mixed_, i.e. having gray hair,
_gray-headed_, as epithet of an old man: nom. sg. blondenfeax, 1792;
blondenfexa, 2963; dat. sg. blondenfeaxum, 1874; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe,
1595.
blæc, adj., _dark, black_: nom. sg, hrefn blaca, 1802.
blÄc, adj.: 1) _gleaming, shining_: acc. sg. blÄcne lÄ“oman, _a brilliant
gleam_, 1518.--2) of the white death-color, _pale_; in comp. heoroblÄc.
blǣd, st. m.: 1) _strength, force, vigor_: nom. sg. wæs hira blǣd scacen
(of both tribes), _strength was gone_, i.e. the bravest of both tribes lay
slain, 1125; nÅ« is þīnes mægnes blÇ£d Äne hwÄ«le, _now the fulness of thy
strength lasts for a time_, 1762.--2) _reputation, renown, knowledge_ (with
stress upon the idea of filling up, spreading out): nom. sg. blǣd, 18;
(þīn) blÇ£d is ÄrÇ£red, _thy renown is spread abroad_, 1704.
blÇ£d-Ägend, pt., _having renown, renowned_: nom. pl. blÇ£d-Ägende, 1014.
blǣd-fæst, adj., _firm in renown, renowned, known afar_: acc. sg.
blǣdfæstne beorn (of Æschere, with reference to 1329, 1300.
blēat, adj., _miserable, helpless_; only in comp. wæl-blēat.
blēate, adv., _miserably, helplessly_, 2825.
blīcan, st. v., _shine, gleam_: inf., 222
blīðe, adj.: 1) _blithe, joyous, happy_ acc. sg. blīðne, 618.--2)
_gracious, pleasing_: nom. sg. blīðe, 436.--Comp. un-blīðe.
blīð-heort, adj., _joyous in heart, happy_: nom. sg., 1803.
blÅd, st. n., _blood_: nom. sg., 1122; acc. sg., 743; dat. sg. blÅde, 848;
æfter dÄ“orum men him langað beorn wið blÅde, _the hero_ (HrÅðgÄr) _longs
for the beloved man contrary to blood_, i.e. he loves him although he is
not related to him by blood, 1881; dat. as instr. blÅde, 486, 935, 1595,
etc.
blÅd-fÄg, adj., _spotted with blood, bloody_, 2061.
blÅdig, adj., _bloody_: acc. sg. f. blÅdge, 991; acc. sg. n. blÅdig, 448;
instr. sg. blÅdigan gÄre, 2441.
ge-blÅdian, w. v., _to make bloody, to sprinkle with blood_: pret. part.
ge-blÅdegod, 2693.
blÅdig-tÅð, adj., _with bloody teeth_: nom. sg. bona blÅdig-tÅð (of
Grendel, because he bites his victims to death), 2083.
blÅd-rÄ“ow, adj., _bloodthirsty, bloody-minded_: nom. sg. him on ferhðe
grÄ“ow brÄ“ost-hord blÅd-rÄ“ow, _in his bosom there grew a bloodthirsty
feeling_, 1720.
be-bod, st. n., _command, order_; in comp. wundor-bebod.
bodian, w. v., _(to be a messenger), to announce, to make known_: pret.
hrefn blaca heofones wynne blīð-heort bodode, _the black raven announced
joyfully heaven's delight_ (the rising sun), 1803.
boga, w. m., _bow_, of the bended form; here of the dragon, in comp.
hring-boga; as an instrument for shooting, in the comp. flÄn-, horn-boga;
bow of the arch, in comp. stÄn-boga.
bolca, w. m., "forus navis" (Grein), _gangway_; here probably the planks
which at landing are laid from the ship to the shore: acc. sg. ofer bolcan,
231.
bold, st. n., _building, house, edifice_: nom. sg. (Heorot), 998;
(HygelÄc's residence), 1926; (BÄ“owulfs residence), 2197, 2327.--Comp.
fold-bold.
bold-Ägend, pt., _house-owner, property-holder_: gen. pl. monegum
boldÄgendra, 3113.
bolgen-mÅd, adj., _angry at heart, angry_, 710, 1714.
bolster, st. m., _bolster, cushion, pillow_: dat. pl. (reced) geond-brǣded
wearð beddum and bolstrum, _was covered with beds and bolsters_,
1241.--Comp. hlēor-bolster.
bon-. See ban-.
bora, w. m., _carrier, bringer, leader_: in the comp. mund-, rǣd-,
wǣg-bora.
bord, st. n., _shield_: nom. sg., 2674; acc. sg., 2525; gen. pl. ofer borda
gebræc, _over the crashing of the shields_, 2260.--Comp.: hilde-, wīg-bord.
bord-hæbbend, pt., _one having a shield, shield-bearer_: nom. pl. hæbbende,
2896.
bord-hrēoða, w. m., _shield-cover, shield_ with particular reference to its
cover (of hides or linden bark): dat. sg. -hrēoðan, 2204.
bord-rand, st. m., _shield_: acc. sg., 2560.
bord-weall, st. m., _shield-wall, wall of shields_: acc. sg., 2981.
bord-wudu, st. m., _shield-wood, shield_: acc. pl. beorhtan beord-wudu,
1244.
botm, st. m., _bottom_: dat. sg. tÅ botme (here of the bottom of the
fen-lake), 1507.
bÅt (emendation, cf. bÄ“tan), st. f.: 1) _relief, remedy_: nom. sg., 281;
acc. sg. bÅte, 935; acc. sg. bÅte, 910.--2) _a performance in expiation, a
giving satisfaction, tribute_: gen. sg. bÅte, 158.
brand, brond, st. m.: 1) _burning, fire_: nom. sg. Ã¾Ä sceal brond fretan
(_the burning of the body_), 3015; instr. sg. by hine ne mÅston ... bronde
forbærnan (_could not bestow upon him the solemn burning_), 2127; hæfde
landwara līge befangen, bǣle and bronde, _with glow, fire, and flame_,
2323.--2) in the passage, þæt hine nŠbrond nē beadomēcas bītan ne meahton,
1455, brond has been translated _sword, brand_ (after the O.N. brand-r).
The meaning _fire_ may be justified as well, if we consider that the old
helmets were generally made of leather, and only the principal parts were
mounted with bronze. The poet wishes here to emphasize the fact that the
helmet was made entirely of metal, a thing which was very unusual.--3) in
the passage, forgeaf Ã¾Ä BÄ“owulfe brand Healfdenes segen gyldenne, 1021, our
text, with other editions, has emendated, bearn, since brand, if it be
intended as a designation of HrÅðgÄr (perhaps _son_), has not up to this
time been found in this sense in A.-S.
brant, bront, adj., _raging, foaming, going-high_, of ships and of waves:
acc. sg. brontne, 238, 568.
brÄd, adj.: 1) _extended, wide_: nom. pl. brÄde rÄ«ce, 2208.--2) _broad_:
nom. sg. hÄ“ah and brÄd (of BÄ“owulf's grave-mound), 3159; acc. sg. brÄdne
mÄ“ce, 2979; (seax) brÄd [and] brÅ«necg, _the broad, short sword with bright
edge_, 1547.--3) _massive, in abundance_. acc, sg. brÄd gold, 3106.
ge-bræc, st. n., _noise, crash_: acc. sg. borda gebræc, 2260.
geond-brǣdan, w. v., _to spread over, to cover entirely_: pret. part.
geond-brǣded, 1240.
brecan, st. v.: 1) _to break, to break to pieces_: pret. bÄnhringas bræc,
(the sword) _broke the joints_, 1568. In a moral sense: pret. subj. þæt þǣr
ǣnig mon wǣre ne brǣce, _that no one should break the agreement_, 1101;
pret. part. þonne bÄ«oð brocene ... Äð-sweord eorla, _then are the oaths of
the men broken_, 2064.--2) probably also simply _to break in upon
something, to press upon_, w. acc.: pret. sg. sǣdēor monig hildetūxum
heresyrcan bræc, _many a sea-animal pressed with his battle-teeth upon the
shirt of mail_ (did not break it, for, according to 1549 f., 1553 f., it
was still unharmed). 1512.--3) _to break out, to spring out_: inf. geseah
... strēam ūt brecan of beorge, _saw a stream break out from the rocks_,
2547; lÄ“t se hearda HigelÄces þegn brÄdne mÄ“ce ... brecan ofer bordweal,
_caused the broadsword to spring out over the wall of shields_, 2981.--4)
figuratively, _to vex, not to let rest_: pret. hine fyrwyt bræc, _curiosity
tormented_ (N.H.G. brachte die Neugier um), 232, 1986, 2785.
ge-brecan, _to break to pieces_: pret. bÄnhÅ«s gebræc, _broke in pieces his
body_ (Bēowulf in combat with Dæghrefn), 2509.
tÅ-brecan, _to break in pieces_: inf., 781; pret. part. tÅ-brocen, 998.
þurh-brecan, _to break through_, pret. wordes ord brēosthord þurh-bræc,
_the word's point broke through his closed breast_, i.e. a word burst out
from his breast, 2793.
brecð, st. f., _condition of being broken, breach_: nom. pl. mÅdes brecða
(_sorrow of heart_), 171.
Ä-bredwian, w. v. w. acc., _to fell to the ground, to kill_ (?): pret.
Äbredwade, 2620.
bregdan, st. v., properly _to swing round_, hence: 1) _to swing_: inf.
under sceadu bregdan, _swing among the shadows, to send into the realm of
shadows_, 708; pret. brægd ealde lÄfe, _swung the old weapon_, 796; brægd
feorh-genīðlan, _swung his mortal enemy_ (Grendel's mother), threw her
down, 1540; pl. git ēagorstrēam ... mundum brugdon, _stirred the sea with
your hands_ (of the movement of the hands in swimming), 514; pret. part.
brÅden (brogden) mÇ£l, _the drawn sword_, 1617, 1668.--2) _to knit, to knot,
to plait_: inf., figuratively, inwitnet Åðrum bregdan, _to weave a
waylaying net for another_ (as we say in the same way, to lay a trap for
another, to dig a pit for another), 2168; pret. part. beadohrægl brÅden, _a
woven shirt of mail_ (because it consisted of metal rings joined together),
552; similarly, 1549; brogdne beadusercean, 2756.
Ä-bregdan, _to swing_: pret. hond up Ä-bræd, _swung, raised his hand_,
2576.
ge-bregdan: 1) _swing_: pret. hring-mǣl gebrægd, _swung the ringed sword_,
1565; eald sweord ēacen ... þæt ic þȳ wǣpne gebrægd, _an old heavy sword
that I swung as my weapon_, 1665; with interchanging instr. and acc.
wællseaxe gebrǣ, biter and beadu-scearp, 2704; also, _to draw out of the
sheath_: sweord ǣr gebrǣ, _had drawn the sword before_, 2563.--2) _to knit,
to knot, to plait_: pret. part. bere-byrne hondum gebrÅden, 1444.
on-bregdan, _to tear open, to throw open_: pret. onbræd Ã¾Ä recedes mūðan,
_had then thrown open the entrance of the hall_ (onbregdan is used because
the opening door swings upon its hinges), 724.
brego, st. m., _prince, ruler_: nom. sg. 427, 610.
brego-rÅf, adj., _powerful, like a ruler, of heroic strength _: nom. sg.
m., 1926.
brego-stÅl, st. m., _throne_, figuratively for _rule_: acc. sg. him
gesealde seofon þūsendo, bold and brego-stÅl, _seven thousand_ see under
sceat), _a country-seat, and the dignity of a prince_, 2197; þǣr him Hygd
gebÄ“ad ... brego-stÅl, _where H. offered him the chief power_, 2371; lÄ“t
þone bregostÅl BÄ“owulf healdan, _gave over to BÄ“owulf the chief power_ (did
not prevent BÄ“owulf from entering upon the government), 2390.
brēme, adj., _known afar, renowned_. nom. sg., 18.
brenting (see brant), st. m., _ship craft_: nom. pl. brentingas, 2808.
Ä-brÄ“atan, st. v., _to break, to break in pieces, to kill_: pret. ÄbrÄ“ot
brimwīsan, _killed the sea-king_ (King Hæðcyn), 2931. See brēotan.
brēost, st. n.: 1) _breast_: nom. sg., 2177; often used in the pl., so acc.
þæt mīne brēost wereð, _which protects my breast_, 453; dat. pl. beadohrægl
brÅden on brÄ“ostum læg. 552.--2) _the inmost thoughts, the mind, the heart,
the bosom_: nom. sg. brēost innan wēoll þēostrum geþoncum, _his breast
heaved with troubled thoughts_, 2332; dat. pl. lÄ“t Ã¾Ä of brÄ“ostum word Å«t
faran, _caused the words to come out from his bosom_, 2551.
brēost-gehygd, st. n. f., _breast-thought, secret thought_: instr. pl.
-gehygdum, 2819.
brēost-gewǣdu, st. n. pl., _breast-clothing, garment covering the breast_,
of the coat of mail: nom., 1212; acc., 2163.
brēost-hord, st. m., _breast-hoard, that which is locked in the breast,
heart, mind, thought, soul_: nom. sg., 1720; acc. sg., 2793.
brēost-net, st. n., _breast-net, shirt of chain-mail, coat of mail_: nom.
sg. brÄ“ost-net brÅden, 1549.
brēost-weorðung, st. f., _ornament that is worn upon the breast_: acc. sg.
brēost-weorðunge, 2505: here the collar is meant which Bēowulf receives
from Wealhþēow (1196, 2174) as a present, and which B., according to 2173,
presents to Hygd, while, according to 1203, it is in the possession of her
husband HygelÄc. In front the collar is trimmed with ornaments (frætwe),
which hang down upon the breast, hence the name brēost-weorðung.
brēost-wylm, st. m., _heaving of the breast, emotion of the bosom_: acc.
sg, 1878.
brēotan, st. v., _to break, to break in pieces, to kill_: pret. brēat
bēodgenēatas, _killed his table-companions_ (courtiers), 1714.
Ä-brÄ“otan, same as above: pret. þone þe hÄ“o on ræste ÄbrÄ“at, _whom she
killed upon his couch_, 1299; pret. part. Ã¾Ä Ã¾Ã¦t monige gewearð, þæt hine
sÄ“o brimwylf Äbroten hæfde, _many believed that the sea-wolf_ (Grendel's
mother) _had killed him_, 1600; hÄ« hyne ... Äbroten hæfdon, _had killed
him_ (the dragon), 2708.
brim, st. n., _flood, the sea_: nom. sg., 848, 1595; gen. sg. tÅ brimes
faroðe, _to the sea_, 28; æt brimes nosan, _at the sea's promontory_, 2804;
nom. pl. brimu swaðredon, _the waves subsided_, 570.
brim-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff, cliff washed by the sea_: acc. pl. -clifu,
222.
brim-lÄd, st. f., _flood-way, sea-way_: acc. sg. þÄra þe mid BÄ“owulfe
brimlÄde tÄ“ah, _who had travelled the sea-way with B._, 1052.
brim-līðend, pt, _sea-farer, sailor_ acc. p. -līðende, 568.
brim-strēam, st. m., _sea-stream, the flood of the sea_: acc. pl. ofer
brim-strēamas, 1911.
brim-wīsa, w. m., _sea-king_: acc. sg. brimwīsan, of Hæðcyn, king of the
GÄ“atas, 2931.
brim-wylf, st. f., _sea-wolf_ (designation of Grendel's mother): nom. sg.
sēo brimwylf, 1507, 1600.
brim-wylm, st. m., _sea-wave_: nom. sg., 1495.
bringan, anom. v., _to bring, to bear_: prs. sg. I. ic þē þūsenda þegna
bringe tÅ helpe, _bring to your assistance thousands of warriors_, 1830;
inf. sceal hringnaca ofer hÄ“aðu bringan lÄc and luftÄcen, _shall bring
gifts and love-tokens over the high sea_, 1863; similarly, 2149, 2505;
pret. pl. wÄ“ þÄs sÇ£lÄc ... brÅhton, _brought this sea-offering_ (Grendel's
head), 1654.
ge-bringan, _to bring_: pres. subj. pl. þat wē þone gebringan ... on
Ädfære, _that we bring him upon the funeral-pile_, 3010.
brosnian, w. v., _to crumble, to become rotten, to fall to pieces_: prs.
sg. III. herepÄd ... brosnað æfter beorne, _the coat of mail falls to
pieces after_ (the death of) _the hero_, 2261.
brÅðor, st. m., _brother_: nom. sg., 1325, 2441; dat sg. brēðer, 1263; gen.
sg. his brÅðor bearn, 2620; dat. pl. brÅðrum, 588, 1075.
ge-brÅðru, pl., _brethren, brothers_: dat. pl. sæt be þǣm gebrÅðrum twÇ£m,
_sat by the two brothers_, 1192.
brÅga, w. m., _terror, horror_: nom. sg., 1292, 2325, 2566; acc. sg. billa
brÅgan, 583.--Comp.: gryre-, here-brÅga.
brūcan, st. v. w. gen., _to use, to make use of_: prs. sg. III. sē þe longe
hēr worolde brūceð, _who here long makes use of the world_, i.e. lives
long, 1063; imp. brūc manigra mēda, _make use of many rewards, give good
rewards_, 1179; _to enjoy_: inf. þæt hÄ“ bÄ“ahhordes brÅ«can mÅste, _could
enjoy the ring-hoard_, 895; similarly, 2242, 3101; pret. brēac
līfgesceafta, _enjoyed the appointed life, lived the appointed time_, 1954.
With the genitive to be supplied: brÄ“ac þonne mÅste, 1488; imp. brÅ«c þisses
bēages, _enjoy this ring, take this ring_, 1217. Upon this meaning depends
the form of the wish, wēl brūcan (compare the German geniesze froh!): inf.
hēt hine wēl brūcan, 1046; hēt hine brūcan well, 2813; imp. brūc ealles
well, 2163.
brūn, adj., _having a brown lustre, shining_: nom. sg. sīo ecg brūn, 2579.
brÅ«n-ecg, adj., _having a gleaming blade_: acc. sg. n. (hyre seaxe) brÄd
[and] brūnecg, _her broad sword with gleaming blade_, 1547.
brÅ«n-fÄg, adj., _gleaming like metal_: acc. sg. brÅ«nfÄgne helm, 2616.
bryne-lēoma, w. m., _light of a conflagration, gleam of fire _: nom. sg.,
2314.
bryne-wylm, st. m., _wave of fire_: dat. pl. -wylmum, 2327.
brytnian (properly _to break in small pieces_, cf. brēotan), w. v., _to
bestow, to distribute_: pret. sinc brytnade, _distributed presents_, i.e.
ruled (since the giving of gifts belongs especially to rulers), 2384.
brytta, w. m., _giver, distributer_, always designating the king: nom. sg.
sinces brytta, 608, 1171, 2072; acc. sg. bēaga bryttan, 35, 352, 1488;
sinces bryttan, 1923.
bryttian (_to be a dispenser_), w. v., _to distribute, to confer_: prs. sg.
III. god manna cynne snyttru bryttað, _bestows wisdom upon the human race_,
1727.
brȳd, st. f.: 1) _wife, consort_: acc. sg. brȳd, 2931; brȳde, 2957, both
times of the consort of Ongenþēow (?).--2) _betrothed, bride_: nom. sg., of
HrÅðgÄr's daughter, FrÄ“aware, 2032.
brȳd-būr, st. n., _woman's apartment_: dat. sg. ēode ... cyning of
brȳdbūre, _the king came out of the apartment of his wife_ (into which,
according to 666, he had gone), 922.
bunden-stefna, w. m., _(that which has a bound prow), the framed ship_:
nom. sg., 1911.
bune, w. f., _can_ or _cup, drinking-vessel_: nom. pl. bunan, 3048; acc.
pl. bunan, 2776.
burh, burg, st. f., _castle, city, fortified house_: acc. sg. burh, 523;
dat. sg. byrig, 1200; dat. pl. burgum, 53, 1969, 2434.--Comp.: frēo,
freoðo-, hēa-, hlēo-, hord-, lēod-, mǣg-burg.
burh-loca, w. m., _castle-bars_: dat. sg. under burh-locan, _under the
castle-bars_, i.e. in the castle (HygelÄc's), 1929.
burh-stede, st. m., _castle-place, place where the castle_ or _city
stands_: acc. sg. burhstede, 2266.
burh-wela, w. m., _riches, treasure of a castle_ or _city_: gen. sg. þenden
hÄ“ burh-welan brÅ«can mÅste, 3101.
burne, w. f., _spring, fountain_: gen. þǣre burnan wælm, _the bubbling of
the spring_, 2547.
būan, st. v.: 1) _to stay, to remain, to dwell_: inf. gif hē weard onfunde
būan on beorge, _if he had found the watchman dwelling on the mountain_,
2843.--2) _to inhabit_, w. acc.: meduseld būan, _to inhabit the
mead-house_, 3066.
ge-būan, w. acc., _to occupy a house, to take possession_: pret. part. hēan
hūses, hū hit Hring Dene æfter bēorþege gebūn hæfdon, _how the Danes, after
their beer-carouse, had occupied it_ (had made their beds in it),
117.--With the pres. part. būend are the compounds ceaster-, fold-, grund-,
lond-būend.
būgan, st. v., _to bend, to bow, to sink; to turn, to flee_: prs. sg. III.
bon-gÄr bÅ«geð, _the fatal spear sinks_, i.e. its deadly point is turned
down, it rests, 2032; inf. þæt se byrnwīga būgan sceolde, _that the armed
hero had to sink down_ (having received a deadly blow), 2919; similarly,
2975; pret. sg. bēah eft under eorðweall, _turned, fled again behind the
earth-wall_, 2957; pret. pl. bugon tÅ bence, _turned to the bench_, 327,
1014; hȳ on holt bugon, _fled to the wood_, 2599.
Ä-bÅ«gan, _to bend off, to curve away from_: pret. fram sylle ÄbÄ“ag medubenc
monig, _from the threshold curved away many a mead-bench_, 776.
be-bÅ«gan, w. acc., _to surround, to encircle_: prs. swÄ (_which_) wæter
bebÅ«geð, 93; efne swÄ sÄ«de swÄ sÇ£ bebÅ«geð windige weallas, _as far as the
sea encircles windy shores_, 1224.
ge-būgan, _to bend, to bow, to sink_: a) intrans.: hēo on flet gebēah,
_sank on the floor_, 1541; Ã¾Ä gebÄ“ah cyning, _then sank the king_, 2981; þÄ
se wyrm gebÄ“ah snÅ«de tÅsomne (_when the drake at once coiled itself up_),
2568; gewÄt Ã¾Ä gebogen scrīðan tÅ, _advanced with curved body_ (the drake),
2570.--b) w. acc. of the thing to which one bends or sinks: pret. selereste
gebēah, _sank upon the couch in the hall_, 691; similarly gebēag, 1242.
būr, st. n., _apartment, room_: dat. sg. būre, 1311, 2456; dat. pl. būrum,
140.--Comp. brȳd-būr.
būtan, būton (from be and ūtan, hence in its meaning referring to what is
without, excluded): 1) conj. with subjunctive following, _lest_: būtan his
līc swice, _lest his body escape_, 967. With ind. following, _but_: būton
hit wæs mÄre þonne Ç£nig mon Åðer tÅ beadulÄce ætberan meahte, _but it_ (the
sword) _was greater than any other man could have carried to battle_, 1561.
After a preceding negative verb, _except_: þÄra þe gumena bearn gearwe ne
wiston būton Fitela mid hine, _which the children of men did not know at
all, except Fitela, who was with him_, 880; ne nom hÄ“ mÄðm-Ç£hta mÄ bÅ«ton
þone hafelan, etc., _he took no more of the rich treasure than the head
alone_, 1615.--2) prep, with dat., _except_: būton folcscare, 73; būton þē,
658; ealle bÅ«ton Änum, 706.
bycgan, w. v., _to buy, to pay_: inf. ne wæs þæt gewrixle til þæt hÄ«e on bÄ
healfa bicgan scoldon frēonda fēorum, _that was no good transaction, that
they, on both sides_ (as well to Grendel as to his mother), _had to pay
with the lives of their friends_, 1306.
be-bycgan, _to sell_: pret. nÅ« ic on mÄðma hord mÄ«ne bebohte frÅde
feorhlege (_now I, for the treasure-hoard, gave up my old life_), 2800.
ge-bycgan, _to buy, to acquire; to pay_: pret. w. acc. nŠþǣr ǣnige ...
frÅfre gebohte, _obtained no sort of help, consolation_, 974; hit (his,
MS.) ealdre gebohte, _paid it with his life_, 2482; pret. part. sylfes
fēore bēagas [geboh]te, _bought rings with his own life_, 3015.
byldan, w. v. (_to make_ beald, which see), _to excite, to encourage, to
brave deeds_: inf. w. acc. swÄ hÄ“ FrÄ“sena cyn on bÄ“orsele byldan wolde (by
distributing gifts), 1095.
ge-byrd, st. n., "fatum destinatum" (Grein) (?): acc. sg. hīe on gebyrd
hruron gÄre wunde, 1075.
ge-byrdu, st. f., _birth_; in compound, bearn-gebyrdu.
byrdu-scrūd, st. n., _shield-ornament, design upon a shield_(?): nom. sg.,
2661.
byre, st. m., (_born_) _son_: nom. sg., 2054, 2446, 2622, etc.; nom. pl.
byre, 1189. In a broader sense, _young man, youth_: acc. pl. bǣdde byre
geonge, _encouraged the youths_ (at the banquet), 2019.
byrðen, st. f., _burden_; in comp. mægen-byrðen.
byrele, st. m., _steward, waiter, cupbearer_: nom. pl. byrelas, 1162.
byrgan, w. v., _to feast, to eat_: inf., 448.
ge-byrgea, w. m., _protector_; in comp. lēod-gebyrgea.
byrht. See _beorht_.
byrne, w. f., _shirt of mail, mail_: nom. sg. byrne, 405, 1630, etc.;
hringed byrne, _ring-shirt_, consisting of interlaced rings, 1246; acc. sg.
byrnan, 1023, etc.; sīde byrnan, _large coat of mail_, 1292; hringde
byrnan, 2616; hÄre byrnan, _gray coat of mail_ (of iron), 2154; dat. sg. on
byrnan, 2705; gen. sg. byrnan hring, _the ring of the shirt of mail_ (i.e.
the shirt of mail), 2261; dat. pl. byrnum, 40, 238, etc.; beorhtum byrnum,
_with gleaming mail_, 3141.--Comp.: gūð-, here-, heaðo-, īren-,
Ä«sern-byrne.
byrnend. See beornan.
byrn-wiga, w. m., _warrior dressed in a coat of mail_: nom. sg., 2919.
bysgu, bisigu, st. f., _trouble, difficulty, opposition_: nom. sg. bisigu,
281; dat. pl. bisgum, 1744, bysigum, 2581.
bysig, adj., _opposed, in need_, in the compounds līf-bysig, syn-bysig.
bȳme, w. f., _a wind-instrument, a trumpet, a trombone_: gen. sg. bȳman
gealdor, _the sound of the trumpet_, 2944.
byÌ„wan, w. v., _to ornament, to prepare_: inf. Ã¾Ä Ã¾e beado-grÄ«man byÌ„wan
sceoldon, _who should prepare the helmets_, 2258.
C
camp, st. m., _combat, fight between two_: dat. sg. in campe (BÄ“owulf's
with Dæghrefn; cempan, MS.), 2506.
candel, st. f., _light, candle_: nom. sg. rodores candel, of the sun,
1573.--Comp. woruld-candel.
cempa, w. m., _fighter, warrior, hero_: nom. sg. æðele cempa, 1313; Gēata
cempa, 1552; rēðe cempa, 1586; mǣre cempa (as voc.), 1762; gyrded cempa,
2079; dat. sg. geongum (geongan) cempan, 1949, 2045, 2627; HÅ«ga cempan,
2503; acc. pl. cempan, 206.--Comp. fēðe-cempa.
cennan, w. v.: 1) _to bear_, w. acc.: efne swÄ hwylc mægða swÄ Ã¾one magan
cende, _who bore the son_, 944; pret. part. þǣm eafera wæs æfter cenned,
_to him was a son born_, 12.--2) reflexive, _to show one's self, to reveal
one's self_: imp. cen þec mid cræfte, _prove yourself by your strength_,
1220.
Ä-cennan, _to bear_: pret. part. nÅ hÄ«e fæder cunnon, hwæðer him Ç£nig wæs
Ç£r Äcenned dyrnra gÄsta, _they_ (the people of the country) _do not know
his_ (Grendel's) _father, nor whether any evil spirit has been before born
to him_ (whether he has begotten a son), 1357.
cēnðu, st. f., _boldness_: acc. sg. cēnðu, 2697.
cēne, adj., _keen, warlike, bold_: gen. p.. cēnra gehwylcum, 769. Superl.,
acc. pl. cÄ“noste, 206.--Comp.: dÇ£d-, gÄr-cÄ“ne.
ceald, adj., _cold_: acc. pl. cealde strēamas, 1262; dat. pl. cealdum
cearsīðum, _with cold, sad journeys_, 2397. Superl. nom. sg. wedera
cealdost, 546;--Comp. morgen-ceald.
cearian, w. v., _to have care, to take care, to trouble one's self_: prs.
sg. III. nÄ ymb his lÄ«f cearað, _takes no care for his life_, 1537.
cearig, adj., _troubled, sad_: in comp. sorh-cearig.
cear-sīð, st. m., _sorrowful way, an undertaking that brings sorrow_, i.e.
a warlike expedition: dat. pl. cearsīðum (of Bēowulf's expeditions against
Ä’adgils), 2397.
cearu, st. f., _care, sorrow, lamentation_: nom. sg., 1304; acc. sg.
[ceare], 3173.--Comp.: ealdor-, gūð-, mÇ£l-, mÅd-cearu.
cear-wælm, st. m., _care-agitation, waves of sorrow in the breast_: dat.
pl. æfter cear-wælmum, 2067.
cear-wylm, st. m., same as above; nom. pl. Ã¾Ä cear-wylmas, 282.
ceaster-būend, pt, _inhabitant of a fortified place, inhabitant of a
castle_: dat. pl. ceaster-bÅ«endum, of those established in HrÅðgÄr's
castle, 769.
cēap, st. m., _purchase, transaction_: figuratively, nom. sg. næs þæt ȳðe
cÄ“ap, _no easy transaction_, 2416; instr. sg. þēah þe Åðer hit ealdre
gebohte, heardan cēape, _although the one paid it with his life, a dear
purchase_, 2483.
ge-cēapian, w. v., _to purchase_: pret. part. gold unrīme grimme gecēapod,
_gold without measure, bitterly purchased_ (with BÄ“owulf's life), 3013.
be-ceorfan, st. v., _to separate, to cut off_ (with acc. of the pers. and
instr. of the thing): pret. hine Ã¾Ä hÄ“afde becearf, _cut off his head_,
1591; similarly, 2139.
ceorl, st. m., _man_: nom. sg. snotor ceorl monig, _many a wise man_, 909;
dat. sg. gomelum ceorle, _the old man_ (of King Hrēðel), 2445; so, ealdum
ceorle, of King Ongenþēow, 2973; nom. pl. snotere ceorlas, _wise men_, 202,
416, 1592.
cēol, st. m., _keel_, figuratively for the ship: nom. sg., 1913; acc. sg.
cēol, 38, 238; gen. sg. cēoles, 1807.
cÄ“osan, st. v., _to choose_, hence, _to assume_: inf. þone cynedÅm cÄ«osan
wolde, _would assume the royal dignity_, 2377; _to seek_: pret. subj. ǣr hē
bǣl cure, _before he sought his funeral-pile_ (before he died), 2819.
ge-cēosan, _to choose, to elect_: gerund, tŠgecēosenne cyning ǣnigne
(sēlran), _to choose a better king_, 1852; imp. þē þæt sēlre ge-cēos,
_choose thee the better_ (of two: bealonīð and ēce rǣdas), 1759; pret. hē
ūsic on herge gecēas tŠþyssum siðfate, _selected us among the soldiers for
this undertaking_, 2639; gecēas ēcne rǣd, _chose the everlasting gain_,
i.e. died, 1202; similarly, godes lēoht gecēas, 2470; pret. part. acc. pl.
hæfde ... cempan gecorone, 206.
on-cirran, w. v., _to turn, to change_: inf. ne meahte ... þæs wealdendes
[willan] wiht on-cirran, _could not change the will of the Almighty_, 2858;
pret. ufor oncirde, _turned higher_, 2952; þyder oncirde, _turned thither_,
2971.
Ä-cÄ«gan, w. v., _to call hither_: pret. ÄcÄ«gde of corðre cyninges þegnas
syfone, _called from the retinue of the king seven men_, 3122.
clam, clom, st. m., f. n.? _fetter_, figuratively of a strong gripe: dat.
pl. heardan clammum, 964; heardum clammum, 1336; atolan clommum (horrible
claws of the mother of Grendel), 1503.
clif, cleof, st. n., _cliff, promontory_: acc. pl. GÄ“ata clifu,
1912.--Comp.: brim-, Ä“g-, holm-, stÄn-clif.
ge-cnÄwan, st. v., _to know, to recognize_: inf. meaht þū, mÄ«n wine, mÄ“ce
gecnÄwan, _mayst thou, my friend, recognize the sword_, 2048.
on-cnÄwan, _to recognize, to distinguish_: hordweard oncnÄ«ow mannes reorde,
_distinguished the speech of a man_, 2555.
cniht, st. m., _boy, youth_: dat. pl. þyssum cnyhtum, _to these boys_
(HrÅðgÄr's sons), 1220.
cniht-wesende, prs. part., _being a boy_ or _a youth_: acc. sg. ic hine
cūðe cniht-wesende, _knew him while still a boy_, 372; nom. pl. wit þæt
gecwǣdon cniht-wesende, _we both as young men said that_, 535.
cnyssan, w. v., _to strike, to dash against each other_: pret. pl. þonne
... eoferas cnysedan, _when the bold warriors dashed against each other,
stormed_ (in battle), 1329.
collen-ferhð, -ferð, adj., (properly, _of swollen mind_), _of uncommon
thoughts, in his way of thinking, standing higher than others,
high-minded_: nom. sg. cuma collen-ferhð, of Bēowulf, 1807; collen-ferð, of
WÄ«glÄf, 2786.
corðer, st. n., _troop, division of an army, retinue_: dat. sg. Ã¾Ä wæs ...
Fin slægen, cyning on corðre, _then was Fin slain, the king in the troop_
(of warriors), 1154; of corðre cyninges, _out of the retinue of the king_,
3122.
costian, w. v., _to try_; pret. (w. gen.) hē mīn costode, _tried me_, 2085.
cofa, w. m., _apartment, sleeping-room, couch_: in comp. bÄn-cofa.
cÅl, adj., _cool_: compar. cearwylmas cÅlran wurðað, _the waves of sorrow
become cooler_, i.e. the mind becomes quiet, 282; him wÄ«flufan ... cÅlran
weorðað, _his love for his wife cools_, 2067.
cræft, st. m., _the condition of being able_, hence: 1) _physical
strength_: nom. sg. mægða cræft, 1284; acc. sg. mægenes cræft, 418; þurh
Änes cræft, 700; cræft and cÄ“nðu, 2697; dat. (instr.) sg. cræfte, 983,
1220, 2182, 2361.--2) _art, craft, skill_: dat. sg. as instr. dyrnum
cræfte, _with secret_ (magic) _art_, 2169; dyrnan cræfte, 2291; þēofes
cræfte, _with thief's craft_, 2221; dat. pl. dēofles cræftum, _by devil's
art_ (sorcery), 2089.--3) _great quantity_ (?): acc. sg. wyrm-horda cræft,
2223.--Comp.: leoðo-, mægen-, nearo-, wīg-cræft.
cræftig, adj.: 1) _strong, stout_: nom. sg. eafoðes cræftig, 1467; nīða
cræftig, 1963. Comp. wīg-cræftig.--2) _adroit, skilful_: in comp.
lagu-cræftig.--3) _rich_ (of treasures); in comp. ēacen-cræftig.
cringan, st. v., _to fall in combat, to fall with the writhing movement of
those mortally wounded_: pret. subj. on wæl crunge, _would sink into death,
would fall_, 636; pret. pl. for the pluperfect, sume on wæle crungon, 1114.
ge-cringan, same as above: pret. hē under rande gecranc, _fell under his
shield_, 1210; æt wīge gecrang, _fell in battle_, 1338; hēo on flet
gecrong, _fell to the ground_, 1569; in campe gecrong, _fell in single
combat_, 2506.
cuma (_he who comes_), w. m., _newcomer, guest_: nom. sg. 1807.--Comp.:
cwealm-, wil-cuma.
cuman, st. v., _to come_: pres. sg. II. gyf þū on weg cymest, _if thou
comest from there_, 1383; III. cymeð, 2059; pres. subj. sg. III. cume, 23;
pl. þonne wē ūt cymen, _when we come out_, 3107; inf. cuman, 244, 281,
1870; pret. sg. cÅm, 430, 569, 826, 1134, 1507, 1601, etc.; cwÅm, 419,
2915; pret. subj. sg. cwÅme, 732; pret. part. cumen, 376; pl. cumene, 361.
Often with the inf. of a verb of motion, as, cÅm gongan, 711; cÅm sīðian,
721; cÅm in gÄn, 1645; cwÅm gÄn, 1163; cÅm scacan, 1803; cwÅmon lÇ£dan, 239;
cwÅmon sÄ“cean, 268; cwÅman scrīðan, 651, etc.
be-cuman, _to come, to approach, to arrive_: pret. syððan niht becÅm,
_after the night had come_, 115; þē on Ã¾Ä lÄ“ode becÅm, _that had come over
the people_, 192; Ã¾Ä hÄ“ tÅ hÄm becÅm, 2993. And with inf. following: stefn
in becÅm ... hlynnan under hÄrne stÄn, 2553; lyÌ„t eft becwÅm ... hÄmes
nÄ«osan, 2366; oð þæt ende becwÅm, 1255; similarly, 2117. With acc. of
pers.: Ã¾Ä hyne sÄ«o þrÄg becwÅm, _when this time of battle came over him_,
2884.
ofer-cuman, _to overcome, to compel_: pret. þyÌ„ hÄ“ þone fÄ“ond ofercwÅm,
_thereby he overcame the foe_, 1274: pl. hÄ«e fÄ“ond heora ... ofercÅmon,
700; pret. part. (w. gen.) nīða ofercumen, _compelled by combats_, 846.
cumbol, cumbor, st. m., _banner_: gen. sg. cumbles hyrde, 2506.--Comp.
hilte-cumbor.
cund, adj., _originating in, descended from_: in comp. feorran-cund.
cunnan, verb pret. pres.: 1) _to know, to be acquainted with_ (w. acc. or
depend, clause): sg. pres. I. ic mÄ«nne can glædne HrÅðulf þæt hÄ“ ... wile,
_I know my gracious H., that he will_..., 1181; II. eard gīt ne const,
_thou knowest not yet the land_, 1378; III. hē þæt wyrse ne con, _knows no
worse_, 1740. And reflexive: con him land geare, _knows the land well_,
2063; pl. men ne cunnon hwyder helrūnan scrīðað, _men do not know
whither_..., 162; pret. sg. ic hine cūðe, _knew him_, 372; cūðe hē duguð
þēaw, _knew the customs of the distinguished courtiers_, 359; so with the
acc., 2013; seolfa ne cūðe þurh hwæt..., _he himself did not know through
what_..., 3068; pl. sorge ne cūðon, 119; so with the acc., 180, 418, 1234.
With both (acc. and depend. clause): nŠhīe fæder cunnon (scil. nŠhīe
cunnon) hwæðer him Ç£nig wæs Ç£r Äcenned dyrnra gÄsta, 1356.--2) with inf.
following, _can, to be able_: prs. sg. him bebeorgan ne con, _cannot defend
himself_, 1747; prs. pl. men ne cunnon secgan, _cannot say_, 50; pret. sg.
cūðe reccan, 90; beorgan cūðe, 1446; pret. pl. herian ne cūðon, _could not
praise_, 182; pret. subj. healdan cūðe, 2373.
cunnian, w. v., _to inquire into, to try_, w. gen. or acc.: inf. sund
cunnian (figurative for _roam over the sea_), 1427, 1445; geongne cempan
higes cunnian, _to try the young warrior's mind_, 2046; pret. eard cunnode,
_tried the home_, i.e. came to it, 1501; pl. wada cunnedon, _tried the
flood_, i.e. swam through the sea, 508.
cūð, adj.: 1) _known, well known; manifest, certain_: nom. sg. undyrne cūð,
150, 410; wīde cūð, 2924; acc. sg. fern. cūðe folme, 1304; cūðe strǣte,
1635; nom. pl. ecge cūðe, 1146; acc. pl. cūðe næssas, 1913.--2) _renowned_:
nom. sg. gūðum cūð, 2179; nom. pl. cystum cūðe, 868.--3) also, _friendly,
dear, good_ (see un-cūð).--Comp.: un-, wīd-cūð.
cūð-līce, adv., _openly, publicly_: comp. nŠhēr cūðlīcor cuman ongunnon
lind-hæbbende, _no shield-bearing men undertook more boldly to come hither_
(the coast-watchman means by this the secret landing of the Vikings), 244.
cwalu, st. f., _murder, fall_: in comp. dēað-cwalu.
cweccan (_to make alive_, see cwic), w. v., _to move, to swing_: pret.
cwehte mægen-wudu, _swung the wood of strength_ (= spear), 235.
cweðan, st. v., _to say, to speak_: a) absolutely: prs. sg. III. cwið æt
bēore, _speaks at beer-drinking_, 2042.--b) w. acc.: pret. word æfter cwæð,
315; fēa worda cwæð, 2247, 2663.--c) with þæt following: pret. sg. cwæð,
92, 2159; pl. cwǣdon, 3182.--d) with þæt omitted: pret. cwæð hē gūð-cyning
sēcean wolde, _said he would seek out the war-king_, 199; similarly, 1811,
2940.
Ä-cweðan, _to say, to speak_, w. acc.: prs. þæt word Äcwyð, _speaks the
word_, 2047; pret. þæt word Äcwæð, 655.
ge-cweðan, _to say, to speak_: a) absolutely: pret. sg. II. swÄ Ã¾Å« gecwÇ£de,
2665.--b)w. acc.: pret. wēl-hwylc gecwæð, _spoke everything_, 875; pl. wit
þæt gecwǣdon, 535.--c) w. þæt following: pret. gecwæð, 858, 988.
cwellan, w. v., (_to make die_), _to kill, to murder_: pret. sg. II. þū
Grendel cwealdest, 1335.
Ä-cwellan, _to kill_: pret. sg. (hÄ“) wyrm Äcwealde, 887; þone þe Grendel Ç£r
mÄne Äcwealde, _whom Grendel had before wickedly murdered_, 1056; beorn
Äcwealde, 2122.
cwēn, st. f.: 1) _wife, consort_ (of noble birth): nom. sg. cwēn, 62;
(HrÅðgÄr's), 614, 924; (Finn's), 1154.--2) particularly denoting the queen:
nom. sg. bēaghroden cwēn (Wealhþēow), 624; mǣru cwēn, 2017; fremu folces
cwēn (Þrȳðo), 1933; acc. sg. cwēn (Wealhþēow), 666.-Comp. folc-cwēn.
cwēn-līc, adj., _feminine, womanly_: nom. sg. ne bið swylc cwēnlīc þēaw
(_such is not the custom of women, does not become a woman_), 1941.
cwealm, st. m., _violent death, murder, destruction_: acc. sg. þone cwealm
gewræc, _avenged the death_ (of Abel by Cain), 107; mǣndon mondryhtnes
cwealm, _lamented the ruler's fall_, 3150.--Comp.: bealo-, dēað-,
gÄr-cwealm.
cwealm-bealu, st. n., _the evil of murder_: acc. sg., 1941.
cwealm-cuma, w. m., _one coming for murder, a new-comer who contemplates
murder_: acc. sg. þone cwealm-cuman (of Grendel), 793.
cwic and cwico, adj., _quick, having life, alive_: acc. sg. cwicne, 793,
2786; gen. sg. Äht cwices, _something living_, 2315; nom. pl. cwice, 98;
cwico wæs Ã¾Ä gÄ“na, _was still alive_, 3094.
cwide, st. m., _word, speech, saying_: in comp. gegn-, gilp-, hlēo-,
word-cwide.
cwīðan, st. v., _to complain, to lament_: inf. w. acc. ongan ... gioguðe
cwīðan hilde-strengo, _began to lament the_ (departed) _battle-strength of
his youth_, 2113 [ceare] cwīðan, _lament their cares_, 3173.
cyme, st. m., _coming, arrival_: nom. pl. hwanan Ä“owre cyme syndon, _whence
your coming is_, i. e. whence ye are, 257.--Comp. eft-cyme.
cȳmlīce, adv., (convenienter), _splendidly, grandly_: comp. cȳmlīcor, 38.
cyn, st. n., _race_, both in the general sense, and denoting noble lineage:
nom. sg. Frēsena cyn, 1094; Wedera (gara, MS.) cyn, 461; acc. sg. eotena
cyn, 421; gīganta cyn, 1691; dat. sg. Caines cynne, 107; manna cynne, 811,
915, 1726; Ä“owrum (of those who desert BÄ“owulf in battle) cynne, 2886; gen.
sg. manna (gumena) cynnes, 702, etc.; mÇ£ran cynnes, 1730; lÄðan cynnes,
2009, 2355; Å«sses cynnes WÇ£gmundinga, 2814; gen. pl. cynna gehwylcum,
98.--Comp.: eormen-, feorh-, frum-, gum-, man-, wyrm-cyn.
cyn, st. n., _that which is suitable or proper_: gen. pl. cynna (of
etiquette) gemyndig, 614.
ge-cynde, adj., _innate, peculiar, natural_: nom. sg., 2198, 2697.
cyne-dÅm, st. m., _kingdom, royal dignity_: acc. sg., 2377.
cyning, st. m., _king_: nom. acc. sg. cyning, II, 864, 921, etc.; kyning,
620, 3173; dat. sg. cyninge, 3094; gen. sg. cyninges, 868, 1211; gen. pl.
kyning[a] wuldor, of God, 666.--Comp. beorn-, eorð-, folc-, guð-, hēah-,
lÄ“od-, sÇ£-, sÅð-, þēod-, worold-, wuldor-cyning.
cyning-beald, adj., "_nobly bold_" (Thorpe), _excellently brave_ (?): nom.
pl. cyning-balde men, 1635.
ge-cyssan, w. v., _to kiss_: pret. gecyste Ã¾Ä cyning ... þegen betstan,
_kissed the best thane_ (BÄ“owulf), 1871.
cyst (_choosing_, see cēosan), st. f., _the select, the best of a thing,
good quality, excellence_: nom. sg. Ä«renna cyst, _of the swords_, 803,
1698; wǣpna cyst, 1560; symbla cyst, _choice banquet_, 1233; acc. sg. īrena
cyst, 674; dat. pl. foldwegas ... cystum cūðe, _known through excellent
qualities_, 868; (cyning) cystum gecȳðed, 924.--Comp. gum-, hilde-cyst.
cȳð. See on-cȳð.
cȳðan (see cūð), w. v., _to make known, to manifest, to show_: imp. sg.
mægen-ellen cȳð, _show thy heroic strength_, 660; inf. cwealmbealu cȳðan,
1941; ellen cȳðan, 2696.
ge-cȳðan (_to make known_, hence): 1) _to give information, to announce_:
inf. andsware gecȳðan, _to give answer_, 354; gerund, tŠgecȳðanne hwanan
Ä“owre cyme syndon (_to show whence ye come_), 257; pret. part. sÅð is
gecȳðed þæt ... (_the truth has become known_, it has shown itself to be
true), 701; HigelÄce wæs sīð BÄ“owulfes snÅ«de gecȳðed, _the arrival of B.
was quickly announced_, 1972; similarly, 2325.--2) _to make celebrated_, in
pret. part.: wæs mīn fæder folcum gecȳðed (_my father was known to
warriors_), 262; wæs his mÅdsefa manegum gecȳðed, 349; cystum gecȳðed,
924.
cȳð (properly, _condition of being known_, hence _relationship_), st. f.,
_home, country, land_: in comp. feor-cȳð.
ge-cȳpan, w. v., _to purchase_: inf. næs him ǣnig þearf þæt hē ... þurfe
wyrsan wīgfrecan weorðe gecȳpan, _had need to buy with treasures no
inferior warrior_, 2497.
D
daroð, st. m., _spear_: dat. pl. dareðum lÄcan (_to fight_), 2849.
ge-dÄl, st. n., _parting, separation_: nom. sg. his worulde gedÄl, _his
separation from the world_ (his death), 3069.--Comp. ealdor-, lÄ«f-gedÄl.
dæg, st. m., _day_: nom. sg. dæg, 485, 732, 2647; acc. sg. dæg, 2400;
andlangne dæg, _the whole day_, 2116; morgenlongne dæg (_the whole
morning_), 2895; oð dÅmes dæg, _till judgment-day_, 3070; dat. sg. on þǣm
dæge þysses līfes (eo tempore, tunc), 197, 791, 807; gen. sg. dæges, 1601,
2321; hwīl dæges, _a day's time, a whole day_, 1496; dæges and nihtes, _day
and night_, 2270; dæges, _by day_, 1936; dat. pl. on tȳn dagum, _in ten
days_, 3161.--Comp. Ç£r-, dÄ“að-, ende-, ealdor-, fyrn-, geÄr-, lÇ£n-, lÄ«f-,
swylt-, win-dæg, an-dæges.
dæg-hwīl, st. f., _day-time_: acc. pl. þæt hē dæghwīla gedrogen hæfde
eorðan wynne, _that he had enjoyed earth's pleasures during the days_
(appointed to him), i.e. that his life was finished, 2727.--(After Grein.)
dæg-rÄ«m, st. n., _series of days, fixed number of days_: nom. sg. dÅgera
dægrīm (_number of the days of his life_), 824.
dÇ£d, st. f., _deed, action_: acc. sg. dÄ“orlÄ«ce dÇ£d, 585; dÅmlÄ“asan dÇ£d,
2891; frēcne dǣde, 890; dǣd, 941; acc. pl. Grendles dǣda, 195; gen. pl.
dǣda, 181, 479, 2455, etc.; dat. pl. dǣdum, 1228, 2437, etc.--Comp. ellen-,
fyren-, lof-dǣd.
dǣd-cēne, adj., _bold in deed_: nom. sg. dǣd-cēne mon, 1646.
dǣd-fruma, w. m., _doer of deeds, doer_: nom. sg., of Grendel, 2091.
dǣd-bata, w. m., _he who pursues with his deeds_: nom. sg., of Grendel,
275.
dÇ£dla, w. m., _doer_: in comp. mÄn-for-dÇ£dla.
dǣl, st. m., _part, portion_: acc. sg. dǣl, 622, 2246, 3128; acc. pl.
dǣlas, 1733.--Often dǣl designates the portion of a thing or of a quality
which belongs in general to an individual, as, oð þæt him on innan
oferhygda dǣl weaxeð, _till in his bosom his portion of arrogance
increases_: i.e. whatever arrogance he has, his arrogance, 1741. BÄ«owulfe
wearð dryhtmÄðma dÇ£l dÄ“aðe, forgolden, _to BÄ“owulf his part of the splendid
treasures was paid with death_, i.e. whatever splendid treasures were
allotted to him, whatever part of them he could win in the fight with the
dragon, 2844; similarly, 1151, 1753, 2029, 2069, 3128.
dǣlan, w. v., _to divide, to bestow, to share with_, w. acc.: pres. sg.
III. mÄdmas dÇ£leð, 1757; pres. subj. þæt hÄ“ wið ÄglÇ£cean eofoðo dÇ£le, _that
he bestow his strength upon_ (strive with) _the bringer of misery_ the
drake), 2535; inf. hringas dǣlan, 1971; pret. bēagas dǣlde, 80; sceattas
dǣlde, 1687.
be-dǣlan, w. instr., _(to divide), to tear away from, to strip of_: pret.
part. drēamum (drēame) bedǣled, _deprived of the heavenly joys_ (of
Grendel), 722, 1276.
ge-dǣlan: 1) _to distribute_: inf. (w. acc. _of the thing distributed_);
bǣr on innan eall gedǣlan geongum and ealdum swylc him god sealde,
_distribute therein to young and old all that God had given him_, 71.--2)
_to divide, to separate_, with acc.: inf. sundur gedǣlan līf wið līce,
_separate life from the body_, 2423; so pret. subj. þæt hÄ“ gedÇ£lde ... Änra
gehwylces līf wið līce, 732.
denn (cf. denu, dene, vallis), st. n., _den, cave_: acc. sg. þæs wyrmes
denn, 2761; gen. sg. (draca) gewÄt dennes nÄ«osian, 3046.
ge-defe, adj.: 1) (impersonal) _proper, appropriate_: nom. sg. swÄ hit
gedēfe wæs (bið), _as was appropriate, proper_, 561, 1671, 3176.--2) _good,
kind, friendly_; nom sg. bēo þū suna mīnum dǣdum gedēfe, _be friendly to my
son by deeds_ (support my son in deed, namely, when he shall have attained
to the government), 1228.--Comp. un-ge-dēfelīce.
dÄ“man (see dÅm), w. v.: 1) _to judge, to award justly_: pres. subj. mÇ£rðo
dēme, 688.--2) _to judge favorably, to praise, to glorify_: pret. pl. his
ellenweorc duguðum dēmdon, _praised his heroic deed with all their might_,
3176.
dēmend, _judge_: dǣda dēmend (of God), 181.
deal, adj., "superbus, clarus, fretus" (Grimm): nom. pl. þrȳðum dealle,
494.
dēad, adj., _dead_: nom. sg. 467, 1324, 2373; acc. sg. dēadne, 1310.
dēað, st. m., _death, dying_: nom. sg, dēað, 441, 447, etc.; acc. sg. dēað,
2169; dat. sg. dēaðe, 1389, 1590, (as instr.) 2844, 3046; gen. sg. dēaðes
wylm, 2270; dēaðes nȳd, 2455.--Comp. gūð-, wæl-, wundor-dēað.
dēað-bed, st. n., _death-bed_: dat. sg. dēað-bedde fæst, 2902.
dÄ“að-cwalu, st. f., _violent death_, _ruin and death_: dat. pl. tÅ
dēað-cwalum, 1713.
dēað-cwealm, st. m., _violent death, murder_: nom. sg. 1671.
dēað-dæg, st. m., _death-day, dying day_: dat. sg. æfter dēað-dæge (_after
his death_), 187, 886.
dēað-fǣge, adj., _given over to death_: nom. sg. (Grendel) dēað-fǣge dēog,
_had hidden himself, being given over to death_ (mortally wounded), 851.
dēað-scūa, w. m., _death-shadow, ghostly being, demon of death_: nom. sg.
deorc dēað-scūa (of Grendel), 160.
dēað-wērig, adj., _weakened by death_, i.e. dead: acc. sg. dēað-wērigne,
2126. See wērig.
dÄ“að-wÄ«c, st. n. _death's house, home of death_: acc. sg. gewÄt dÄ“aðwÄ«c
sēon (_had died_), 1276.
dēagan (O.H.G. pret. part. tougan, _hidden_), _to conceal one's self, to
hide_: pret. (for pluperf.) dēog, 851.--Leo.
deorc, adj., _dark_: of the night, nom. sg. (nihthelm) deorc, 1791; dat.
pl. deorcum nihtum, 275, 2212; of the terrible Grendel, nom. sg. deorc
dēað-scūa, 160.
dēofol, st. m. n., _devil_: gen. sg. dēofles, 2089; gen. pl. dēofla, of
Grendel and his troop, 757, 1681.
dēogol, dȳgol, adj., _concealed, hidden, inaccessible, beyond information,
unknown_: nom. sg. dēogol dǣdhata (of Grendel), 275; acc. sg. dȳgel lond,
_inaccessible land_, 1358.
dēop, st. n., _deep, abyss_: acc. sg., 2550.
dēop, adv. _deeply_: acc. sg. dēop wæter, 509, 1905.
dÄ«ope, adj., _deep_: hit oð dÅmes dæg dÄ«ope benemdon þēodnas mÇ£re, _the
illustrious rulers had charmed it deeply till the judgment-day, had laid a
solemn spell upon it_, 3070.
dēor, st. n., _animal, wild animal_: in comp. mere-, sǣ-dēor.
dēor, adj.: 1) _wild, terrible_: nom. sg. dīor dǣd-fruma (of Grendel),
2091.--2) _bold, brave_: nom. nǣnig ... dēor, 1934.--Comp.: heaðu-,
hilde-dēor.
dēore, dȳre, adj.: 1) _dear, costly_ (high in price): acc. sg. dȳre īren,
2051; drincfæt dȳre (dēore), 2307, 2255; instr. sg. dēoran sweorde, 561;
dat. sg. dÄ“orum mÄðme, 1529; nom. pl. dyÌ„re swyrd, 3049; acc. pl. dÄ“ore
(dyÌ„re) mÄðmas, 2237, 3132.--2) _dear, beloved, worthy_: nom. sg. f.,
æðelum dīore, _worthy by reason of origin_, 1950; dat. sg. æfter dēorum
men, 1880; gen. sg. dēorre duguðe, 488; superl. acc. sg. aldorþegn þone
dēorestan, 1310.
dēor-līc, adj., _bold, brave_: acc. sg. dēorlīce dǣd, 585. See dēor.
disc, st. m., _disc, plate, flat dish_: nom. acc. pl. discas, 2776, 3049.
ge-dīgan. See ge-dȳgan.
dol-gilp, st. m., _mad boast, foolish pride, vain-glory, thoughtless
audacity_: dat. sg. for dolgilpe, 509.
dol-līc, adj., _audacious_: gen. pl. mǣst ... dǣda dollīcra, 2647.
dol-sceaða, w. m., _bold enemy_: acc. sg. þone dol-scaðan (Grendel), 479.
dÅgor, st. m. n., _day_; 1) day as a period of 24 hours: gen. sg. ymb ÄntÄ«d
Åðres dÅgores, _at the same time of the next day_, 219; morgen-lÄ“oht Åðres
dÅgores, _the morning-light of the second day_, 606.--2) day in the usual
sense: acc. sg. n. þyÌ„s dÅgor, _during this day_, 1396; instr. þyÌ„ dÅgore,
1798; forman dÅgore, 2574; gen. pl. dÅgora gehwÄm, 88; dÅgra gehwylce,
1091; dÅgera dægrim, _the number of his days_ (the days of his life),
824.--3) _day_ in the wider sense of time: dat. pl. ufaran dÅgrum, _in
later days, times_, 2201, 2393.--Comp. ende-dÅgor.
dÅgor-gerÄ«m, st. n., _series of days_: gen. sg. wæs eall sceacen
dÅgor-gerÄ«mes, _the whole number of his days_ (his life) _was past_, 2729.
dÅhtor, st. f., _daughter_: nom. acc. sg. dÅhtor, 375, 1077, 1930, 1982,
etc.
dÅm, st. m.: I., _condition, state in general_; in comp. cyne-,
wis-dÅm.--II., having reference to justice, hence: 1) _judgment, judicial
opinion_: instr. sg. weotena dÅme, _according to the judgment of the
Witan_, 1099. 2) _custom_: æfter dÅme, _according to custom_, 1721. 3)
_court, tribunal_: gen. sg. miclan dÅmes, 979; oð dÅmes dæg, 3070, both
times of the last judgment.--III., _condition of freedom_ or _superiority_,
hence: 4) _choice, free will_: acc. sg. on sÄ«nne sylfes dÅm, _according to
his own choice_, 2148; instr. sg. selfes dÅme, 896, 2777. 5) _might,
power_: nom. sg. dÅm godes, 2859; acc. sg. Eofores Änne dÅm, 2965; dat. sg.
drihtnes dÅme, 441. 6) _glory, honor, renown_: nom. sg. [dÅm], 955; dÅm
unlyÌ„tel, _not a little glory_, 886; þæt wæs forma sīð dÄ“orum mÄðme þæt his
dÅm Älæg, _it was the first time to the dear treasure_ (the sword Hrunting)
_that its fame was not made good_, 1529; acc. sg. ic mÄ“ dÅm gewyrce, _make
renown for myself_, 1492; þæt þū ne ÄlÇ£te dÅm gedrÄ“osan, _that thou let not
honor fall_, 2667; dat. instr. sg. þǣr hÄ“ dÅme forlÄ“as, _here he lost his
reputation_, 1471; dÅme gewurðad, _adorned with glory_, 1646; gen. sg.
wyrce sÄ“ þe mÅte dÅmes, _let him make himself reputation, whoever is able_,
1389. 7) _splendor_ (in heaven): acc. sÅð-fæstra dÅm, _the glory of the
saints_, 2821.
dÅm-lÄ“as, adj., _without reputation, inglorious_: acc. sg. f. dÅmlÄ“asan
dǣd, 2891.
dÅn, red. v., _to do, to make, to treat_: 1) absolutely: imp. dÅð swÄ ic
bidde, _do as I beg_, 1232.--2) w. acc.: inf. hēt hire selfre sunu on bǣl
dÅn, 1117; pret. Ã¾Ä hÄ“ him of dyde Ä«sernbyrnan, _took off the iron
corselet_, 672; (þonne) him HÅ«nlÄfing, ... billa sÄ“lest, on bearm dyde,
_when he made a present to him of HÅ«nlÄfing, the best of swords_, 1145;
dyde him of healse hring gyldenne, _took off the gold ring from his neck_,
2810; nē him þæs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde, eafoð and ellen, _nor did he
reckon as anything the drake's fighting, power, and strength_, 2349; pl. hī
on beorg dydon bēg and siglu, _placed in the (grave-) mound rings and
ornaments_, 3165.--3) representing preceding verbs: inf. tÅ GÄ“atum sprec
mildum wordum! swÄ sceal man dÅn, _as one should do_, 1173; similarly,
1535, 2167; pres. metod eallum wÄ“old, swÄ hÄ“ nÅ« gÄ«t dēð, _the creator ruled
over all, as he still does_, 1059; similarly, 2471, 2860, and (sg. for pl.)
1135; pret. II. swÄ Ã¾Å« Ç£r dydest, 1677; III. swÄ hÄ“ nÅ« gyÌ„t dyde, 957;
similarly, 1382, 1892, 2522; pl. swÄ hÄ«e oft Ç£r dydon, 1239; similarly,
3071. With the case also which the preceding verb governs: wēn' ic þæt hē
wille ... GÄ“atena lÄ“ode etan unforhte, swÄ hÄ“ oft dyde mægen Hrēðmanna, _I
believe he will wish to devour the GÄ“at people, the fearless, as he often
did_ (devoured) _the bloom of the Hrēðmen_, 444; gif ic þæt gefricge ...
þæt þec ymbesittend egesan þyÌ„wað, swÄ Ã¾ec hetende hwÄ«lum dydon, _that the
neighbors distress thee as once the enemy did thee_ (i.e. distressed),
1829; gif ic Åwihte mæg þīnre mÅd-lufan mÄran tilian þonne ic gyÌ„t dyde,
_if I can with anything obtain thy greater love than I have yet done_,
1825; similarly, pl. þonne Ã¾Ä dydon, 44.
ge-dÅn, _to do, to make_, with the acc. and predicate adj.: prs. (god)
gedēð him swÄ gewealdene worolde dÇ£las, _makes the parts of the world_
(i.e. the whole world) _so subject that ..._, 1733; inf. nē hyne on
medo-bence micles wyrðne drihten wereda gedÅn wolde, _nor would the leader
of the people much honor him at the mead-banquet_, 2187. With adv.: hē mec
þǣr on innan ... gedÅn wolde, _wished to place me in there_, 2091.
draca, w. m., _drake, dragon_: nom. sg., 893, 2212; acc. sg. dracan, 2403,
3132; gen. sg., 2089, 2291, 2550.--Comp.: eorð-, fȳr-, lēg-, līg-,
nīð-draca.
on-drǣdan, st. v., w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the pers., _to fear, to
be afraid of_: inf. þæt þū him on-drǣdan ne þearft ... aldorbealu, _needest
not fear death for them_, 1675; pret. nÅ hÄ“ him Ã¾Ä sæcce ondrÄ“d, _was not
afraid of the combat_, 2348.
ge-dræg (from dragan, in the sense se gerere), st. n., _demeanor, actions_:
acc. sg. sēcan dēofla gedræg, 757.
drepan, st. v., _to hit, to strike_: pret. sg. sweorde drep ferhð-genīðlan,
2881; pret. part. bið on hreðre ... drepen biteran strǣle, _struck in the
breast with piercing arrow_, 1746; wæs in feorh dropen (_fatally hit_),
2982.
drepe, st. m., _blow, stroke_: acc. sg. drepe, 1590.
drÄ“fan, ge-drÄ“fan, w. v., _to move, to agitate, to stir up_: inf. gewÄt ...
drÄ“fan dÄ“op wæter (_to navigate_), 1905; pret. part. wæter under stÅd
drēorig and gedrēfed, 1418.
drēam, st. m., _rejoicing, joyous actions, joy_: nom. sg. hæleða drēam,
497; acc. sg. drēam hlūdne, 88; þū ... drēam healdende, _thou who livest in
rejoicing_ (at the drinking-carouse), _who art joyous_, 1228: dat. instr.
sg. drēame bedǣled, 1276; gen. pl. drēama lēas, 851; dat. pl. drēamum (here
adverbial) lifdon, _lived in rejoicing, joyously_, 99; drēamum bedǣled,
722; the last may refer also to heavenly joys.--Comp. glēo-, gum-, man-,
sele-drēam.
drÄ“am-lÄ“as, adj., _without rejoicing, joyless_: nom. sg. of King HeremÅd,
1721.
drēogan, st. v.: 1) _to lead a life, to be in a certain condition_: pret.
drÄ“ah æfter dÅme, _lived in honor, honorably_, 2180; pret. pl. fyren-þearfe
ongeat, þæt hīe ǣr drugon aldorlēase lange hwile, _(God) had seen the great
distress, (had seen) that they had lived long without a ruler_ (?), 15.--2)
_to experience, to live through, to do, to make, to enjoy_: imp. drēoh
symbelwynne, _pass through the pleasure of the meal, to enjoy the meal_,
1783; inf. driht-scype drēogan (_do a heroic deed_), 1471; pret. sundnytte
drēah (_had the occupation of swimming_, i.e. swam through the sea), 2361;
pret. pl. hīe gewin drugon (_fought_), 799; hī sīð drugon, _made the way,
went_, 1967.--3) _to experience, to bear, to suffer_: scealt werhðo
drēogan, _shall suffer damnation_, 590; pret. þegn-sorge drēah, _bore
sorrow for his heroes_, 131; nearoþearfe drēah, 422; pret. pl. inwidsorge
þē hīe ǣr drugon, 832; similarly, 1859.
Ä-drÄ“ogan, _to suffer, to endure_: inf. wrÇ£c ÄdrÄ“ogan, 3079.
ge-drēogan, _to live through, to enjoy_, pret. part. þæt hē ... gedrogen
hæfde eorðan wynne, _that he had now enjoyed the pleasures of earth_ (i.e.
that he was at his death), 2727.
drēor, st. m., _blood dropping or flowing from wounds_: instr. sg. drēore,
447.--Comp. heoru-, sÄwul-, wæl-drÄ“or.
drÄ“or-fÄh, adj., _colored with blood, spotted with blood_: nom. sg. 485.
drÄ“orig, adj., _bloody, bleeding_: nom. sg. wæter stÅd drÄ“orig, 1418; acc.
sg. dryhten sīnne drīorigne fand, 2790.--Comp. heoru-drēorig.
ge-drēosan, st. v., _to fall down, to sink_: pres. sg. III. līc-homa lǣne
gedrēoseð, _the body, belonging to death, sinks down_, 1755; inf. þæt þū ne
ÄlÇ£te dÅm gedrÄ“osan, _honor fall, sink_, 2667.
drincan, st. v., _to drink_ (with and without the acc.): pres. part. nom.
pl. ealo drincende, 1946; pret. blÅd Ä“drum dranc, _drank the blood in
streams_(?), 743; pret. pl. druncon wīn weras, _the men drank wine_, 1234;
þǣr guman druncon, _where the men drank_, 1649. The pret. part., when it
stands absolutely, has an active sense: nom. pl. druncne dryhtguman, _ye
warriors who have drunk, are drinking_, 1232; acc. pl. nealles druncne slÅg
heorð-genēatas, _slew not his hearth-companions who had drunk with him_,
i.e. at the banquet, 2180. With the instr. it means _drunken_: nom. sg.
bēore (wīne) druncen, 531, 1468; nom. pl. bēore druncne, 480.
drÄ«fan, st. v., _to drive_: pres. pl. Ã¾Ä Ã¾e brentingas ofer flÅda genipu
feorran drīfað, _who drive their ships thither from afar over the darkness
of the sea_, 2809; inf. (w. acc.) þēah þe hē [ne] meahte on mere drīfan
hringedstefnan, _although he could not drive the ship on the sea_, 1131.
to-drÄ«fan, _to drive apart, to disperse_: pret. oð þæt unc flÅd tÅdrÄf,
545.
drohtoð, st. m., _mode of living_ or _acting, calling, employment_: nom.
sg. ne wæs his drohtoð þǣr swylce hē ǣr gemētte, _there was no employment
for him_ (Grendel) _there such as he had found formerly_, 757.
drūsian, w. v. (cf. drēosan, properly, _to be ready to fall_; here of
water), _to stagnate, to be putrid_. pret. lagu drūsade (through the blood
of Grendel and his mother), 1631.
dryht, driht, st. f., _company, troop, band of warriors; noble band_: in
comp. mago-driht.
ge-dryht, ge-driht, st. f., _troop, band of noble warriors_: nom. sg. mīnra
eorla gedryht, 431; acc. sg. æðelinga gedriht, 118; mid his eorla (hæleða)
gedriht (gedryht), 357, 663; similarly, 634, 1673.--Comp. sibbe-gedriht.
dryht-bearn, st. n., _youth from a noble warrior band, noble young man_:
nom. sg. dryhtbearn Dena, 2036.
dryhten, drihten, st. m., _commander, lord_: a) _temporal lord_: nom. sg.
dryhten, 1485, 2001, etc.; drihten, 1051; dat. dryhtne, 2483, etc.;
dryhten, 1832.--b) _God_: nom. drihten, 108, etc.; dryhten, 687, etc.; dat.
sg. dryhtne, 1693, etc.; drihtne, 1399, etc.; gen. sg. dryhtnes, 441;
drihtnes, 941.--Comp.: frēa-, frēo-, gum-, man-, sige-, wine-dryhten.
dryht-guma, w. m., _one of a troop of warriors, noble warrior_: dat. sg.
drihtguman, 1389; nom. pl. drihtguman, 99; dryhtguman, 1232; dat. pl. ofer
dryhtgumum, 1791 (of HrÅðgÄr's warriors).
dryht-līc, adj., _(that which befits a noble troop of warriors), noble,
excellent_: dryhtlīc īren, _excellent sword_, 893; acc. sg. f. (with an
acc. sg. n.) drihtlīce wīf (of Hildeburh), 1159.
dryht-mÄðum, st. m., _excellent jewel, splendid treasure_: gen. pl.
dryhtmÄðma, 2844.
dryht-scipe, st. m., _(lord-ship) warlike virtue, bravery; heroic deed_:
acc. sg. drihtscype drēogan, _to do a heroic deed_, 1471.
dryht-sele, st. m., _excellent, splendid hall_: nom. sg. driht-sele, 485;
dryhtsele, 768; acc. sg. dryhtsele, 2321.
dryht-sib, st. f., _peace_ or _friendship between troops of noble
warriors_: gen. sg. dryhtsibbe, 2069.
drync, st. m., _drink_: in comp. heoru-drync.
drync-fæt, st. n., _vessel for drink, to receive the drink_: acc. sg.,
2255; drinc-fæt, 2307.
drysmian, w. v., _to become obscure, gloomy_ (through the falling rain):
pres. sg. III. lyft drysmað, 1376.
drysne, adj. See on-drysne.
dugan, v., _to avail, to be capable, to be good_: pres. sg. III. hūru se
aldor dēah, _especially is the prince capable_, 369; ðonne his ellen dēah,
_if his strength avails, is good_, 573; þē him selfa dēah, _who is capable
of himself, who can rely on himself_, 1840; pres. subj. þēah þīn wit duge,
_though, indeed, your understanding be good, avail_, 590; similarly, 1661,
2032; pret. sg. þū ūs wēl dohtest, _you did us good, conducted yourself
well towards us_, 1822; similarly, nū sēo hand ligeð sē þe ēow welhwylcra
wilna dohte, _which was helpful to each one of your desires_, 1345; pret.
subj. þēah þū heaðorǣsa gehwǣr dohte, _though thou wast everywhere strong
in battle_, 526.
duguð (_state of being fit, capable_), st. f.: 1) _capability, strength_:
dat. pl. for dugeðum, _in ability_(?), 2502; duguðum dēmdon, _praised with
all their might_(?), 3176.--2) _men capable of bearing arms, band of
warriors_, esp., _noble warriors_: nom. sg. duguð unlȳtel, 498; duguð,
1791, 2255; dat. sg. for duguðe, _before the heroes_, 2021; nalles frætwe
geaf ealdor duguðe, _gave the band of heroes no treasure_ (more), 2921;
lÄ“oda duguðe on lÄst, _upon the track of the heroes of the people_, i.e.
after them, 2946; gen. sg. cūðe hē duguðe þēaw, _the custom of the noble
warriors_, 359; dēorre duguðe, 488; similarly, 2239, 2659; acc. pl. duguða,
2036.--3) contrasted with geogoð, duguð designates the noted warriors of
noble birth (as in the Middle Ages, knights in contrast with squires): so
gen. sg. duguðe and geogoðe, 160; gehwylc ... duguðe and iogoðe, 1675;
duguðe and geogoðe dǣl ǣghwylcne, 622.
durran, v. pret. and pres. _to dare_; prs. sg. II. þū dearst bīdan, _darest
to await_, 527; III. hē gesēcean dear, 685; pres. subj. sēc gyf þū dyrre,
_seek_ (Grendel's mother), _if thou dare_, 1380; pret. dorste, 1463, 1469,
etc.; pl. dorston, 2849.
duru, st. f., _door, gate, wicket_: nom. sg., 722; acc. sg. [duru], 389.
ge-dūfan, st. v., _to dip in, to sink into_: pret. þæt sweord gedēaf (_the
sword sank into the drake_, of a blow), 2701.
þurh-dūfan, _to dive through; to swim through, diving_: pret. wæter up
þurh-dēaf, _swam through the water upwards_ (because he was before at the
bottom), 1620.
dwellan, w. v., _to mislead, to hinder_: prs. III. nÅ hine wiht dweleð, Ädl
nē yldo, _him nothing misleads, neither sickness nor age_, 1736.
dyhtig, adj., _useful, good for_: nom. sg. n. sweord ... ecgum dyhtig,
1288.
dynnan, w. v., _to sound, to groan, to roar_: pret. dryhtsele (healwudu,
hrūse) dynede, 768, 1318, 2559.
dyrne, adj.: 1) _concealed, secret, retired_: nom. sg. dyrne, 271; acc. sg.
dryhtsele dyrnne (of the drake's cave-hall), 2321.--2) _secret, malicious,
hidden by sorcery_: dat. instr. sg. dyrnan cræfte, _with secret magic art_,
2291; dyrnum cræfte, 2169; gen. pl. dyrnra gÄsta, _of malicious spirits_
(of Grendel's kin), 1358.--Comp. un-dyrne.
dyrne, adv., _in secret, secretly_: him ...æfter dēorum men dyrne langað,
_longs in secret for the dear man_, 1880.
dyrstig, adj., _bold, daring_: þēah þe hē dǣda gehwæs dyrstig wǣre,
_although he had been courageous for every deed_, 2839.
ge-dȳgan, ge-dīgan, w. v., _to endure, to overcome_, with the acc. of the
thing endured: pres. sg. II. gif þū þæt ellenweorc aldre gedīgest, _if thou
survivest the heroic work with thy life_, 662; III. þæt þone hilderÇ£s hÄl
gedīgeð, _that he survives the battle in safety_, 300; similarly, inf.
unfǣge gedīgan wēan and wræcsīð, 2293; hwæðer sēl mǣge wunde gedȳgan,
_which of the two can stand the wounds better_ (come off with life), 2532;
ne meahte unbyrnende dēop gedȳgan, _could not endure the deep without
burning_ (could not hold out in the deep), 2550; pret. sg. I. III.
ge-dīgde, 578, 1656, 2351, 2544.
dȳgol. See dēogol.
dȳre. See dēore.
E
ecg, st. f., _edge of the sword, point_: nom. sg. sweordes ecg, 1107; ecg,
1525, etc.; acc. sg. wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstÅd, _defended the
entrance against point and edge_ (i.e. against spear and sword), 1550;
mēces ecge, 1813; nom. pl. ecge, 1146.--_Sword, battle-axe, any cutting
weapon_: nom. sg. ne wæs ecg bona (_not the sword killed him_), 2507; sīo
ecg brūn (Bēowulf's sword Nægling), 2578; hyne ecg fornam, _the sword
snatched him away_, 2773, etc.; nom. pl. ecga, 2829; dat. pl. æscum and
ecgum, 1773; dat. pl. (but denoting only one sword) Ä“acnum ecgum, 2141;
gen. pl. ecga, 483, 806, 1169;--_blade_: ecg wæs īren, 1460.--Comp.: brūn-,
heard-, stȳl-ecg, adj.
ecg-bana, w. m., _murderer by the sword_: dat. sg. Cain wearð tŠecg-banan
Ängan brēðer, 1263.
ecg-hete, st. m., _sword-hate, enmity which the sword carries out_: nom.
sg., 84, 1739.
ecg-þracu, st. f., _sword-storm_ (of violent combat): acc. atole ecg-þræce,
597.
ed-hwyrft, st. m., _return_ (of a former condition): Ã¾Ä Ã¾Ç£r sÅna wearð
edhwyrft eorlum, siððan inne fealh Grendles mÅdor (i.e. after Grendel's
mother had penetrated into the hall, the former perilous condition, of the
time of the visits of Grendel, returned to the men), 1282.
ed-wendan, w. v., _to turn back, to yield, to leave off_: inf. gyf him
edwendan ǣfre scolde bealuwa bisigu, _if for him the affliction of evil
should ever cease_, 280.
ed-wenden, st. f., _turning, change_: nom. sg. edwenden, 1775; ed-wenden
torna gehwylces (_reparation for former neglect_), 2189.
edwīt-līf, st. n., _life in disgrace_: nom. sg., 2892.
efn, adj., _even, like_, with preceding on, and with depend. dat., _upon
the same level, near_: him on efn ligeð ealdorgewinna, _lies near him_,
2904.
efnan (see æfnan) w. v., _to carry out, to perform, to accomplish_: pres.
subj. eorlscype efne (_accomplish knightly deeds_), 2536; inf. eorlscipe
efnan, 2623; sweorda gelÄc efnan (_to battle_), 1042; gerund. tÅ efnanne,
1942; pret. eorlscipe efnde, 2134, 3008.
efne, adv., _even, exactly, precisely, just_, united with swÄ or swylc:
efne swÄ swīðe swÄ, _just so much as_, 1093; efne swÄ sÄ«de swÄ, 1224; wæs
se gryre lÇ£ssa efne swÄ micle swÄ, _by so much the less as ..._, 1284;
lÄ“oht inne stÅd efne swÄ ... scÄ«neð, _a gleam stood therein_ (in the sword)
_just as when ... shines_, 1572; efne swÄ hwylc mægða swÄ Ã¾one magan cende
(_a woman who has borne such a son_), 944; efne swÄ hwylcum manna swÄ him
gemet þūhte, _to just such a man as seemed good to him_, 3058; efne swylce
mǣla swylce ... þearf gesǣlde, _just at the times at which necessity
commanded it_, 1250.
efstan, w. v., _to be in haste, to hasten_: inf. uton nū efstan, _let us
hurry now_, 3102; pret. efste mid elne, _hastened with heroic strength_,
1494.
eft, adv.: l) _thereupon, afterwards_: 56, 1147, 2112, 3047, etc.; eft sÅna
bið, _then it happens immediately_, 1763; bÅt eft cuman, _help come again_,
281.--2) _again, on the other side_: þæt hine on ylde eft gewunigen
wilgesīðas, _that in old age again_ (also on their side) _willing
companions should be attached to him_, 22;--_anew, again_: 135, 604, 693,
1557, etc.; eft swÄ Ç£r, _again as formerly_, 643.--3) retro, rursus,
_back_: 123, 296, 854, etc.; þæt hig æðelinges eft ne wēndon (_did not
believe that he would come back_), 1597.
eft-cyme, st. m., _return_: gen. sg. eftcymes, 2897.
eft-sīð, st. m., _journey back, return_: acc. sg. 1892; gen. sg. eft-sīðes
georn, 2784; acc. pl. eftsīðas tēah, _went the road back_, i.e. returned,
1333.
egesa, egsa (_state of terror_, active or passive): l) _frightfulness_:
acc. sg. þurh egsan, 276; gen. egesan ne gȳmeð, _cares for nothing
terrible, is not troubled about future terrors_(?), 1758.--2) _terror,
horror, fear_: nom. sg. egesa, 785; instr. sg. egesan, 1828, 2737.--Comp.:
glēd-, līg-, wæter-egesa.
eges-full, adj., _horrible (full of fear, fearful)_, 2930.
eges-līc, adj., _terrible, bringing terror_: of Grendel's head, 1650; of
the beginning of the fight with the drake, 2310; of the drake, 2826.
egle, adj., _causing aversion, hideous_: nom. pl. neut., or, more probably,
perhaps, adverbial, egle (MS. egl), 988.
egsian (denominative from egesa), w. v., _to have terror, distress_: pret.
(as pluperf.) egsode eorl(?), 6.
ehtian, w. v., _to esteem, to make prominent with praise_: III. pl. pres.
þæt þē ... weras ehtigað, _that thee men shall esteem, praise_, 1223.
elde (_those who generate_, cf. O.N. al-a, generare), st. m. only in the
pl., _men_: dat. pl. eldum, 2215; mid eldum, _among men_, 2612.--See ylde.
eldo, st. f., _age_: instr. sg. eldo gebunden, 2112.
el-land, st. n., _foreign land, exile_: acc. sg. sceall ... elland tredan,
(_shall be banished_), 3020.
ellen, st. n., _strength, heroic strength, bravery_: nom. sg. ellen, 573;
eafoð and ellen, 903; Gēata ... eafoð and ellen, 603; acc. sg. eafoð and
ellen, 2350; ellen cȳðan, _show bravery_, 2696; ellen fremedon, _exercised
heroic strength, did heroic deeds_, 3; similarly, ic gefremman sceal eorlīc
ellen, 638; ferh ellen wræc, _life drove out the strength_, i.e. with the
departing life (of the dragon) his strength left him, 2707; dat. sg. on
elne, 2507, 2817; as instr. Ã¾Ä wæs æt þÄm geongum grim andswaru ēðbegÄ“te
þÄm þe Ç£r his elne forlÄ“as, _then it was easy for_ (every one of) _those
who before had lost his hero-courage, to obtain rough words from the young
man_ (WÄ«glÄf), 2862; mid elne, 1494, 2536; elne, alone, in adverbial sense,
_strongly, zealously_, and with the nearly related meaning, _hurriedly,
transiently_, 894, 1098, 1968, 2677, 2918; gen. sg. elnes læt, 1530; Ã¾Ä him
wæs elnes þearf, 2877.--Comp. mægen-ellen.
ellen-dǣd, st. f., _heroic deed_: dat. pl. -dǣdum, 877, 901.
ellen-gǣst, st. m., _strength-spirit, demon with heroic strength_: nom. sg.
of Grendel, 86.
ellen-līce, adv., _strongly, with heroic strength_, 2123.
ellen-mǣrðu, st. f., _renown of heroic strength_, dat. pl. -mǣrðum, 829,
1472.
ellen-rÅf, adj., _renowned for strength_: nom. sg. 340, 358, 3064; dat. pl.
-rÅfum, 1788.
ellen-sēoc, adj., _infirm in strength_: acc. sg. þēoden ellensīocne (_the
mortally wounded king, BÄ“owulf_), 2788.
ellen-weorc, st. n., (_strength-work_), _heroic deed, achievement in
battle_: acc. sg. 662, 959, 1465, etc.; gen. pl. ellen-weorca, 2400.
elles, adv., _else, otherwise_: a (modal), _in another manner_, 2521.--b
(local), elles hwǣr, _somewhere else_, 138; elles hwergen, 2591.
ellor, adv., _to some other place_, 55, 2255.
ellor-gÄst, -gÇ£st, st. m., _spirit living elsewhere_ (standing outside of
the community of mankind): nom. sg. se ellorgÄst (Grendel), 808; (Grendel's
mother), 1622; ellorgǣst (Grendel's mother), 1618; acc. pl. ellorgǣstas,
1350.
ellor-sīð, st. m., _departure, death_: nom. sg. 2452.
elra, adj. (comparative of a not existing form, ele, Goth. aljis, alius),
_another_: dat. sg. on elran men, 753.
el-þēodig, adj., _of another people: foreign_: acc. pl. el-þēodige men,
336.
ende, st. m., _the extreme_: hence, 1) _end_: nom. sg. aldres (līfes) ende,
823, 2845; oð þæt ende becwÅm (scil. unrihtes), 1255; acc. sg. ende
līfgesceafta (līfes, lǣn-daga), 3064, 1387, 2343; hæfde eorðscrafa ende
genyttod, _had used the end of the earth-caves_ (had made use of the caves
for the last time), 3047; dat. sg. ealdres (līfes) æt ende, 2791, 2824;
eoletes æt ende, 224.--2) _boundary_: acc. sg. sīde rīce þæt hē his selfa
ne mæg ... ende geþencean, _the wide realm, so that he himself cannot
comprehend its boundaries_, 1735.--3) _summit, head_: dat. sg. eorlum on
ende, _to the nobles at the end_ (the highest courtiers), 2022.--Comp.
woruld-ende.
ende-dæg, st. m., _last day, day of death_: nom. sg. 3036; acc. sg. 638.
ende-dÅgor, st. m., _last day, day of death_: gen. sg. bÄ“ga on wÄ“num
endedÅgores and eftcymes lÄ“otes monnes (_hesitating between the belief in
the death and in the return of the dear man_), 2897.
ende-lÄf, st. f., _last remnant_: nom. sg. þū eart ende-lÄf Å«sses cynnes,
_art the last of our race_, 2814.
ende-lēan, st. n., _final reparation_: acc. sg. 1693.
ende-sǣta, w. m., _he who sits on the border, boundary-guard_: nom. sg.
(here of the strand-watchman), 241.
ende-stæf, st. m. (elementum finis), _end_: acc. sg. hit on endestæf eft
gelimpeð, _then it draws near to the end_, 1754.
ge-endian, w. v., _to end_: pret. part. ge-endod, 2312.
enge, adj., _narrow_: acc. pl. enge Änpaðas, _narrow paths_, 1411.
ent, st. m., _giant_: gen. pl. enta ǣr-geweorc (the sword-hilt out of the
dwelling-place of Grendel), 1680; enta geweorc (the dragon's cave), 2718;
eald-enta ǣr-geweorc (the costly things in the dragon's cave), 2775.
entisc, adj., _coming from giants_: acc. sg. entiscne helm, 2980.
etan, st. v., _to eat, to consume_: pres. sg. III. blÅdig wæl ... eteð
Än-genga, _he that goes alone_ (Grendel) _will devour the bloody corpse_,
448; inf. Gēatena lēode ... etan, 444.
þurh-etan, _to eat through_: pret. part. pl. nom. swyrd ... þurhetone,
_swords eaten through_ (by rust), 3050.
Ä’
Ä“c. See Ä“ac.
Ä“ce, adj., _everlasting_; nom. Ä“ce drihten (God), 108; acc. sg. Ä“ce
eorðreced, _the everlasting earth-hall_ (the dragon's cave), 2720; gecēas
ēcne rǣd, _chose the everlasting gain_ (died), 1202; dat. sg. ēcean
dryhtne, 1693, 1780, 2331; acc. pl. gecēos ēce rǣdas, 1761.
ēdre. See ǣdre.
ēð-begÄ“te, adj., _easy to obtain, ready_: nom. sg. Ã¾Ä wæs æt þÄm geongum
grim andswaru ēð-begÄ“te, _then from the young man_ (WÄ«glÄf) _it was an easy
thing to get a gruff answer_, 2862.
ēðe. See ēaðe.
ēðel, st. m., _hereditary possessions, hereditary estate_: acc. sg. swǣsne
ēðel, 520; dat. sg. on ēðle, 1731.--In royal families the hereditary
possession is the whole realm: hence, acc. sg. ēðel Scyldinga, _of the
kingdom of the Scyldings_, 914; (Offa) wÄ«sdÅme hÄ“old ēðel sÄ«nne, _ruled
with wisdom his inherited kingdom_, 1961.
ēðel-riht, st. n., _hereditary privileges_ (rights that belong to a
hereditary estate): nom. sg. eard ēðel-riht, _estate and inherited
privileges_, 2199.
ēðel-stÅl, st. m., _hereditary seat, inherited throne_: acc. pl.
ēðel-stÅlas, 2372.
ēðel-turf, st. f., _inherited ground, hereditary estate_: dat. sg. on mīnre
ēðeltyrf, 410.
ēðel-weard, st. m., _lord of the hereditary estate_ (realm): nom. sg.
ēðelweard (_king_), 1703, 2211; dat. sg. Ēast-Dena ēðel wearde (King
HrÅðgÄr), 617.
ēðel-wyn, st. f., _joy in_, or _enjoyment of, hereditary possessions_: nom.
sg. nÅ« sceal ... eall ēðelwyn Ä“owrum cynne, lufen Älicgean, _now shall your
race want all home-joy, and subsistence_(?) (your race shall be banished
from its hereditary abode), 2886; acc. sg. hē mē lond forgeaf, eard
ēðelwyn, _presented me with land, abode, and the enjoyment of home_, 2494.
ēð-gesȳne, ȳð-gesēne, adj., _easy to see, visible to all_: nom. sg. 1111,
1245.
Ä“g-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff_: acc. sg. ofer Ä“g-clif (ecg-clif, MS.), 2894.
ēg-strēam, st. m., _sea-stream, sea-flood_: dat. pl. on ēg-strēamum, _in
the sea-floods_, 577. See ēagor-strēam.
ēhtan (M.H.G. ǣchten; cf. ǣht and ge-æhtla), w. v. w. gen., _to be a
pursuer, to pursue_: pres. part. ǣglǣca ēhtende wæs duguðe and geogoðe,
159; pret. pl. Ä“hton ÄglÇ£can, _they pursued the bringer of sorrow_
(BÄ“owulf)(?), 1513.
ēst, st. m. f., _favor, grace, kindness_: acc. sg. hē him ēst getēah mēara
and mÄðma (_honored him with horses and jewels_), 2166; gearwor hæfde
Ägendes Ä“st Ç£r gescÄ“awod, _would rather have seen the grace of the Lord_
(of God) _sooner_, 3076.--dat. pl., adverbial, libenter: him on folce
hÄ“old, Ä“stum mid Äre, 2379; Ä“stum geyÌ„wan (_to present_), 2150; him wæs ...
wunden gold ēstum geēawed (_presented_), 1195; wē þæt ellenweorc ēstum
miclum fremedon, 959.
Ä“ste, adj., _gracious_: w. gen. Ä“ste bearn-gebyrdo, _gracious through the
birth_ (of such a son as BÄ“owulf), 946.
EA
eafoð, st. n., _power, strength_: nom, sg. eafoð and ellen, 603, 903; acc.
sg. eafoð and ellen, 2350; wē frēcne genēðdon eafoð uncūðes, _we have
boldly ventured against the strength of the enemy_ (Grendel) _have
withstood him_, 961; gen. sg. eafoðes cræftig, 1467; þæt þec Ädl oððe ecg
eafoðes getwǣfed, _shall rob of strength_, 1764; dat. pl. hine mihtig god
... eafeðum stēpte, _made him great through strength_, 1718.
eafor, st. m., _boar_; here the image of the boar as banner: acc. sg.
eafor, 2153.
eafora (_offspring_), w. m.: 1) _son_: nom. sg. eafera, 12, 898; eafora,
375; acc. sg. eaferan, 1548, 1848; gen. sg. eafera, 19; nom. pl. eaferan,
2476; dat. pl. eaferum, 1069, 2471; uncran eaferan, 1186.--2) in broader
sense, _successor_: dat. pl. eaforum, 1711.
eahta, num., _eight_: acc. pl. eahta mēaras, 1036; ēode eahta sum, _went as
one of eight, with seven others_, 3124.
eahtian, w. v.: 1) _to consider; to deliberate_: pret. pl. w. acc. rǣd
eahtedon, _consulted about help_, 172; pret. sg. (for the plural) þone
sÄ“lestan þÄra þe mid HrÅðgÄre hÄm eahtode, _the best one of those who with
HrÅðgÄr deliberated about their home_ (ruled), 1408.--2) _to speak with
reflection of_ (along with the idea of praise): pret. pl. eahtodan
eorlscipe, _spoke of his noble character_, 3175.
eal, eall, adj., _all, whole_: nom. sg. werod eall, 652; pl. eal bencþelu,
486; sg. eall ēðelwyn, 2886; eal worold, 1739, etc.; þæt hit wearð eal
gearo, healærna mǣst, 77; þæt hit (wīgbil) eal gemealt, 1609. And with a
following genitive: þǣr wæs eal geador Grendles grÄpe, _there was all
together Grendel's hand, the whole hand of Grendel_, 836; eall ... lissa,
_all favor_, 2150; wæs eall sceacen dÅgorgerÄ«mes, 2728. With apposition:
þūhte him eall tŠrūm, wongas and wīcstede, 2462; acc. sg. bēot eal, 523;
similarly, 2018, 2081; oncȳððe ealle, _all distress_, 831; heals ealne,
2692; hlǣw ... ealne ūtan-weardne, 2298; gif hē þæt eal gemon, 1186, 2428;
þæt eall geondseh, recedes geatwa, 3089; ealne wīde-ferhð, _through the
whole wide life, through all time_, 1223; instr. sg. ealle mægene, _with
all strength_, 2668; dat. sg. eallum ... manna cynne, 914; gen. sg. ealles
moncynnes, 1956. Subst. ic þæs ealles mæg ... gefēan habban, 2740; brūc
ealles well, 2163; frēan ealles þanc secge, _give thanks to the Lord of
all_, 2795; nom. pl. untȳdras ealle, 111; scēotend ... ealle, 706; wē
ealle, 942; acc. pl. fēond ealle, 700; similarly, 1081, 1797, 2815; subst.
ofer ealle, 650; ealle hÄ«e dÄ“að fornam, 2237; lÄ«g ealle forswealg þÄra þe
þǣr gūð fornam, _all of those whom the war had snatched away_, 1123; dat.
pl. eallum ceaster-bÅ«endum, 768; similarly, 824, 907, 1418; subst. Äna wið
eallum, _one against all_, 145; with gen. eallum gumena cynnes, 1058; gen.
pl. æðelinga bearn ealra twelfa, _the kinsmen of all twelve nobles_ (twelve
nobles hold the highest positions of the court), 3172; subst. hÄ“ Äh ealra
geweald, _has power over all_, 1728.
Uninflected: bil eal þurhwÅd flÇ£schoman, _the battle-axe cleft the body
through and through_, 1568; hæfde ... eal gefeormod fēt and folma, _had
devoured entirely feet and hands_, 745; sÄ“ þe eall geman gÄr-cwealm gumena,
_who remembers thoroughly the death of the men by the spear_, 2043, etc.
Adverbial: þēah ic eal mǣge, _although I am entirely able_, 681; hī on
beorg dydon bēg and siglu eall swylce hyrsta, _they placed in the
grave-mound rings, and ornaments, all such adornments_, 3165.--The gen. sg.
ealles, adverbial in the sense of _entirely_, 1001, 1130.
eald, adj., _old_: a) of the age of living beings: nom. sg. eald, 357,
1703, 2211, etc.; dat. sg. ealdum, 2973; gen. sg. ealdes Å«htflogan
(_dragon_), 2761; dat. sg. ealdum, 1875; geongum and ealdum, 72.--b) of
things and of institutions: nom. sg. helm monig eald and Åmig, 2764; acc.
sg. ealde lÄfe (_sword_), 796, 1489; ealde wÄ«san, 1866; eald sweord, 1559,
1664, etc.; eald gewin, _old_ (lasting years), _distress_, 1782; eald enta
geweorc (_the precious things in the drake's cave_), 2775; acc. pl. ealde
mÄðmas, 472; ofer ealde riht, _against the old laws_ (namely, the Ten
Commandments; BÄ“owulf believes that God has sent him the drake as a
punishment, because he has unconsciously, at some time, violated one of the
commandments), 2331.
yldra, compar. _older_: mÄ«n yldra mÇ£g, 468; yldra brÅðor, 1325; oð þæt hÄ“
(Heardrēd) yldra wearð, 2379.
yldesta, superl. _oldest_, in the usual sense; dat. sg. þÄm yldestan, 2436;
in a moral sense, _the most respected_: nom. sg. se yldesta, 258; acc. sg.
þone yldestan, 363, both times of Bēowulf.
eald-fæder, st. m., _old-father, grandfather, ancestor_: nom. sg. 373.
eald-gesegen, st. f., _traditions from old times_: gen. pl. eal-fela
eald-gesegena, _very many of the old traditions_, 870.
eald-gesīð, st. m., _companion ever since old times, courtier for many
years_: nom. pl. eald-gesīðas, 854.
eald-gestrēon, st. n., _treasure out of the old times_: dat. pl.
eald-gestrēonum, 1382; gen. pl. -gestrēona, 1459.
eald-gewinna, w. m., _old-enemy, enemy for many years_: nom. sg. of
Grendel, 1777.
eald-gewyrht, st. n., _merit on account of services rendered during many
years_: nom. pl. þæt nÇ£ron eald-gewyrht, þæt hÄ“ Äna scyle gnorn þrowian,
_that has not been his desert ever since long ago, that he should bear the
distress alone_, 2658.
eald-hlÄford, st. m., _lord through many years_: gen. sg. bill
eald-hlÄfordes (of the old BÄ“owulf(?)), 2779.
eald-metod, st. m., _God ruling ever since ancient times_: nom. sg. 946.
ealdor, aldor, st. m., _lord, chief_ (king or powerful noble): nom. sg.
ealdor, 1645, 1849, 2921; aldor, 56, 369, 392; acc. sg. aldor, 669; dat.
sg. ealdre, 593; aldre, 346.
ealdor, aldor, st. n., _life_: acc. sg. aldor, 1372; dat. sg. aldre, 1448,
1525; ealdre, 2600; him on aldre stÅd herestrÇ£l hearda (in vitalibus),
1435; nalles for ealdre mearn, _was not troubled about his life_, 1443; of
ealdre gewÄt, _went out of life, died_, 2625; as instr. aldre, 662, 681,
etc.; ealdre, 1656, 2134, etc.; gen. sg. aldres, 823; ealdres, 2791, 2444;
aldres orwēna, _despairing of life_, 1003, 1566; ealdres scyldig, _having
forfeited life_, 1339, 2062; dat. pl. aldrum nēðdon, 510, 538.--Phrases: on
aldre (_in life_), _ever_, 1780; tÅ aldre (_for life_), _always_, 2006,
2499; Äwa tÅ aldre, _for ever and ever_, 956.
ealdor-bealu, st. n., _life's evil_: acc. sg. þū ... ondrǣdan ne þearft ...
aldorbealu eorlum, _thou needest not fear death for the courtiers_, 1677.
ealdor-cearu, st. f., _trouble that endangers life, great trouble_: dat.
sg. hē his lēodum wearð ... tŠaldor-ceare, 907.
ealdor-dagas, st. m. pl., _days of one's life_: dat. pl. nǣfre on
aldor-dagum (_never in his life_), 719; on ealder-dagum ǣr (_in former
days_), 758.
ealdor-gedÄl, st. n., _severing of life, death, end_: nom. sg. aldor-gedÄl,
806.
ealdor-gewinna, w. m., _life-enemy, one who strives to take his enemy's
life_ (in N.H.G. the contrary conception, Tod-feind): nom. sg.
ealdorgewinna (_the dragon_), 2904.
ealdor-lēas, adj., _without a ruler_(?): nom. pl. aldor-lēase, 15.
ealdor-lēas, adj., _lifeless, dead_: acc. sg. aldor-lēasne, 1588;
ealdor-lēasne, 3004.
ealdor-þegn, st. m., _nobleman at the court, distinguished courtier_: acc.
sg. aldor-þegn (HrÅðgÄr's confidential adviser, Æschere), 1309.
eal-fela, adj., _very much_: with following gen., eal-fela eald-gesegena,
_very many old traditions_, 870; eal-fela eotena cynnes, 884.
ealgian, w. v., _to shield, to defend, to protect_: inf. w. acc. feorh
ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; pret. siððan hÄ“ (HygelÄc) under segne sinc
eal-gode, wælrēaf werede, _while under his banner he protected the
treasures, defended the spoil of battle_ (i.e. while he was upon the Viking
expeditions), 1205.
eal-gylden, adj., _all golden, entirely of gold_: nom. sg. swȳn ealgylden,
1112; acc. sg. segn eallgylden, 2768.
eal-īrenne, adj., _entirely of iron_: acc. sg. eall-īrenne wīgbord, _a
wholly iron battle-shield_, 2339.
ealu, st. n., _ale, beer_: acc. sg. ealo drincende, 1946.
ealu-benc, st. f., _ale-bench, bench for those drinking ale_: dat. sg. in
ealo-bence, 1030; on ealu-bence, 2868.
ealu-scerwen, st. f., _terror_, under the figure of a mishap at an
ale-drinking, probably the sudden taking away of the ale: nom. sg. Denum
eallum wearð ... ealuscerwen, 770.
ealu-wǣge, st. n., _ale-can, portable vessel out of which ale is poured
into the cups_: acc. sg. 2022; hroden ealowǣge, 495; dat. sg. ofer ealowǣge
(_at the ale-carouse_), 481.
eal-wealda, w. adj., _all ruling_ (God): nom. sg. fæder alwalda, 316;
alwalda, 956, 1315; dat. sg. al-wealdan, 929.
eard, st. m., _cultivated ground, estate, hereditary estate_; in a broader
sense, _ground in general, abode, place of sojourn_: nom. sg. him wæs bÄm
... lond gecynde, eard ēðel-riht, _the land was bequeathed to them both,
the land and the privileges attached to it._ 2199; acc. sg. fīfel-cynnes
eard, _the ground of the giant race, place of sojourn_, 104; similarly,
ælwihta eard, 1501; eard gemunde, _thought of his native ground, his home_,
1130; eard gīt ne const, _thou knowest not yet the place of sojourn._ 1378;
eard and eorlscipe, _prǣdium et nobilitatem_, 1728; eard ēðelwyn, _land and
the enjoyment of home_, 2494; dat. sg. ellor hwearf of earde, _went
elsewhere from his place of abode_, i.e. died, 56; þæt wē rondas beren eft
tÅ earde, _that we go again to our homes_, 2655; on earde, 2737; nom. pl.
Ä“acne eardas, _the broad expanses_ (in the fen-sea where Grendel's home
was), 1622.
eardian, w. v.: 1) _to have a dwelling-place, to live; to rest_: pret. pl.
dyÌ„re swyrd swÄ hÄ«e wið eorðan fæðm þǣr eardodon, _costly swords, as they
had rested in the earth's bosom_, 3051.--2) also transitively, _to
inhabit_: pret. sg. Heorot eardode, 166; inf. wīc eardian elles hwergen,
_inhabit a place elsewhere_ (i.e. die), 2590.
eard-lufa, w. m., _the living upon one's land, home-life_: acc. sg.
eard-lufan, 693.
earfoð, st. n., _trouble, difficulty, struggle_: acc. pl. earfeðo, 534.
earfoð-līce, adv., _with trouble, with difficulty_, 1637, 1658; _with
vexation, angrily_, 86; _sorrowfully_, 2823; _with difficulty, scarcely_,
2304, 2935.
earfoð-þrÄg, st. f., _time full of troubles, sorrowful time_: acc. sg.
-þrÄge, 283.
earh, adj., _cowardly_: gen. sg. ne bið swylc earges sīð (_no coward
undertaken that_), 2542.
earm, st. m., _arm_: acc. sg. earm, 836, 973; wið earm gesæt, _supported
himself with his arm_, 750; dat. pl. earmum, 513.
earm, adj., _poor, miserable, unhappy_: nom. sg. earm, 2369; earme ides,
_the unhappy woman_, 1118; dat. sg. earmre teohhe, _the unhappy band_,
2939.--Comp. acc. sg. earmran mannan, _a more wretched, more forsaken man_,
577.
earm-bēag, st. m., _arm-ring, bracelet_: gen. pl. earm-bēaga fela searwum
gesǣled, _many arm-rings interlaced_, 2764.
earm-hrÄ“ad, st. f., _arm-ornament_. nom. pl. earm-hrÄ“ade twÄ, 1195 (Grein's
conjecture, MS. earm reade).
earm-lÄ«c, adj., _wretched, miserable_: nom. sg. sceolde his ealdor-gedÄl
earmlīc wurðan, _his end should be wretched_, 808.
earm-sceapen, pret. part. as adj. (_properly, wretched by the decree of
fate_), _wretched_: nom. sg. 1352.
earn, st. m., _eagle_: dat. sg. earne, 3027.
eatol. See atol.
eaxl, st. f., _shoulder_: acc. sg. eaxle, 836, 973; dat. sg. on eaxle, 817,
1548; be eaxle, 1538; on eaxle ides gnornode, _the woman sobbed on the
shoulder_ (of her son, who has fallen and is being burnt), 1118; dat. pl.
sæt frēan eaxlum nēah, _sat near the shoulders of his lord_ (Bēowulf lies
lifeless upon the earth, and WÄ«glÄf sits by his side, near his shoulder, so
as to sprinkle the face of his dead lord), 2854; hÄ“ for eaxlum gestÅd
Deniga frēan, _he stood before the shoulders of the lord of the Danes_
(i.e. not directly before him, but somewhat to the side, as etiquette
demanded), 358.
eaxl-gestealla, w. m., _he who has his position at the shoulder_ (sc. of
his lord), _trusty courtier, counsellor of a prince_: nom. sg. 1327; acc.
pl. -gesteallan, 1715.
Ä’A
Ä“ac, conj., _also_: 97, 388, 433, etc.; Ä“c, 3132.
Ä“acen (pret. part. of a not existing eacan, augere), adj., _wide-spread_,
_large_: nom. pl. Ä“acne eardas, _broad plains_, 1622.--_great, heavy_: eald
sweord Ä“acen, 1664; dat. pl. Ä“acnum ecgum, 2141, both times of the great
sword in Grendel's habitation.--_great, mighty, powerful_: æðele and ēacen,
of BÄ“owulf, 198.
ēacen-cræftig, adj., _immense_ (of riches), _enormously great_: acc. sg.
hord-ærna sum ēacen-cræftig, _that enormous treasure-house_, 2281; nom. sg.
þæt yrfe ēacen-cræftig, iūmonna gold, 3052.
Ä“adig, adj., _blessed with possessions, rich, happy by reason of property_:
nom. sg. wes, þenden þū lifige, æðeling ēadig, _be, as long as thou livest,
a prince blessed with riches_, 1226; Ä“adig mon, 2471.--Comp. sige-, sigor-,
tīr-ēadig.
ēadig-līce, adv., _in abundance, in joyous plenty_: drēamum lifdon
ēadiglīce, _lived in rejoicing and plenty_, 100.
ēaðe, ēðe, ȳðe, adj., _easy, pleasant_: nom. pl. gode þancedon þæs þe him
ȳð-lÄde Ä“aðe wurdon, _thanked God that the sea-ways_ (the navigation) _had
become easy to them_, 228; ne wæs þæt ēðe sīð, _no pleasant way_, 2587; næs
þæt ȳðe cēap, _no easy purchase_, 2416; nŠþæt ȳðe byð tŠbeflēonne, _not
easy_ (as milder expression for _in no way, not at all_), 1003.
ēaðe, ȳðe, adv., _easily_. ēaðe, 478, 2292, 2765.
ēað-fynde, adj., _easy to find_: nom. sg. 138.
Ä“age, w. n., _eye_: dat. pl. him of Ä“agum stÅd lÄ“oht unfÇ£ger, _out of his
eyes came a terrible gleam_, 727; þæt ic ... ēagum starige, _see with eyes,
behold_, 1782; similarly, 1936; gen. pl. Ä“agena bearhtm, 1767.
ēagor-strēam, st. m., _sea-stream sea_: acc. sg. 513.
Ä“a-land, st. n., _land surrounded by water_ (of the land of the GÄ“atas):
acc. sg. Ä“a-lond, 2335; _island_.
Ä“am, st. m., _uncle, mothers brother_: nom. sg. 882.
Ä“astan, adv., _from the east_, 569.
ēawan, w. v., _to disclose, to show, to prove_: pres. sg. III. ēaweð ...
uncūðne nīð, _shows evil enmity_, 276. See ēowan, ȳwan.
ge-ēawan, _to show, to offer_: pret. part. him wæs ... wunden gold ēstum
ge-Ä“awed, _was graciously presented_, 1195.
EO
Ä“ode. See gangan.
eodor, st. m., _fence, hedge, railing_. Among the old Germans, an estate
was separated by a fence from the property of others. Inside of this fence
the laws of peace and protection held good, as well as in the house itself.
Hence eodor is sometimes used instead of _house_: acc. pl. heht eahta
mēaras on flet tēon, in under eoderas, _gave orders to lead eight steeds
into the hall, into the house_, 1038.--2) figuratively, _lord, prince_, as
protector: nom. sg. eodor, 428, 1045; eodur, 664.
eofoð, st. n., _strength_: acc. pl. eofoðo, 2535. See eafoð.
eofer, st. m.: 1) _boar_, here of the metal boar-image upon the helmet:
nom. sg. eofer Ä«renheard, 1113.--2) figuratively, _bold hero, brave
fighter_ (O.N. iöfur): nom. pl. þonne ... eoferas cnysedan, _when the
heroes rushed upon each other_, 1329, where eoferas and fēðan stand in the
same relation to each other as cnysedan and hniton.
eofor-līc, st. n. _boar-image_ (on the helmet): nom. pl. eofor-līc scionon,
303.
eofor-sprēot, st. m., _boar-spear_: dat. pl. mid eofer-sprēotum
hÄ“oro-hÅcyhtum, _with hunting-spears which were provided with sharp hooks_,
1438.
eoguð, ioguð. See geogoð.
eolet, st. m. n., _sea_(?): gen. sg. eoletes, 224.
eorclan-stÄn, st. m., _precious stone_: acc. pl. -stÄnas, 1209.
eorð-cyning, st. m., _king of the land_: gen. sg. eorð-cyninges (Finn),
1156.
eorð-draca, w. m., _earth-drake, dragon that lives in the earth_: nom. sg.
2713, 2826.
eorðe, w. f.: 1) _earth_ (in contrast with heaven), _world_: acc. sg.
ælmihtiga eorðan worhte, 92; wīde geond eorðan, _far over the earth,
through the wide world_, 266; dat. sg. ofer eorðan, 248, 803; on eorðan,
1823, 2856, 3139; gen. sg. eorðan, 753.--2) _earth, ground_: acc. sg. hē
eorðan gefēoll, _fell to the ground_, 2835; forlēton eorla gestrēon eorðan
healdan, _let the earth hold the nobles' treasure_, 3168; dat. sg. þæt hit
on eorðan læg, 1533; under eorðan, 2416; gen. sg. wið eorðan fæðm (_in the
bosom of the earth_), 3050.
eorð-reced, st. n., _hall in the earth, rock-hall_: acc. sg. 2720.
eorð-scræf, st. n., _earth-cavern, cave_: dat. sg. eorð-[scræfe], 2233;
gen. pl. eorð-scræfe, 3047.
eorð-sele, st. m., _hall in the earth, cave_: acc. sg. eorð-sele, 2411; dat
sg. of eorðsele, 2516.
eorð-weall, st. m., _earth-wall_: acc. sg. (Ongenþēow) bēah eft under
eorðweall, _fled again under the earth-wall_ (into his fortified camp),
2958; Ã¾Ä mÄ“ wæs ... sīð ÄlyÌ„fed inn under eorðweall, _then the way in,
under the earth-wall was opened to me_ (into the dragon's cave), 3091.
eorð-weard, st. m., _land-property, estate_: acc. sg. 2335.
eorl, st. m., _noble born man, a man of the high nobility_: nom. sg. 762,
796, 1229, etc.; acc. sg. eorl, 573, 628, 2696; gen. sg. eorles, 690, 983,
1758, etc.; acc. pl. eorlas, 2817; dat. pl. eorlum, 770, 1282, 1650, etc.;
gen. pl. eorla, 248, 357, 369, etc.--Since the king himself is from the
stock of the eorlas, he is also called eorl, 6, 2952.
eorl-gestrēon, st. n., _wealth of the nobles_: gen. pl. eorl-gestrēona ...
hardfyrdne dǣl, 2245.
eorl-gewǣde, st. n., _knightly dress, armor_: dat. pl. -gewǣdum, 1443.
eorlīc (i.e. eorl-līc), adj., _what it becomes a noble born man to do,
chivalrous_: acc. sg. eorlīc ellen, 638.
eorl-scipe, st. m., _condition of being noble born, chivalrous nature,
nobility_: acc. sg. eorl-scipe, 1728, 3175; eorl-scipe efnan, _to do
chivalrous deeds_, 2134, 2536, 2623, 3008.
eorl-weorod, st. n., _followers of nobles_: nom. sg. 2894.
eormen-cyn, st. n., _very extensive race, mankind_: gen. sg. eormen-cynnes,
1958.
eormen-grund, st. m., _immensely wide plains, the whole broad earth_: acc.
sg. ofer eormen-grund, 860.
eormen-lÄf, st. f., _enormous legacy_: acc. sg. eormen-lÄfe æðelan cynnes
(_the treasures of the dragon's cave_) 2235.
eorre, adj., _angry, enraged_: gen. sg. eorres, 1448.
eoton, st. m.: 1) _giant_: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel), 762; dat. sg.
uninflected, eoton (Grendel), 669; nom. pl. eotenas, 112.--2) Eotens,
subjects of Finn, the N. Frisians: 1073, 1089, 1142; dat. pl. 1146. See
List of Names, p. 114.
eotonisc, adj., _gigantic, coming from giants_: acc. sg. eald sweord
eotenisc (eotonisc), 1559, 2980, (etonisc, MS.) 2617.
Ä’O
Ä“ored-geatwe, st. f. pl., _warlike adornments_: acc. pl., 2867.
Ä“owan, w. v., _to show, to be seen_: pres. sg. III. ne gesacu ÅhwÇ£r,
ecghete ēoweð, _nowhere shows itself strife, sword-hate_, 1739. See ēawan,
ȳwan.
Ä“ower: 1) gen. pl. pers. pron., vestrum: Ä“ower sum, _that one of you_
(namely, Bēowulf), 248; fǣhðe ēower lēode, _the enmity of the people of
you_ (of your people), 597; nis þæt Ä“ower sīð ... nefne mÄ«n Änes, 2533.--2)
poss. pron., _your_, 251, 257, 294, etc.
F
ge-fandian, -fondian, w. v., _to try, to search for, to find out, to
experience_: w. gen. pret. part. þæt hæfde gumena sum goldes gefandod,
_that a man had discovered the gold_, 2302; þonne se Än hafað þurh deÄðes
nȳd dǣda gefondad, _now the one_ (Herebeald) _has with death's pang
experienced the deeds_ (the unhappy bow-shot of Hæðcyn), 2455.
fara, w. m., _farer, traveller_: in comp. mere-fara.
faran, st. v., _to move from one place to another, to go, to wander_: inf.
tÅ hÄm faran, _to go home_, 124; lÄ“ton on geflÄ«t faran fealwe mÄ“aras, _let
the fallow horses go in emulation_, 865; cwÅm faran flotherge on FrÄ“sna
land, _had come to Friesland with a fleet_, 2916; cÅm lÄ“oda dugoðe on lÄst
faran, _came to go upon the track of the heroes of his people_, i.e. to
follow them, 2946; gerund wǣron æðelingas eft tŠlēodum fūse tŠfarenne,
_the nobles were ready to go again to their people_, 1806; pret. sg. gegnum
fÅr [þÄ] ofer myrcan mÅr, _there had_ (Grendel's mother) _gone away over
the dark fen_, 1405; sÇ£genga fÅr, _the seafarer_ (the ship) _drove along_,
1909; (wyrm) mid bÇ£le fÅr, (the dragon) _fled away with fire_, 2309; pret.
pl. þæt ... scawan scÄ«rhame tÅ scipe fÅron, _that the visitors in
glittering attire betook themselves to the ship_, 1896.
gefaran, _to proceed, to act_: inf. hÅ« se mÄnsceaða under fÇ£rgripum gefaran
wolde, _how he would act in his sudden attacks_, 739.
ūt faran, _to go out_: w. acc. lēt of brēostum ... word ūt faran, _let
words go out of his breast, uttered words_, 2552.
faroð, st. m., _stream, flood of the sea, shore, strand, edge_: dat. sg. tÅ
brimes faroðe, 28; æfter faroðe, _with the stream_, 580; æt faroðe, 1917.
faru, st. f., _way, passage, expedition_: in comp. Äd-faru.
fÄcen-stæf (elementum nequitiae), st. m., _wickedness, treachery, deceit_.
acc. pl. fÄcen-stafas, 1019.
fÄh, fÄg, adj., _many-colored, variegated, of varying color_ (especially
said of the color of gold, of bronze, and of blood, in which the beams of
light are refracted): nom. sg. fÄh (_covered with blood_), 420; blÅde fÄh,
935; ÄtertÄnum fÄh (sc. Ä«ren) [This is the MS reading; emmended to
ÄtertÄ“arum in text--KTH], 1460; sadol searwum fÄh (_saddle artistically
ornamented with gold_), 1039; sweord swÄte fÄh, 1287; brim blÅde fÄh, 1595;
wældrÄ“ore fÄg, 1632; (draca) fyÌ„rwylmum fÄh (_because he spewed flame_),
2672; sweord fÄh and fÇ£ted, 2702; blÅde fÄh, 2975; acc. sg. drÄ“ore fÄhne,
447; goldsele fÇ£ttum fÄhne, 717; on fÄgne flÅr treddode, _trod the shining
floor_ (of Heorot), 726; hrÅf golde fÄhne, _the roof shining with gold_,
928; nom. pl. eoforlÄ«c ... fÄh and fyÌ„r-beard, 305; acc. pl. Ã¾Ä hilt since
fÄge, 1616; dat. pl. fÄgum sweordum, 586.--Comp. bÄn-, blÅd-, brÅ«n-,
drÄ“or-, gold-, gryre-, searo-, sinc-, stÄn-, swÄt-, wæl-, wyrm-fÄh.
fÄh, fÄg, fÄ, adj.: 1) _hostile_: nom. sg. fÄh fÄ“ond-scaða, 554; hÄ“ wæs fÄg
wið god (Grendel), 812; acc. sg. fÄne (_the dragon_), 2656; gen. pl. fÄra,
578, 1464.--2) _liable to pursuit, without peace, outlawed_: nom. sg. fÄg,
1264; mÄne fÄh, _outlawed through crime_, 979; fyren-dÇ£dum fÄg,
1002.--Comp. nearo-fÄh.
fÄmig-heals, adj., _with foaming neck_: nom. sg. flota fÄmig-heals, 218;
(sÇ£genga) fÄmig-heals, 1910.
fæc, st. n., _period of time_: acc. sg. lȳtel fæc, _during a short time_,
2241.
fæder, st. m., _father_: nom. sg. fæder, 55, 262, 459, 2609; of God, 1610;
fæder alwalda, 316; acc. sg. fæder, 1356; dat. sg. fæder, 2430; gen. sg.
fæder, 21, 1480; of God, 188--Comp.: ǣr, eald-fæder.
fædera, w. m., _father's brother_ in comp. suhter-gefæderan.
fæder-æðelo, st. n. pl., _paternus principatus_ (?): dat. pl. fæder-æðelum,
912.
fæderen-mǣg, st. m., _kinsman descended from the same father,
co-descendant_: dat. sg. fæderen-mǣge, 1264.
fæðm, st. m.: 1) _the outspread, encircling arms_: instr. pl. fēondes
fæð[mum], 2129.--2) _embrace, encircling_: nom. sg. līges fæðm, 782; acc.
sg. in fȳres fæðm, 185.--3) _bosom, lap_: acc. sg. on foldan fæðm, 1394;
wið eorðan fæðm, 3050; dat. pl. tŠfæder (God's) fæðmum, 188.--4) _power,
property_: acc. in Francna fæðm, 1211.--Cf. sīd-fæðmed, sīð-fæðme.
fæðmian, w. v., _to embrace, to take up into itself_: pres. subj. þæt minne
lÄ«chaman ... glÄ“d fæðmie, 2653; inf. lÄ“ton flÅd fæðmian frætwa hyrde, 3134.
ge-fæg, adj., _agreeable, desirable_ (Old Eng., fawe, _willingly_): comp.
ge-fægra, 916.
fægen, adj., _glad, joyous_: nom. pl. ferhðum fægne, _the glad at heart_,
1634.
fæger, fǣger, adj., _beautiful, lovely_: nom. sg. fǣger fold-bold, 774;
fæger foldan bearm, 1138; acc. sg. freoðoburh fægere, 522; nom. pl. þǣr him
fold-wegas fægere þūhton, 867.--Comp. un-fǣger.
fægere, fægre, adv., _beautifully, well, becomingly, according to
etiquette_: fægere geþǣgon medoful manig, 1015; Ã¾Ä wæs flet-sittendum
fægere gereorded, _becomingly the repast was served_, 1789; HigelÄc ongan
... fægre fricgean, 1986; similarly, 2990.
fær, st. n., _craft, ship_: nom. sg., 33.
fæst, adj., _bound, fast_: nom. sg. bið se slǣp tŠfæst, 1743; acc. sg.
frēondscipe fæstne, 2070; fæste frioðuwǣre, 1097.--The prep. on stands to
denote the where or wherein: wæs tÅ fæst on þÄm (sc. on fÇ£hðe and fyrene),
137; on ancre fæst, 303. Or, oftener, the dative: fÄ“ond-grÄpum fæst,
_(held) fast in his antagonist's clutch_, 637; fȳrbendum fæst, _fast in
the forged hinges_, 723; handa fæst, 1291, etc.; hygebendum fæst (beorn him
langað), _fast (shut) in the bonds of his bosom, the man longs for_ (i.e.
in secret), 1879.--Comp: Är-, blÇ£d-, gin-, sÅð-, tÄ«r-, wÄ«s-fæst.
fæste, adv., _fæst_ 554, 761, 774, 789, 1296.--Comp. fæstor, 143.
be-fæstan, w. v., _to give over_: inf. hēt Hildeburh hire selfre sunu
sweoloðe befæstan, _to give over to the flames her own son_, 1116.
fæsten, st. n., _fortified place, or place difficult of access_: acc. sg.
lēoda fæsten, _the fastness of the Gēatas_ (with ref. to 2327, 2334; fæsten
(Ongenþēow's castle or fort), 2951; fæsten (Grendel's house in the
fen-sea), 104.
fæst-rÇ£d, adj., _firmly resolved_: acc. sg. fæst-rÇ£dne geþÅht, _firm
determination_, 611.
fæt, st. m., _way, journey_: in comp. sīð-fæt.
fæt, st. n., _vessel; vase, cup_: acc. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, _the
(drinking-) vessels of men of old times_, 2762.--Comp.: bÄn-, drync-,
mÄððum-, sinc-, wundor-fæt.
fǣge, adj.: 1) _forfeited to death, allotted to death by fate_: nom. sg.
fǣge, 1756, 2142, 2976; fǣge and ge-flȳmed, 847; fūs and fǣge, 1242; acc.
sg. fǣgne flǣsc-homan, 1569; dat. sg. fǣgum, 2078; gen. sg. fǣges,
1528.--2) _dead_: dat. pl. ofer fǣgum (_over the warriors fallen in the
battle_), 3026.--Comp.: dēað-, un-fǣge.
fÇ£hð (_state of hostility_, see fÄh), st. f., _hostile act, feud, battle_:
nom. sg. fǣhð, 2404, 3062; acc. sg. fǣhðe, 153, 459, 470, 596, 1334, etc.;
also of the unhappy bowshot of the Hrēðling, Hæðcyn, by which he killed his
brother, 2466; dat. sg. fore fǣhðe and fyrene, 137; nalas for fǣhðe mearn
(_did not recoil from the combat_), 1538; gen. sg, ne gefeah hē þǣre fǣhðe,
109; gen. pl. fǣhða gemyndig, 2690.--Comp. wæl-fǣhð.
fǣhðo, st. f., same as above: nom. sg. sīo fǣhðo, 3000; acc. fǣhðo, 2490.
fǣlsian, w. v., _to bring into a good condition, to cleanse_: inf. þæt ic
mÅte ... Heorot fÇ£lsian (from the plague of Grendel), 432; pret. HrÅðgÄres
... sele fǣlsode, 2353.
ge-fǣlsian, w. v., same as above: pret. part. hæfde gefǣlsod ... sele
HrÅðgÄres, 826; Heorot is gefÇ£lsod, 1177; wÇ£ron ȳð-gebland eal gefÇ£lsod,
1621.
fǣmne, w. f., _virgin, recens nupta_: dat. sg. fǣmnan, 2035; gen. sg.
fÇ£mnan, 2060, both times of HrÅðgÄr's daughter FrÄ“aware.
fǣr, st. m., _sudden, unexpected attack_: nom. sg. (attack upon Hnæf's band
by Finn's), 1069, 2231.
fǣr-gripe, st. m., _sudden, treacherous gripe, attack_: nom. sg. fǣr-gripe
flÅdes, 1517; dat. pl. under fÇ£rgripum, 739.
fǣr-gryre, st. m., _fright caused by a sudden attack_: dat. pl. wið
fǣr-gryrum (against the inroads of Grendel into Heorot), 174.
fǣringa, adv., _suddenly, unexpectedly_, 1415, 1989.
fǣr-nīð, st. m., _hostility with sudden attacks_: gen. pl. hwæt mē Grendel
hafað ... fǣrnīða gefremed, 476.
fǣt, st. n. (?), _plate, sheet of metal_, especially _gold plate_ (Dietrich
Hpt. Ztschr. XI. 420): dat. pl. gold sele ... fÇ£ttum fÄhne, _shining with
gold plates_ (the walls and the inner part of the roof were partly covered
with gold), 717; sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde fǣtum befeallen (sc.
wesan), _the gold ornaments shall fall away from it_, 2257.
fǣted, fǣtt, part., _ornamented with gold beaten into plate-form_: gen. sg.
fǣttan goldes, 1094, 2247; instr. sg. fǣttan golde, 2103. Elsewhere,
_covered, ornamented with gold plate_: nom. sg. sweord ... fǣted, 2702;
acc. sg. fǣted wǣge, 2254, 2283; acc. pl. fǣtte scyldas, 333; fǣtte bēagas,
1751.
fǣted-hlēor, adj., phaleratus gena (Dietr.): acc. pl. eahta mēaras
fǣted-hlēore (_eight horses with bridles covered with plates of gold_),
1037.
fǣt-gold, st. n., _gold in sheets_ or _plates_: acc. sg., 1922.
feðer-gearwe, st. f. pl. _(feather-equipment), the feathers of the shaft of
the arrow_: dat. (instr.) pl. sceft feðer-gearwum fūs, 3120.
fel, st. n., _skin, hide_: dat. pl. glÅf ... gegyrwed dracan fellum, _made
of the skins of dragons_, 2089.
fela, I., adj. indecl., _much, many_: as subst.: acc. sg. fela fricgende,
2107. With worn placed before: hwæt þū worn fela ... ymb Brecan sprǣce,
_how very much you spoke about Breca_, 530.--With gen. sg.: acc. sg. fela
fyrene, 810; wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426; worna fela sorge, 2004; tÅ fela micles
... Denigea lēode, _too much of the race of the Danes_, 695; uncūðes fela,
877; fela lÄðes, 930; fela lÄ“ofes and lÄðes, 1061.--With gen. pl.: nom. sg.
fela mÄdma, 36; fela þǣra wera and wÄ«fa, 993, etc.; acc. sg. fela missÄ“ra,
153; fela fyrena, 164; ofer landa fela, 311; mÄððum-sigla fela (falo, MS.),
2758; nÄ“ mÄ“ swÅr fela Äða on unriht, _swore no false oaths_, 2739, etc.;
worn fela mÄðma, 1784; worna fela gūða, 2543.--Comp. eal-fela.
II., adverbial, _very_, 1386, 2103, 2951.
fela-hrÅr, adj., valde agitatus, _very active against the enemy, very
warlike_, 27.
fela-mÅdig, adj., _very courageous_: gen. pl. -mÅdigra, 1638, 1889.
fela-synnig, adj., _very criminal, very guilty_: acc. sg. fela-sinnigne
secg (in MS., on account of the alliteration, changed to simple sinnigne),
1380.
fēolan, st. v., _to betake one's self into a place, to conceal one's self_:
pret. siððan inne fealh Grendles mÅdor (in Heorot), 1282; þǣr inne fealh
secg syn-bysig (in the dragon's cave), 2227.--_to fall into, undergo,
endure_: searonīðas fealh, 1201.
æt-fēolan, w. dat., insistere, adhǣrere: pret. nŠic him þæs georne ætfealh
_(held him not fast enough_, 969.
fen, st. n., _fen, moor_: acc. sg. fen, 104; dat. sg. tÅ fenne, 1296;
fenne, 2010.
fen-freoðo, st. f., _refuge in the fen_: dat. sg. in fen-freoðo, 852.
feng, st. m., _gripe, embrace_: nom. sg. fyÌ„res feng, 1765; acc. sg. fÄra
feng (of the hostile sea-monsters), 578.--Comp. inwit-feng.
fengel (probably _he who takes possession_, cf. tÅ fÅn, 1756, and fÅn tÅ
rīce, _to enter upon the government_), st. m., _lord, prince, king_: nom.
sg. wīsa fengel, 1401; snottra fengel, 1476, 2157; hringa fengel, 2346.
fen-ge-lÄd, st. n., _fen-paths, fen with paths_: acc. pl. frÄ“cne fengelÄd
(_fens difficult of access_), 1360.
fen-hlið, st. n., _marshy precipice_: acc. pl. under fen-hleoðu, 821.
fen-hop, st. n., _refuge in the fen_: acc. pl. on fen-hopu, 765.
ferh, st. m. n., _life_; see feorh.
ferh, st. m., _hog, boar_, here of the boar-image on the helmet: nom. sg.,
305.
ferhð, st. m., _heart, soul_: dat. sg. on ferhðe, 755, 949, 1719; gehwylc
hiora his ferhðe trēowde, þæt ..., _each of them trusted to his_
(Hunferð's) _heart, that_ ..., 1167; gen. sg. ferhðes fore-þanc, 1061; dat.
pl. (adverbial) ferhðum fægne, _happy at heart_, 1634; þæt mon ... ferhðum
frēoge, _that one ... heartily love_, 3178.--Comp.: collen-, sarig-,
swift-, wide-ferhð.
ferhð-frec, adj., _having good courage, bold, brave_: acc. sg. ferhð-frecan
Fin, 1147.
ferhð-genīðla, w. m., _mortal enemy_: acc. sg. ferhð-genīðlan, of the
drake, 2882.
ferian, w. v. w. acc., _to bear, to bring, to conduct_: pres. II. pl.
hwanon ferigeað fǣtte scyldas, 333; pret. pl. tŠscypum feredon eal
ingesteald eorðcyninges, 1155; similarly, feredon, 1159, 3114.
æt-ferian, _to carry away, to bear off_: pret. ic þæt hilt þanan fēondum
ætferede, 1669.
ge-ferian, _bear, to bring, to lead_: pres. subj. I. pl. þonne (wē)
geferian frēan ūserne, 3108; inf. geferian ... Grendles hēafod, 1639; pret.
þæt hÄ« Å«t geferedon dyÌ„re mÄðmas, 3131; pret. part. hÄ“r syndon geferede
feorran cumene ... Gēata lēode, _men of the Gēatas, come from afar, have
been brought hither_ (by ship), 361.
oð-ferian, _to tear away, to take away_: pret. sg. I. unsÅfte þonan feorh
oð-ferede, 2142.
of-ferian, _to carry off, to take away, to tear away_: pret. Åðer swylc Å«t
offerede, _took away another such_ (sc. fifteen), 1584.
fetel-hilt, st. n., _sword-hilt_, with the gold chains fastened to it: acc.
(sg. or pl.?), 1564. (See "Leitfaden f. nord. Altertumskunde," pp.45, 46.)
fetian, w. v., _to bring near, bring_: pres. subj. nÄh hwÄ ... fe[tige]
fÇ£ted wÇ£ge, _bring the gold-chased tankard_, 2254; pret. part. hraðe wæs tÅ
būre Bēowulf fetod, 1311.
ge-fetian, _to bring_: inf. hÄ“t Ã¾Ä eorla hlÄ“o in gefetian Hrēðles lÄfe,
_caused Hrēðel's sword to be brought_, 2191.
Ä-fÄ“dan, w. v., _to nourish, to bring up_: pret. part. þǣr hÄ“ ÄfÄ“ded wæs,
694.
fēða (O.H.G. fendo), w. m.: 1) _foot-soldiers_: nom. pl. fēðan, 1328,
2545.--2) collective in sing., _band of foot-soldiers, troop of warriors_:
nom. fēða eal gesæt, 1425; dat. on fēðan, 2498, 2920.--Comp. gum-fēða.
fēðe, st. n., _gait, going, pace_: dat. sg. wæs tŠforemihtig fēond on
fēðe, _the enemy was too strong in going_ (i.e. could flee too fast), 971.
fēðe-cempa, w. m., _foot-soldier_: nom. sg., 1545, 2854.
fēðe-gæst, st. m., _guest coming on foot_: dat. pl. fēðe-gestum, 1977.
fēðe-lÄst, st. m., _signs of going, footprint_: dat. pl. fÄ“rdon forð þonon
fēðe-lÄstum, _went forth from there upon their trail_, i.e. by the same way
that they had gone, 1633.
fēðe-wīg, st. m., _battle on foot_: gen. sg. nealles Hetware hrēmge þorfton
(sc. wesan) fēðe-wīges, 2365.
fÄ“l (= fÄ“ol), st. f. _file_: gen. pl. fÄ“la lÄfe, _what the files have left
behind_ (that is, the swords), 1033.
fÄ“ran, w. v., iter (A.S. fÅr) facere, _to come, to go, to travel_: pres.
subj. II. pl. ǣr gē ... on land Dena furður fēran, _ere you go farther into
the land of the Danes_, 254; inf. fēran on frēan wǣre (_to die_), 27;
gewiton him Ã¾Ä fÄ“ran (_set out upon their way_), 301; mÇ£l is mÄ“ tÅ fÄ“ran,
316; fēran ... gang scēawigan, _go, so as to see the footprints_, 1391;
wīde fēran, 2262; pret. fērdon folctogan ... wundor scēawian, _the princes
came to see the wonder_, 840; fērdon forð, 1633.
ge-fēran: 1) adire, _to arrive at_: pres. subj. þonne eorl ende gefēre
līfgesceafta, _reach the end of life_, 3064; pret. part. hæfde ǣghwæðer
ende gefēred lǣnan līfes, _frail life's end had both reached_, 2845.--2)
_to reach, to accomplish, to bring about_: pret. hafast þū gefēred þæt ...,
1222, 1856.--3) _to behave one's self, to conduct one's self_: pret. frēcne
gefērdon, _had shown themselves daring_, 1692.
feal, st. m., _fall_: in comp. wæl-feal.
feallan, st. v., _to fall, to fall headlong_: inf. feallan, 1071; pret. sg.
þæt hē on hrūsan ne fēol, _that it_ (the hall) _did not fall to the
ground_, 773; similarly, fēoll on foldan, 2976; fēoll on fēðan (dat. sg.),
_fell in the band_ (of his warriors), 2920; pret. pl. þonne walu fēollon,
1043.
be-feallen, pret. part. w. dat. or instr., _deprived of, robbed_: frēondum
befeallen, _robbed of friends_, 1127; sceal se hearda helm ... fǣtum
befeallen (sc. wesan), _be robbed of its gold mountings_ (the gold mounting
will fall away from it moldering), 2257.
ge-feallan, _to fall, to sink down_: pres. sg. III. þæt se līc-homa ...
fǣge gefealleð, _that the body doomed to die sinks down_, 1756.--Also, with
the acc. of the place whither: pret. meregrund gefēoll, 2101; hē eorðan
gefēoll, 2835.
fealu, adj., _fallow, dun-colored, tawny_: acc. sg. ofer fealone flÅd
(_over the sea_), 1951; fealwe strǣte (with reference to 320, 917; acc. pl.
lēton on geflīt faran fealwe mēaras, 866.--Comp. æppel-fealo.
feax, st. n., _hair, hair of the head_: dat. sg. wæs be feaxe on flet boren
Grendles hēafod, _was carried by the hair into the hall_, 1648; him ...
swÄt ... sprong forð under fexe, _the blood sprang out under the hair of
his head_, 2968.--Comp.: blonden-, gamol-, wunden-feax.
ge-fēa, w. m., _joy_: acc. sg. þǣre fylle gefēan, _joy at the abundant
repast_, 562; ic þæs ealles mæg ... gefēan habban (_can rejoice at all
this_), 2741.
fÄ“a, adj., _few_ dat. pl. nemne fÄ“aum Änum, _except some few_, 1082; gen.
pl. fēara sum, _as one of a few, with a few_, 1413; fēara sumne, _one of a
few (some few)_, 3062. With gen. following: acc. pl. fēa worda cwæð, _spoke
few words_, 2663, 2247.
fēa-sceaft, adj., _miserable, unhappy, helpless_: nom. sg. syððan ǣrest
wearð fēasceaft funden, 7; fēasceaft guma (Grendel), 974; dat. sg.
fēasceaftum men, 2286; Ēadgilse ... fēasceaftum, 2394; nom. pl. fēasceafte
(the GÄ“atas robbed of their king, HygelÄc), 2374.
feoh, fēo, st. n., (_properly cattle, herd_) here, _possessions, property,
treasure_: instr. sg. ne wolde ... feorh-bealo fēo þingian, _would not
allay life's evil for treasure_ (tribute), 156; similarly, Ã¾Ä fÇ£hðe fÄ“o
þingode, 470; ic þē Ã¾Ä fÇ£hðe fÄ“o lÄ“anige, 1381.
ge-feohan, ge-fēon, st. v. w. gen. and instr., _to enjoy one's self, to
rejoice at something_: a) w. gen.: pret. sg. ne gefeah hē þǣre fǣhðe, 109;
hilde gefeh, beado-weorces, 2299; pl. fylle gefǣgon, _enjoyed themselves at
the bounteous repast_, 1015; þēodnes gefēgon, _rejoiced at_ (the return of)
_the ruler_, 1628.--b) w. instr.: niht-weorce gefeh, ellen-mǣrðum, 828;
secg weorce gefeh, 1570; sÇ£lÄce gefeah, mægen-byrðenne þÄra þe hÄ“ him mid
hæfde, _rejoiced at the gift of the sea, and at the great burden of that_
(Grendel's head and the sword-hilt) _which he had with him_, 1625.
feoh-gift, -gyft, st. f., _bestowing of gifts_ or _treasures_: gen. sg.
þǣre feoh-gyfte, 1026; dat. pl. æt feohgyftum, 1090; fromum feohgiftum,
_with rich gifts_, 21.
feoh-lēas, adj., _that cannot be atoned for through gifts_: nom. sg. þæt
wæs feoh-lēas gefeoht, _a deed of arms that cannot be expiated_ (the
killing of his brother by Hæðcyn), 2442.
ge-feoht, st. n., _combat; warlike deed_: nom. sg. (the killing of his
brother by Hæðcyn), 2442; dat. sg. mēce þone þīn fader tŠgefeohte bær,
_the sword which thy father bore to the combat_, 2049.
ge-feohtan, st. v., _to fight_: inf. w. acc. ne mehte ... wīg Hengeste wiht
gefeohtan (_could by no means offer Hengest battle_), 1084.
feohte, w. f., _combat_: acc. sg. feohtan, 576, 960. See were-fyhte.
feor, adj., _far, remote_: nom. sg. nis þæt feor heonon, 1362; næs him feor
þanon tŠgesēcanne sinces bryttan, 1922; acc. sg. feor eal (_all that is
far, past_), 1702.
feor, adv., _far, far away_: a) of space, 42, 109, 809, 1806, 1917; feor
and (oððe) nēah, _far and (or) near_, 1222, 2871; feorr, 2267.--b) of time:
gē feor hafað fǣhðe gestǣled (_has placed us under her enmity henceforth_),
1341.
Comparative, fyr, feorr, and feor: fyr and fæstor, 143; fyr, 252; feorr,
1989; feor, 542.
feor-būend, pt., _dwelling far away_: nom. pl. gē feor-būend, 254.
feor-cȳð, st. f., _home of those living far away, distant land_: nom, pl.
feor-cȳððe bÄ“oð sÄ“lran gesÅhte þǣm þe him selfa dÄ“ah, _foreign lands are
better sought by him who trusts to his own ability_, 1839.
feorh, ferh (Goth. fairhvu-s, _world_), st. m. and n., _life, principle of
life, soul_: nom. sg. feorh, 2124; nŠþon lange wæs feorh æðelinges flǣsce
bewunden, _not for much longer was the soul of the prince enveloped in the
body_ (he was near death), 2425; ferh ellen wræc, _life expelled the
strength_ (i.e. with the departing life the strength disappeared also),
2707; acc. sg. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; feorh gehealdan, _preserve
his life_, 2857; feorh Älegde, _gave up his life_, 852; similarly, Ç£r hÄ“
feorh seleð, 1371; feorh oðferede, _tore away her life_, 2142; oð þæt hīe
forlÇ£ddan tŠþÄm lindplegan swÇ£se gesīðas ond hyra sylfra feorh, _till in
an evil hour they carried into battle their dear companions and their
lives_ (i.e. led them to their death), 2041; gif þū þīn feorh hafast, 1850;
ymb feorh sacan (_to fight for life_), 439; wæs in feorh dropen, _was
wounded into his life_, i.e. mortally, 2982; wīdan feorh, as temporal acc.,
_through a wide life_, i.e. always, 2015; dat. sg. fÄ“ore, 1294, 1549; tÅ
wÄ«dan feore, _for a wide life_, i.e. at all times, 934; on swÄ geongum
feore (_at a so youthful age_), 1844; as instr., 578, 3014; gen. sg.
fēores, 1434, 1943; dat. pl. būton ... feorum gumena, 73; frēonda fēorum,
1307.--Also, _body, corpse_: Ã¾Ä wæs heal hroden fÄ“onda fÄ“orum (_the hall
was covered with the slain of the enemy_), 1153; gehwearf Ã¾Ä in Francna
fæðm feorh cyninges, _then the body of the king_ (HygelÄc) _fell into the
power of the Franks_, 1211. --Comp. geogoð-feorh.
feorh-bana, w. m., _(life-slayer), man-slayer, murderer_: dat. sg.
feorh-bonan, 2466.
feorh-ben, st. f., _wound that takes away life, mortal wound_: dat.
(instr.) pl. feorh-bennum sēoc, 2741.
feorh-bealu, st. n., _evil destroying life, violent death_: nom. sg., 2078,
2251, 2538; acc. sg., 156.
feorh-cyn, st. n., _race of the living, mankind_: gen. pl. fela
feorh-cynna, 2267.
feorh-genīðla, w. m., _he who seeks life, life's enemy_ (N.H.G. Tod-feind),
_mortal enemy_: acc. sg. -genīðlan, 1541; dat. sg. -genīðlan, 970; acc. sg.
brǣgd feorh-genīðlan, 1541; acc. pl. folgode feorh-genīðlan, (Ongenþēow)
_pursued his mortal enemies_, 2934.
feorh-lagu, st. f., _the life allotted to anyone, life determined by fate_:
acc. sg. on mÄðma hord mine (mÄ«nne, MS.) bebohte frÅde feorh-lege, _for the
treasure-hoard I sold my old life_, 2801.
feorh-lÄst, st. m., _trace of (vanishing) life, sign of death _: acc. pl.
feorh-lÄstas bær, 847.
feorh-sēoc, adj., _mortally wounded_: nom. sg., 821.
feorh-sweng, st. m., _(stroke robbing of life), fatal blow_: acc. sg.,
2490.
feorh-wund, st. f., _mortal wound, fatal injury_: acc. sg. feorh-wunde
hlēat, 2386.
feorm, st. f., _subsistence, entertainment_: acc. sg. nŠþū ymb mīnes ne
þearft līces feorme leng sorgian, _thou needest no longer have care for the
sustenance of my body_, 451.--2) _banquet_: dat. on feorme (or feorme,
MS.), 2386.
feormend-lēas, adj., _wanting the. cleanser_: acc. pl. geseah ...
fyrn-manna fatu feormend-lēase, 2762.
feormian, w. v., _to clean, to cleanse, to polish_: pres. part. nom pl.
feormiend swefað (feormynd, MS.), 2257.
ge-feormian, w. v., _to feast, to eat_; pret. part. sÅna hæfde unlyfigendes
eal gefeormod fēt and folma, 745.
feorran, w. v., w. acc., _to remove_: inf. sibbe ne wolde wið manna hwone
mægenes Deniga feorh-bealo feorran, fēo þingian, (Grendel) _would not from
friendship free any one of the men of the Danes of life's evil, nor allay
it for tribute_, 156.
feorran, adv., _from afar_: a) of space, 361, 430, 826, 1371, 1820, etc.;
siððan æðelingas feorran gefricgean flēam ēowerne, _when noble men afar
learn of your flight_ (when the news of your flight reaches distant lands),
2890; fērdon folctogan feorran and nēan, _from far and from near_, 840;
similarly, nēan and feorran þū nū [friðu] hafast, 1175; wæs þæs wyrmes wīg
wīde gesȳne ... nēan and feorran, _visible from afar, far and near_,
2318.--b) temporal: sē þe cūðe frumsceaft fīra feorran reccan (_since
remote antiquity_), 91; similarly, feorran rehte, 2107.
feorran-cund, adj., _foreign-born_: dat. sg. feorran-cundum, 1796.
feor-weg, st. m., _far way_: dat. pl. mÄdma fela of feorwegum, _many
precious things from distant paths_ (from foreign lands), 37.
ge-fēon. See feohan.
fēond, st. m., _enemy_: nom. sg., 164, 726, 749; fēond on helle (Grendel),
101; acc. sg., 279, 1865, 2707; dat. sg. fēonde, 143, 439; gen. sg.
fēondes, 985, 2129, 2290; acc, pl. fēond, 699; dat. pl. fēondum, 420, 1670;
gen. pl. feonda 294, 809, 904.
fÄ“ond-grÄp, st. f., _foe's clutch_: dat. (instr.) pl. fÄ“ond-grÄpum fæst,
637.
fÄ“ond-sceaða, w. m., _one who is an enemy and a robber_: nom. sg. fÄh
fēond-scaða (_a hostile sea-monster_), 554.
fēond-scipe, st. m., _hostility_: nom. sg., 3000.
fēower, num., _four_: nom. fēower bearn, 59; fēower mēaras, 2164; fēower,
as substantive, 1638; acc. fÄ“ower mÄðmas, 1028.
fēower-tȳne, num., _fourteen_: nom. with following gen. pl. fēowertȳne
GÄ“ata, 1642.
findan, st. v., _to find, to invent, to attain_: a) with simple object in
acc.: inf. þÄra þe hÄ“ cÄ“noste findan mihte, 207; swylce hÄ«e at Finnes-hÄm
findan meahton sigla searo-gimma, 1157; similarly, 2871; mæg þǣr fela
frÄ“onda findan, 1839; wolde guman findan, 2295; swÄ hyt weorðlÄ«cost
fore-snotre men findan mihton, _so splendidly as only very wise men could
devise it_, 3164; pret. sg. healþegnas fand, 720; word Åðer fand, _found
other words_, i.e. went on to another narrative, 871; grimne gryrelīcne
grund-hyrde fond, 2137; þæt ic gÅdne funde bÄ“aga bryttan, 1487; pret. part.
syððan ǣrest wearð fēasceaft funden (_discovered_), 7.--b) with acc. and
pred. adj.: pret. sg. dryhten sīnne drīorigne fand, 2790.--c) with acc. and
inf.: pret. fand Ã¾Ä Ã¾Ç£r inne æðelinga gedriht swefan, 118; fand wæccendne
wer wīges bīdan, 1268; hord-wynne fond opene standan, 2271; oð þæt hē
fyrgen-bÄ“amas ... hleonian funde, 1416; pret. pl. fundon Ã¾Ä sÄwullÄ“asne
hlim-bed healdan, 3034.--d) with dependent clause: inf. nŠþȳ ǣr
fÄ“asceafte findan meahton æt þÄm æðelinge þæt hÄ“ HeardrÄ“de hlÄford wÇ£re
(_could by no means obtain it from the prince_), 2374.
on-findan, _to be sensible of, to perceive, to notice_: a) w. acc.: pret.
sg. landweard onfand eftsīð eorla, _the coast-guard observed the return of
the earls_, 1892; pret. part. Ã¾Ä hÄ“o onfunden wæs (_was discovered_),
1294.--b) w. depend, clause: pret. sg. Ã¾Ä se gist onfand þæt se beado-lÄ“oma
bītan nolde, _the stranger_ (Bēowulf) _perceived that the sword would not
cut_, 1523; sÅna þæt onfunde, þæt ..., _immediately perceived that_...,
751; similarly, 810, 1498.
finger, st. m., _finger_: nom. pl. fingras, 761; acc. pl. fingras, 985;
dat. (instr.) pl. fingrum, 1506; gen. pl. fingra, 765.
fīras, fȳras (O.H.G. firahī, i.e. _the living_; cf. feorh), st. m., only
in pl., _men_: gen. pl. fīra, 91, 2742; monegum fīra, 2002; fȳra gehwylcne
lēoda mīnra, 2251; fīra fyrngeweorc, 2287.
firen, fyren, st. f., _cunning waylaying, insidious hostility, malice,
outrage_: nom. sg. fyren, 916; acc. sg. fyrene and fǣhðe, 153; fǣhðe and
fyrene, 880, 2481; firen' ondrysne, 1933; dat. sg. fore fǣhðe and fyrene,
137; gen. pl. fyrena, 164, 629; and fyrene, 812; fyrena hyrde (of Grendel),
751. The dat. pl., fyrenum, is used adverbially in the sense of
_maliciously_, 1745, or _fallaciously_, with reference to Hæðcyn's killing
Herebeald, which was done unintentionally, 2442.
firen-dǣd, st. f., _wicked deed_: acc. pl. fyren-dǣda, 1670; instr. pl.
fyren-dǣdum, 1002; both times of Grendel and his mother, with reference to
their nocturnal inroads.
firen-þearf, st. f., _misery through the malignity of enemies_: acc. sg.
fyren-þearfe, 14.
firgen-bēam, st. m., _tree of a mountain-forest_: acc. pl. fyrgen-bēamas,
1415.
firgen-holt, st. m., _mountain-wood, mountain-forest_: acc. sg. on
fyrgen-holt, 1394.
firgen-strēam, st. m., _mountain-stream_: nom. sg. fyrgen-strēam, 1360;
acc. sg. under fyrgen-strēam (marks the place where the mountain-stream,
according to 1360, empties into Grendel's sea), 2129.
fisc, st. m., _fish_: in comp. hron-, mere-fisc.
fīf, num., _five_: uninflect. gen. fīf nihta fyrst, 545; acc. fīfe (?),
420.
fīfel-cyn (O.N. fīfl, stultus and gigas), st. n., _giant-race_: gen. sg.
fīfelcynnes eard, 104.
fīf-tȳne, num., _fifteen_: acc. fȳftȳne, 1583; gen. fīftȳna sum, 207.
fīf-tig, num., _fifty_: 1) as substantive with gen. following; acc. fīftig
wintra, 2734; gen. sÄ“ wæs fÄ«ftiges fÅt-gemearces lang, 3043.--2) as
adjective: acc. fīftig wintru, 2210.
flÄn, st. m., _arrow_: dat. sg. flÄne, 3120; as instr., 2439.
flÄn-boga, w. m., _bow which shoots the flÄn, bow_: dat. sg. of flÄn-bogan,
1434, 1745.
flǣsc, st. n., _flesh, body in contrast with soul_: instr. sg. nŠþon lange
wæs feorh æðelinges flǣsce bewunden, _not much longer was the son of the
prince contained in his body_, 2425.
flǣsc-hama, w. m., _clothing of flesh_, i.e. the body: acc. sg.
flǣsc-homan, 1569.
flet, st. n.: 1) _ground, floor of a hall_: acc. sg. hēo on flet gebēah,
_fell to the ground_, 1541; similarly, 1569.--2) _hall, mansion_: nom. sg.
1977; acc. sg. flet, 1037, 1648, 1950, 2018, etc.; flett, 2035; þæt hīe him
Åðer flet eal geryÌ„mdon, _that they should give up entirely to them another
hall_, 1087; dat. sg. on flette, 1026.
flet-ræst, st. f., _resting-place in the hall_: acc. sg. flet-ræste gebēag,
_reclined upon the couch in the hall_, 1242.
flet-sittend, pres. part., _sitting in the hall_: acc. pl -sittende, 2023;
dat. pl. -sittendum, 1789.
flet-werod, st. n., _troop from the hall_: nom. sg., 476.
flēam, st. m., _flight_: acc. sg. on flēam gewand, _had turned to flight_,
1002; flēam ēowerne, 2890.
flēogan, st. v., _to fly_: prs. sg. III. flēogeð, 2274.
flēon, st. v., _to flee_: inf. on heolster flēon, 756; flēon on fenhopu,
765; flēon under fen-hleoðu, 821; pret. hete-swengeas flēah, 2226.
be-flÄ“on, w. acc., _to avoid, to escape_: gerund nŠþæt ȳðe byð tÅ
beflēonne, _that is not easy_ (i.e. not at all) _to be avoided_, 1004.
ofer-flēon, w. acc., _to flee from one, to yield_: inf. nelle ic beorges
weard oferflÄ“on fÅtes trem, _will not yield to the warder of the mountain_
(the drake) _a foot's breadth_, 2526.
flēotan, st. v., _to float upon the water, to swim_: inf. nŠhē wiht fram
mÄ“ flÅd-ȳðum feor flÄ“otan meahte. hraðor on helme, _no whit, could he swim
from me farther on the waves_ (regarded as instrumental, so that the waves
marked the distance), _more swiftly in the sea_, 542; pret. sǣgenga flēat
fÄmigheals forð ofer ȳðe, _floated away over the waves_, 1910.
fliht. See flyht.
flitme. See un-flitme.
flītan, st. v., _to exert one's self, to strive, to emulate_: pres. part.
flītende fealwe strǣte mēarum mǣton (_rode a race_), 917; pret. sg. II.
eart þū se Bēowulf, sē þe wið Brecan ... ymb sund flite, _art thou the
BÄ“owulf who once contended with Breca for the prize in swimming?_ 507.
ofer-flītan, _to surpass one in a contest, to conquer, to overcome_: pret.
w. acc. hÄ“ þē æt sunde oferflÄt (_overcome thee in a swimming-wager_), 517.
ge-flīt, st. n., _emulation_: acc. sg. lēton on geflīt faran fealwe mēaras,
_let the fallow horses go in emulation_, 866.
floga, w. m., _flyer_; in the compounds: gūð-, lyft-, ūht-, wid-floga.
flota (see flēotan), w. m., _float, ship, boat_: nom. sg., 210, 218, 301;
acc. sg. flotan ēowerne, 294.--Comp. wǣg-flota.
flot-here, st. m., _fleet_: instr. sg. cwÅm faran flotherge on FrÄ“sna land,
2916.
flÅd, st. m., _flood, stream, sea-current_: nom. sg., 545, 580, 1362, etc.;
acc. sg. flÅd, 3134; ofer fealone flÅd, 1951; dat. sg. tÅ flÅde, 1889; gen.
pl. flÅda begong, _the region of floods_, i.e. the sea, 1498, 1827; flÅda
genipu, 2809.
flÅd-ȳð, st. f., _flood-wave_: instr. pl. flÅd-ȳðum, 542.
flÅr, st. m., _floor, stone-floor_: acc. sg. on fÄgne flÅr (the floor was
probably a kind of mosaic, made of colored flags), 726; dat. sg. gang þÄ
æfter flÅre, _along the floor_ (i.e. along the hall), 1317.
flyht, fliht, st. m., _flight_: nom. sg. gÄres fliht, _flight of the
spear_, 1766.
ge-flȳman, w. v., _to put to flight_: pret. part. geflȳmed, 847, 1371.
folc, st. n., _troop, band of warriors; folk_, in the sense of the whole
body of the fighting men of a nation: acc. sg. folc, 522, 694, 912; Sūðdene
folc, 464; folc and rīce, 1180; dat. sg. folce, 14, 2596; folce Deninga,
465; as instr. folce gestepte ofer sǣ sīde, _went with a band of warriors
over the wide sea_, 2394; gen. sg. folces, 1125; folces Denigea, 1583.--The
king is called folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2645, 2982; frēawine folces, 2358;
or folces weard, 2514. The queen, folces cwēn, 1933.--The pl., in the sense
of _warriors, fighting men_: nom. pl. folc, 1423, 2949; dat. pl. folcum,
55, 262, 1856; gen. pl. frēo- (frēa-) wine folca, _of the king_, 430, 2430;
friðu-sibb folca, _of the queen_, 2018.--Comp. sige-folc.
folc-Ägend, pres. part., _leader of a band of warriors_: nom. pl.
folc-Ägende, 3114.
folc-beorn, st. m., _man of the multitude, a common man_: nom. sg.
folc-beorn, 2222.
folc-cwēn, st. f., _queen of a warlike host_: nom. sg., of Wealhþēow, 642.
folc-cyning, st. m., _king of a warlike host_: nom. sg., 2734, 2874.
folc-rǣd, st. m, _what best serves a warlike host_: acc. sg., 3007.
folc-riht, st. n., _the rights of the fighting men of a nation_: gen. pl.
him Ç£r forgeaf ... folcrihta gehwylc, swÄ his fæder Ähte, 2609.
folc-scearu, st. f., _part of a host of warriors, nation_: dat. sg.
folc-scare, 73.
folc-stede, st. m., _position of a band of warriors, place where a band of
warriors is quartered_: acc. sg. folcstede, of the hall, Heorot, 76;
folcstede fÄra (_the battle-field_), 1464.
folc-toga, w. m., _leader of a body of warriors, duke_: nom. pl., powerful
liege-men of HrÅðgÄr are called folc-togan, 840.
fold-bold, st. n., _earth-house_ (i.e. a house on earth in contrast with a
dwelling in heaven): nom. sg. fǣger fold-bold, of the hall, Heorot, 774.
fold-būend, pres. part. _dweller on earth, man_: nom. pl. fold-būend, 2275;
fold-būende, 1356; dat. pl. fold-būendum, 309.
folde, w. f., _earth, ground_: acc. sg. under foldan, 1362; fēoll on
foldan, 2976; gen. sg. foldan bearm, _the bosom of the earth_, 1138; foldan
scēatas, 96; foldan fæðm, 1394.--Also, _earth, world_: dat. sg. on foldan,
1197.
fold-weg, st. m., _field-way, road through the country_: acc. sg. fold-weg,
1634; acc. pl. fold-wegas, 867.
folgian, w. v.: 1) _to perform vassal-duty, to serve, to follow_: pret. pl.
þēah hīe hira bēaggyfan banan folgedon, _although they followed the
murderer of their prince_, 1103.--2) _to pursue, to follow after_: folgode
feorh-genīðlan (acc. pl.) 2934.
folm, st. f, _hand_: acc. sg. folme, 971, 1304; dat. sg. mid folme, 743;
acc. pl. fēt and folma, _feet and hands_, 746; dat. pl. tŠbanan folmum,
158; folmum (instr.), 723, 993.--Comp.: beado-, gearo-folm.
for, prep. w. dat., instr., and acc.: 1) w. dat. local, _before_, ante: þæt
hÄ“ for eaxlum gestÅd Deniga frÄ“an, 358; for hlÄwe, 1121.--b) _before_,
coram, in conspectu: no hē þǣre feohgyfte for scēotendum scamigan þorfte,
_had no need to be ashamed of the gift before the warriors_, 1027; for þǣm
werede, 1216; for eorlum, 1650; for duguðe, _before the noble band of
warriors_, 2021.--Causal, a) to denote a subjective motive, _on account of,
through, from_: for wlenco, _from bravery, through warlike courage_, 338,
1207; for wlence, 508; for his wonhȳdum, 434; for onmēdlan, 2927, etc.--b)
objective, partly denoting a cause, _through, from, by reason of_: for
metode, _for the creator, on account of the creator_, 169; for þrēanȳdum,
833; for þrēanēdlan, 2225; for dolgilpe, _on account of, in accordance with
the promise of bold deeds_ (because you claimed bold deeds for yourself),
509; him for hrÅfsele hrÄ«nan ne mehte fÇ£r-gripe flÅdes, _on account of the
roofed hall the malicious grasp of the flood could not reach him_, 1516;
līg-egesan wæg for horde, _on account of_ (the robbing of) _the treasure_,
2782; for mundgripe mīnum, _on account of, through the gripe of my hand_,
966; for þæs hildfruman hondgeweorce, 2836; for swenge, _through the
stroke_, 2967; ne meahte ... dēop gedȳgan for dracan lēge, _could not hold
out in the deep on account of the heat of the drake_, 2550. Here may be
added such passages as ic þǣm gÅdan sceal for his mÅdþræce mÄðmas bÄ“odan,
_will offer him treasures on account of his boldness of character, for his
high courage_, 385; ful-oft for lǣssan lēan teohhode, _gave often reward
for what was inferior_, 952; nalles for ealdre mearn, _was not uneasy about
his life_, 1443; similarly, 1538. Also denoting purpose: for Ärstafum, _to
the assistance_, 382, 458.--2) w. instr. causal, _because of, for_: hē hine
feor forwræc for þȳ mane, 110.--3) w. acc., _for, as, instead of_: for
sunu frēogan, _love as a son_, 948; for sunu habban, 1176; nē him þæs
wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde, _held the drake's fighting as nothing_, 2349.
foran, adv., _before, among the first, forward_: siððan ... scēawedon
fÄ“ondes fingras, foran Ç£ghwylc (_each before himself_), 985; þæt wæs Än
foran ealdgestrēona, _that was one among the first of the old treasures_,
i.e. a splendid old treasure, 1459; þē him foran ongēan linde bǣron, _bore
their shields forward against him_ (went out to fight against him), 2365.
be-foran: 1) adv., local, _before_: hē ... beforan gengde, _went before_,
1413; temporal, _before, earlier_, 2498.--2) prep. w. acc. _before_, in
conspectu: mÇ£re mÄððum-sweord manige gesÄwon beforan beorn beran, 1025.
ford, st. m., _ford, water-way_: acc. sg. ymb brontne ford, 568.
forð: 1) local, _forth, hither, near_: forð near ætstÅp, _approached
nearer_, 746; Ã¾Ä cwÅm Wealhþēo forð gÄn, 1163; similarly, 613; him seleþegn
forð wīsade, _led him_ (Bēowulf) _forth_ (to the couch that had been
prepared for him in Heorot), 1796; þæt him swÄt sprong forð under fexe,
_forth under the hair of his head_, 2968. _Forward, further_: gewītað forð
beran wÇ£pen and gewÇ£du, 291; hÄ“ tÅ forð gestÅp, 2290; freoðo-wong þone forð
oferÄ“odon, 2960. _Away, forth_, 45, 904; fyrst forð gewÄt, _the time_ (of
the way to the ship) _was out_, i.e. they had arrived at the ship, 210; mē
... forð-gewitenum, _to me the departed_, 1480; fērdon forð, _went forth_
(from Grendel's sea), 1633; þonne hē forð scile, _when he must (go) forth_,
i.e. die, 3178; hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men forð gefremede, _carried
him forth, over all men_, 1719.--2) temporal, _forth, from now on_: heald
forð tela nīwe sibbe, 949; ic sceal forð sprecan gēn ymbe Grendel, _shall
from now on speak again of Grendel_, 2070. See furðum and furðor.
forð-gerīmed, pres. part., _in unbroken succession_, 59.
forð-gesceaft, st. f., _that which is determined for farther on, future
destiny_: acc. sg. hÄ“ Ã¾Ä forð-gesceaft forgyteð and forgyÌ„með, 1751.
forð-weg, st. m., _road that leads away, journey_: hÄ“ of ealdre gewÄt frÅd
on forð-weg (_upon the way to the next world_), 2626.
fore, prep. w. dat., local, _before_, coram, in conspectu: hēo fore þǣm
werede spræc, 1216. Causal, _through, for, because of_: nŠmearn fore fǣhðe
and fyrene, 136; fore fæder dǣdum, _because of the father's deeds_,
2060,--Allied to this is the meaning, _about_, de, super: þǣr wæs sang and
swēg samod ætgædere fore Healfdenes hildewīsan, _song and music about
Healfdene's general_ (the song of Hnæf), 1065.
fore-mǣre, adj., _renowned beyond (others)_, prǣclarus: superl. þæt wæs
fore-mǣrost foldbūendum receda under roderum, 309.
fore-mihtig, adj., _able beyond (others)_, prÇ£potens: nom. sg. wæs tÅ
foremihtig fēond on fēðe, _the enemy was too strong in going_ (could flee
too rapidly), 970.
fore-snotor, adj., _wise beyond (others)_, sapientissimus: nom. pl.
foresnotre men, 3164.
fore-þanc, st. m., _forethought, consideration, deliberation_: nom. sg.,
1061.
forht, adj., _fearful, cowardly_: nom. sg. forht, 2968; hÄ“ on mÅde wearð
forht on ferhðe, 755.--Comp. unforht.
forma, adj., _foremost, first_: nom. sg. forma sīð (_the first time_), 717,
1464, 1528, 2626; instr. sg. forman sīðe, 741, 2287; forman dÅgore, 2574.
fyrmest, adv. superl., _first of all, in the first place_: hē fyrmest læg,
2078.
forst, st. m., _frost, cold_: gen. sg. forstes bend, 1610.
for-þÄm, for-þan, for-þon, adv. and conj., _therefore, on that account,
then_: forþÄm, 149; forþan, 418, 680, 1060; forþon þe, _because_, 503.
fÅn, st. v., _to catch, to grasp, to take hold, to take_: prs. sg. III.
fÄ“hð Åðer tÅ, _another lays hold_ (takes possession), 1756; inf. ic mid
grÄpe sceal fÅn wið fÄ“onde, 439; pret. sg. him tÅgÄ“anes fÄ“ng, _caught at
him, grasped at him_, 1543; w. dat. hÄ“ þÄm frætwum fÄ“ng, _received the rich
adornments_ (Ongenþēow's equipment), 2990.
be-fÅn, _to surround, to ensnare, to encompass, to embrace_: pret. part.
hyne sÄr hafað ... nearwe befongen balwon bendum, 977; hÄ“o æðelinga Änne
hæfde fæste befangen (_had seized him firmly_), 1296; helm ... befongen
frÄ“awrÄsnum (_encircled by an ornament like a diadem_), 1452; fenne
bifongen, _surrounded by the fen_, 2010; (draca) fȳre befongen, _encircled
by fire_, 2275, 2596; hæfde landwara līge befangen, _encompassed by fire_,
2322.
ge-fÅn, w. acc., _to seize, to grasp_: pret. hÄ“ gefÄ“ng slÇ£pendne rinc, 741;
gūðrinc gefÄ“ng atolan clommum, 1502; gefÄ“ng Ã¾Ä be eaxle ... GūðgÄ“ata lÄ“od
Grendles mÅdor, 1538; gefÄ“ng Ã¾Ä fetelhilt, 1564; hond rond gefÄ“ng, geolwe
linde, 2610; ic on ofoste gefēng micle mid mundum mægen-byrðenne, _hastily
I seized with my hands the enormous burden_, 3091.
on-fÅn, w. dat., _to receive, to accept, to take_: pres. imp. sg. onfÅh
þissum fulle, _accept this cup_, 1170; inf. þæt þæt þēodnes bearn ...
scolde fæder-æðelum onfÅn, _receive the paternal rank_, 912; pret. sg. hwÄ
þǣm hlæste onfēng, _who received the ship's lading_, 52; hlēor-bolster
onfēng eorles andwlitan, _the pillow received the nobleman's face_, 689;
similarly, 853, 1495; heal swēge onfēng, _the hall received the loud
noise_, 1215; hē onfēng hraðe inwit-þancum, _he_ (Bēowulf) _at once
clutched him_ (Grendel) _devising malice_, 749.
þurh-fÅn, w. acc., _to break through with grasping, to destroy by
grasping_: inf. þæt hÄ“o þone fyrd-hom þurh-fÅn ne mihte, 1505.
wið-fÅn, w. dat., _(to grasp at), to seize, to lay hold of_: pret. sg. him
fæste wið-fēng, 761.
ymbe-fÅn, w. acc., _to encircle_: pret. heals ealne ymbefÄ“ng biteran bÄnum,
_encircled his_ (BÄ“owulf's) _whole neck with sharp bones_ (teeth), 2692.
fÅt, st. m., _foot_: gen. sg. fÅtes trem (_the measure of a foot, a foot
broad_), 2526; acc. pl. fÄ“t, 746; dat. pl. æt fÅtum, _at the feet_, 500,
1167.
fÅt-gemearc, st. n., _measure, determining by feet, number of feet_: gen.
sg. sÄ“ wæs fÄ«ftiges fÅtgemearces lang (_fifty feet long_), 3043.
fÅt-lÄst, st. m., _foot-print_: acc. sg. (draca) onfand fÄ“ondes fÅt-lÄst,
2290.
fracod, adj., _objectionable, useless_. nom. sg. næs sēo ecg fracod
hilde-rince, 1576.
fram, from, I. prep. w. dat. loc. _away from something_: þǣr fram sylle
ÄbÄ“ag medubenc monig, 776, 1716; þanon eft gewiton ealdgesīðas ... fram
mere, 856; cyning-balde men from þǣm holmclife hafelan bǣron, 1636;
similarly, 541, 543, 2367. Standing after the dat.: hē hine feor forwræc
... mancynne fram, 110; similarly, 1716. Also, _hither from something_: þÄ
ic cwÅm ... from fÄ“ondum, 420; Ç£ghwæðrum wæs ... brÅga fram Åðrum,
2566.--Causal with verbs of saying and hearing, _of, about, concerning_:
sægdest from his sīðe, 532; nŠic wiht fram þē swylcra searo-nīða secgan
hȳrde, 581; þæt hē fram Sigemunde secgan hyrde, 876. II adv., _away,
thence_: nŠþyÌ„ Ç£r fram meahte, 755; _forth, out_: from Ç£rest cwÅm oruð
ÄglÇ£cean Å«t of stÄne, _the breath of the dragon came forth first from the
rock_ 2557.
fram, from, adj.: 1) _directed forwards, striving forwards_; in comp.
sīð-fram.--2) _excellent, splendid_, of a man with reference to his warlike
qualities: nom. sg. ic eom on mÅde from, 2528; nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate,
1642, 2477. Of things: instr. pl. fromum feoh-giftum, 21.--Comp. un-from;
see freme, forma.
ge-frægen. See frignan.
frætwe, st. f. pl., _ornament, anything costly_, originally _carved
objects_ (cf. Dietrich in Hpts. Ztschr. X. 216 ff.), afterwards of any
costly and artistic work: acc. pl. frætwe, 2920; beorhte frætwe, 214;
beorhte frætwa, 897; frætwe.. eorclan-stÄnas, 1208; frætwe,...
brÄ“ost-weorðunge, 2504, both times of HygelÄc's collar; frætwe and
fæt-gold, 1922; frætwe (Eanmund's sword and armor), 2621; dat. instr. pl.
þÄm frætwum, 2164; on frætewum, 963; frætwum (Heaðobeard sword) hrÄ“mig,
2055; frætwum, of the drake's treasures, 2785; frætwum (Ongenþēow's armor),
2990; gen. pl. fela ... frætwa, 37; þÄra frætwa (drake's treasure), 2795;
frætwa hyrde (drake), 3134.
frætwan, w. v., _to supply with ornaments, to adorn_: inf. folc-stede
frætwan, 76.
ge-frætwian, w. v., _to adorn_: pret. sg. gefrætwade foldan scēatas leomum
and lÄ“afum, 96; pret. part. Ã¾Ä wæs hÄten Heort innanweard folmum gefrætwod,
993.
ge-frǣge, adj., _known by reputation, renowned_: nom. sg. lēod-cyning ...
folcum gefrÇ£ge, 55; swÄ hyt gefrÇ£ge wæs, 2481.
ge-frǣge, st. n., _information through hearsay_: instr. sg. mine gefrǣge
(_as I learned through the narrative of others_), 777, 838, 1956, etc.
ge-frǣgnian, w. v., _to become known through hearsay_: pret. part. fylle
gefrǣgnod (of Grendel's mother, who had become known through the carrying
off of Æschere), 1334?
freca, w. m., properly _a wolf_, as one that breaks in, robs; here a
designation of heroes: nom. sg. freca Scildinga, of BÄ“owulf, 1564.--Comp.:
gūð-, hilde-, scyld-, sweord-, wīg-freca; ferð-frec (adj.).
fremde, adj., properly _distant, foreign_; then _estranged, hostile_: nom
sg. þæt wæs fremde þēod ēcean dryhtne, of the giants, 1692.
freme, adj., _excellent, splendid_: nom. sg. fem. fremu folces cwēn, of
Þrȳðo, 1933(?).
fremman, w. v., _to press forward, to further_, hence: 1) in general, _to
perform, to accomplish, to do, to make_: pres. subj. without an object,
fremme sē þe wille, _let him do (it) whoever will_, 1004. With acc.: imp.
pl. fremmað gē nū lēoda þearfe, 2801; inf. fyrene fremman, 101; sæcce
fremman, 2500; fǣhðe ... mǣrðum fremman, 2515, etc.; pret. sg. folcrǣd
fremede (_did what was best for his men_, i.e. ruled wisely), 3007; pl. hū
Ã¾Ä Ã¦Ã°elingas ellen fremedon, 3; feohtan fremedon, 960; nalles fÄcenstafas
... þenden fremedon, 1020; pret. subj. þæt ic ... mǣrðo fremede, 2135. --2)
_to help on, to support_: inf. þæt hē mec fremman wile wordum and worcum
(to an expedition), 1833.
ge-fremman, w. acc., _to do, to make, to render_: inf. gefremman eorlīc
ellen, 637; helpan gefremman, _to give help_, 2450; æfter wēaspelle wyrpe
gefremman, _to work a change after sorrow_ (to give joy after sorrow),
1316; gerund, tÅ gefremmanne, 174, 2645; pret. sg. gefremede, 135, 165,
551, 585, etc.; þēah þe hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men forð gefremede,
_placed him away, above all men_, i.e. raised him, 1719; pret. pl.
gefremedon, 1188, 2479; pret. subj. gefremede, 177; pret. part. gefremed,
476; fem, nū scealc hafað ... dǣd gefremede, 941; absolutely, þū þē self
hafast dǣdum gefremed, þæt ..., _hast brought it about by thy deeds that_,
955.
fretan, st. v., _to devour, to consume_: inf. Ã¾Ä (the precious things)
sceal brond fretan, 3015; nū sceal glēd fretan wigena strengel, 3115; pret.
sg. (Grendel) slǣpende fræt folces Denigea fȳftȳne men, 1582.
frēcne, adj., _dangerous, bold_: nom. sg. frēcne fȳr-draca, 2690;
feorh-bealo frÄ“cne, 2251, 2538; acc. sg. frÄ“cne dÇ£de, 890; frÄ“cne fengelÄd,
1360; frÄ“cne stÅwe, 1379; instr. sg. frÄ“cnan sprÇ£ce (_through provoking
words_), 1105.
frēcne, adv., _boldly, audaciously_, 960, 1033, 1692.
frēa, w. m., _ruler, lord_, of a temporal ruler: nom. sg. frēa, 2286; acc.
sg. frēan, 351, 1320, 2538, 3003, 3108; gen. sg. frēan, 359, 500, 1167,
1681; dat. sg. frÄ“an, 271, 291, 2663. Of a husband: dat. sg. Ä“ode ... tÅ
hire frēan sittan, 642. Of God: dat. sg. frēan ealles, _the Lord of all_,
2795; gen. sg. frÄ“an, 27.-- Comp.: Ägend-, lÄ«f-, sin-frÄ“a.
frēa-dryhten, st. m., _lord, ruling lord_: gen. sg. frēa-drihtnes, 797.
frēa-wine, st. m., _lord and friend, friendly ruler_: nom. sg. frēa-wine
folces (folca), 2358, 2430; acc. sg. his frēa-wine, 2439.
frÄ“a-wrÄsn, st. f., _encircling ornament like a diadem_: instr. pl. helm
... befongen frÄ“awrÄsnum, 1452; see wrÄsn.
freoðu, friðu, f., _protection, asylum, peace_: acc. sg. wÄ“l bið þǣm þe mÅt
... tŠfæder fæðmum freoðo wilnian, _who may obtain an asylum in God's
arms_, 188; nēan and feorran þū nū [friðu] hafast, 1175.--Comp. fen-freoðo.
freoðo-burh, st. f., _castle, city affording protection_: acc. sg.
freoðoburh fægere, 522.
freoðo-wong, st. m., _field of peace, field of protection_: acc. sg., 2960;
seems to have been the proper name of a field.
freoðo-wÇ£r, st. f., _peace-alliance, security of peace_: acc. sg. Ã¾Ä hÄ«e
getruwedon on twÄ healfa fæste frioðu-wÇ£re, 1097; gen. sg. frioðowÇ£re bæd
hlÄford sÄ«nne, _entreated his lord for the protection of peace_ (i.e. full
pardon for his delinquency), 2283.
freoðo-webbe, w. f., _peace-weaver_, designation of the royal consort
(often one given in marriage as a confirmation of a peace between two
nations): nom. sg., 1943.
frēo-burh, st. f., = frēa-burg (?), _ruler's castle_ (?) (according to
Grein, arx ingenua): acc. sg. frēoburh, 694.
frēod, st. f., _friendship_: acc. sg. frēode ne woldon ofer heafo healdan,
2477; gen. sg. næs þǣr mÄra fyrst frÄ“ode tÅ friclan, _was no longer time to
seek for friendship_, 2557; --_favor, acknowledgement_: acc. sg. ic þē
sceal mīne gelǣstan frēode (_will show myself grateful_, with reference to
1381 ff.), 1708.
frēo-dryhten (= frēa-dryhten), st. m., _lord, ruler_; according to Grein,
dominus ingenuus vel nobilis: nom. sg. as voc. frēo-drihten min! 1170; dat.
sg. mid his frēo-dryhtne, 2628.
frēogan, w. v., _to love; to think of lovingly_: pres. subj. þæt mon his
wine-dryhten ... ferhðum frēoge, 3178; inf. nū ic þec ... mē for sunu wylle
frēogan on ferhðe, 949.
frēo-līc, adj., _free, free-born_ (here of the lawful wife in contrast with
the bond concubine): nom. sg. frēolīc wīf, 616; frēolīcu folc-cwēn, 642.
frēond, st. m., _friend_: acc. sg. frēond, 1386, 1865; dat. pl. frēondum,
916, 1019, 1127; gen. pl. frēonda, 1307, 1839.
frēond-laðu, st. f., _friendly invitation_: nom. sg. him wæs ful boren and
frēond-laðu (_friendly invitation to drink_) wordum bewægned, 1193.
frÄ“ond-lÄr, st. f., _friendly counsel_: dat. (instr.) pl. frÄ“ond-lÄrum,
2378.
frēond-līce, adv., _in a friendly manner, kindly_: compar. frēond-līcor,
1028.
frēond-scipe, st. m., _friendship_: acc. sg. frēond-scipe fæstne, 2070.
frēo-wine, st. m. (see frēawine), _lord and friend, friendly ruler_;
according to Grein, amicus nobilis, princeps amicus: nom. sg. as voc.
frēo-wine folca! 430.
fricgean, w. v., _to ask, to inquire into_: inf. ongan sīnne geseldan fægre
fricgean hwylce Sǣ-Gēata sīðas wǣron, 1986; pres. part, gomela Scilding
fela fricgende feorran rehte, _the old Scilding, asking many questions_
(having many things related to him), _told of old times_ (the conversation
was alternate), 2107.
ge-fricgean, _to learn, to learn by inquiry_: pres. pl. syððan hīe
ge-fricgeað frēan ūserne ealdorlēasne, _when they learn that our lord is
dead_, 3003; pres. subj. gif ic þæt gefricge, þæt..., 1827; pl. syððan
æðelingas feorran gefricgean flēam ēowerne, 2890.
friclan (see freca), w. v. w. gen., _to seek, to desire, to strive for_:
inf. næs þǣr mÄra fyrst frÄ“ode tÅ friclan, 2557.
friðo-sib, st. f., _kin for the confirming of peace_, designation of the
queen (see freoðo--webbe), _peace-bringer_: nom. sg. friðu-sibb folca,
2018.
frignan, fringan, frīnan, st. v., _to ask, to inquire_: imp. ne frīn þū
æfter sǣlum, _ask not after the well-being!_ 1323; inf. ic þæs wine Deniga
frīnan wille ... ymb þīnne sīð, 351; pret. sg. frægn, 236, 332; frægn gif
..., _asked whether_ ..., 1320.
ge-frignan, ge-fringan, ge-frīnan, _to find out by inquiry, to learn by
narration._ pret. sg. (w. acc.) þæt fram hÄm gefrægn HigelÄces þegn
Grendles dǣda, 194; nŠic gefrægn heardran feohtan, 575; (w. acc. and inf.)
Ã¾Ä ic wÄ«de gefrægn weorc gebannan, 74; similarly, 2485, 2753, 2774; ne
gefrægen ic Ã¾Ä mÇ£gðe mÄran weorode ymb hyra sincgyfan sÄ“l gebÇ£ran, _I never
heard that any people, richer in warriors, conducted itself better about
its chief_, 1012; similarly, 1028; pret. pl. (w. acc.) wē þēodcyninga þrym
gefrÅ«non, 2; (w. acc. and inf.) geongne gūðcyning gÅdne gefrÅ«non hringas
dÇ£lan, 1970; (parenthetical) swÄ guman gefrungon, 667, (after þonne)
medo-ærn micel (_greater_) ... þone yldo bearn ǣfre gefrūnon, 70; pret.
part. hæfde HigelÄces hilde gefrÅ«nen, 2953; hæfdon gefrÅ«nen þæt..., _had
learned that_ ..., 695; hæfde gefrÅ«nen hwanan sÄ«o fÇ£hð ÄrÄs, 2404;
healsbÄ“aga mÇ£st þÄra þe ic on foldan gefrægen hæbbe, 1197.
from, See fram.
frÅd, adj.: 1) Ç£tate provectus, _old, gray_: nom. sg. frÅd, 2626, 2951;
frÅd cyning, 1307, 2210; frÅd folces weard, 2514; wintrum frÅd, 1725, 2115,
2278; se frÅda, 2929; ac. sg. frÅde feorhlege (_the laying down of my old
life_), 2801; dat. sg. frÅdan fyrnwitan (may also, from its meaning, belong
under No. 2), 2124.--2) mente excellentior, _intelligent, experienced,
wise_: nom. sg. frÅd, 1367; frÅd and gÅd, 279; on mÅde frÅd, 1845.--Comp.:
in-, un-frÅd.
frÅfor, st. f., _consolation, compensation, help_: nom. sg. frÅfor, 2942;
acc. sg. frÅfre, 7, 974; fyrena frÅfre, 629; frÅfre and fultum, 1274;
frÅfor and fultum, 699; dat. sg. tÅ frÅfre, 14, 1708; gen. sg. frÅfre, 185.
fruma (see forma), w. m., _the foremost_, hence: l) _beginning_: nom. sg.
wæs se fruma egeslÄ«c lÄ“odum on lande, swÄ hyt lungre wearð on hyra
sincgifan sÄre geendod (_the beginning of the dragon-combat was terrible,
its end distressing through the death of BÄ“owulf_), 2310.--2) _he who
stands first, prince_; in comp. dǣd-, hild-, land-, lēod-, ord-, wīg-fruma.
frum-cyn, st. n., (genus primitivum), _descent, origin_: acc. sg. nū ic
Ä“ower sceal frumcyn witan, 252.
frum-gÄr, st. m., primipilus, _duke, prince_: dat. sg. frumgÄre (of
BÄ“owulf), 2857.
frum-sceaft, st. f., prima creatio, _beginning_: acc. sg. sē þe cūðe
frumsceaft fīra feorran reccan, _who could tell of the beginning of mankind
in old times_, 91; dat. sg. frum-sceafte, _in the beginning_, i.e at his
birth, 45.
fugol, st. m., _bird_: dat. sg. fugle gelÄ«cost, 218; dat. pl. [fuglum] tÅ
gamene, 2942.
ful, adj., _full, filled_: nom. sg. w. gen. pl. sē wæs innan full wrǣtta
and wīra, 2413.--Comp.: eges-, sorh-, weorð-ful.
ful, adv., plene, _very_: ful oft, 480; ful-oft, 952.
ful, st. n., _cup, beaker_: nom. sg., 1193; acc. sg. ful, 616, 629, 1026;
ofer ȳða ful, _over the cup of the waves_ (the basin of the sea filled
with waves), 1209; dat. sg. onfÅh þissum fulle, 1170.--Comp.: medo-,
sele-full.
fullǣstian, w. v. w. dat, _to give help_: pres. sg. ic þē fullǣstu, 2669.
fultum, st. m., _help, support, protection_: acc. sg. frÅfor (frÅfre) and
fultum, 699, 1274; mægenes fultum, 1836; on fultum, 2663.--Comp.
mægen-fultum.
fundian, w. v., _to strive, to have in view_: pres. pl. wÄ“ fundiað HigelÄc
sēcan, 1820; pret. sg. fundode of geardum, 1138.
furðum, adv., primo, _just, exactly; then first_: Ã¾Ä ic furðum wÄ“old folce
Deninga, _then first governed the people of the Danes_ (had just assumed
the government), 465; Ã¾Ä hÄ«e tÅ sele furðum ... gangan cwÅmon, 323; ic þǣr
furðum cwÅm tŠþÄm hringsele, 2010;--_before, previously_: ic þē sceal mÄ«ne
gelÇ£stan frÄ“ode, swÄ wit furðum sprÇ£con, 1708.
furður, adv., _further, forward, more distant_, 254, 762, 3007.
fūs, adj., _inclined to, favorable, ready_: nom. sg. nū ic eom sīðes fūs,
1476; lēofra manna fūs, _prepared for the dear men_, i.e. expecting them,
1917; sigel sūðan fūs, _the sun inclined from the south_ (midday sun),
1967; se wonna hrefn fūs ofer fǣgum, _eager over the slain_, 3026; sceft
... feðer-gearwum fÅ«s, 3120; nom. pl. wÇ£ron ... eft to lÄ“odum fÅ«se tÅ
farenne, 1806.--Sometimes fūs means _ready for death_, moribundus: fūs and
fǣge, 1242.--Comp.: hin-, ūt-fūs.
fūs-līc, adj., _prepared, ready_: acc. sg. fūs-līc f[yrd]-lēoð, 1425;
fyrd-searo fūs-līc, 2619; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fūs-līcu, 232.
fyl, st. m., _fall_: nom. sg. fyll cyninges, _the fall of the king_ (in the
dragon-fight), 2913; dat. sg. þæt hē on fylle wearð, _that he came to a
fall, fell_, 1545.--Comp. hrÄ-fyl.
fylce (collective form from folc), st. n., _troop, band of warriors_: in
comp. æl-fylce.
ge-fyllan (see feal), w. v., _to fell, to slay in battle_: inf. fÄne
gefyllan, _to slay the enemy_, 2656; pret. pl. fēond gefyldan, _they had
slain the enemy_, 2707.
Ä-fyllan (see ful), w. v., _to fill_: pret. part. Heorot innan wæs frÄ“ondum
Äfylled (_was filled with trusted men_), 1019.
fyllo, st. f. (_plenty, abundant meal_: dat. (instr.) sg. fylle gefrǣgnod,
1334; gen. sg. næs hīe þǣre fylle gefēan hæfdon, 562; fylle gefǣgon,
1015.--Comp.: wæl-, wist-fyllo.
fyl-wērig, adj., _weary enough to fall, faint to death_, moribundus: acc.
sg. fyl-wērigne, 963.
fyr. See feor.
fyrian, w. v. w. acc. (= ferian) _to bear, to bring, carry_: pret. pl. þÄ
þe gif-sceattas Gēata fyredon þyder tŠþance, 378.
fȳras. See fīras.
fyren. See firen.
fyrde, adj., _movable, that can be moved_.--Comp. hard-fyrde.--Leo.
fyrd-gestealla, w. m., _comrade on an expedition, companion in battle_:
dat. pl. fyrd-gesteallum, 2874
fyrd-ham, st. m., _war-dress, coat of mail_: acc. sg. þone fyrd-hom, 1505.
fyrd-hrægl, st. n., _coat of mail, war-dress_: acc. sg. fyrd-hrægl, 1528.
fyrd-hwæt, adj., _sharp, good in war, warlike_: nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate,
1642, 2477.
fyrd-lēoð, st. n., _war-song, warlike music_: acc. sg. horn stundum song
fūslīc f[yrd]leoð, 1425.
fyrd-searu, st. n., _equipment for an expedition_: acc. sg. fyrd-searu
fūslīc, 2619; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fūslīcu, 232.
fyrd-wyrðe, adj., _of worth in war, excellent in battle_: nom. sg.
fyrd-wyrðe man (Bēowulf), 1317.
ge-fyrðran (see forð), w. v., _to bring forward, to further_: pret. part.
Är wæs on ofoste, eftsīðes georn, frætwum gefyrðred, _he was hurried
forward by the treasure_ (i.e. after he had gathered up the treasure, he
hasted to return, so as to be able to show it to the mortally-wounded
BÄ“owulf), 2785.
fyrmest. See forma.
fyrn-dagas, st. m. pl., _by-gone days_: dat. pl. fyrndagum (_in old
times_), 1452.
fyrn-geweorc, st. n., _work, something done in old times_: acc. sg. fīra
fyrn-geweorc (the drinking-cup mentioned in 2283, 2287.
fyrn-gewin, st. n., _combat in ancient times_: gen. sg. År fyrn-gewinnes
(_the origin of the battles of the giants_), 1690.
fyrn-man, st. m., _man of ancient times_: gen. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, 2762.
fyrn-wita, w. m., _counsellor ever since ancient times, adviser for many
years_: dat. sg. frÅdan fyrnwitan, of Æschere, 2124.
fyrst, st. m., _portion of time, definite time, time_: nom. sg. næs hit
lengra fyrst, ac ymb Äne niht ..., 134; fyrst forð gewÄt, _the time_ (of
going to the harbor) _was past_, 210; næs þǣr mÄra fyrst frÄ“ode tÅ friclan,
2556; acc. sg. niht-longne fyrst, 528; fīf nihta fyrst, 545; instr. sg. þȳ
fyrste, 2574; dat. sg. him on fyrste gelomp ..., _within the fixed time_,
76.
fyr-wit, -wet, -wyt, st. n., _prying spirit, curiosity_: nom. sg. fyrwyt,
232; fyrwet, 1986, 2785.
ge-fȳsan (fūs), w. v., _to make ready, to prepare_: part. winde gefȳsed
flota, _the ship provided with wind_ (for the voyage), 217; (wyrm) fȳre
gefyÌ„sed, _provided with fire_, 2310; Ã¾Ä wæs hringbogan (of the drake)
heorte gefȳsed sæcce tŠsēceanne, 2562; with gen., in answer to the
question, for what? gūðe gefȳsed, _ready for battle, determined to fight_,
631.
fȳr, st. n., _fire_: nom. sg., 1367, 2702, 2882; dat. sg. fȳre, 2220; as
instr. fȳre, 2275, 2596; gen. sg. fȳres fæðm, 185; fȳres feng, 1765.--
Comp.: Äd-, bÇ£l-, heaðu-, wæl-fyÌ„r.
fȳr-bend, st. m., _band forged in fire_: dat. pl. duru ... fȳr-bendum
fæst, 723.
fȳr-draca, w. m., _fire-drake, fire-spewing dragon_: nom. sg., 2690.
fȳr-heard, adj., _hard through fire, hardened in fire_: nom. pl.
(eoforlÄ«c) fÄh and fyÌ„r-heard, 305.
fȳr-lēoht, st. n., _fire-light_: acc. sg., 1517.
fȳr-wylm, st. m., _wave of fire, flame-wave_: dat. pl. wyrm ... fȳrwylmum
fÄh, 2672.
G
galan, st. v., _to sing, to sound_: pres. sg. sorh-lēoð gæleð, 2461; inf.
gryre-lÄ“oð galan, 787; bearhtm ongeÄton, gūðhorn galan, _heard the clang,
the battle-trumpet sound_, 1433.
Ä-galan, _to sing, to sound_: pret. sg. þæt hire on hafelan hringmÇ£l ÄgÅl
grǣdig gūðlēoð, _that the sword caused a greedy battle-song to sound upon
her head_, 1522.
gamban, or, according to Bout., gambe, w. f., _tribute, interest_: acc. sg.
gomban gyldan, 11.
gamen, st. n., _social pleasure, rejoicing, joyous doings_: nom. sg. gamen,
1161; gomen, 2460; gomen glēobēames, _the pleasure of the harp_, 2264; acc.
sg. gamen and glēodrēam, 3022; dat. sg. gamene, 2942; gomene, 1776.--Comp.
heal-gamen.
gamen-wÄð, st. f., _way offering social enjoyment, journey in joyous
society_: dat. sg. of gomen-wÄðe, 855.
gamen-wudu, st. m., _wood of social enjoyment_, i.e. harp: nom. sg. þǣr wæs
... gomenwudu grēted, 1066; acc. sg. gomenwudu grētte, 2109.
gamol, gomol, gomel, adj., _old_; of persons, _having lived many years,
gray_: gamol, 58, 265; gomol, 3096; gomel, 2113, 2794; se gomela, 1398;
gamela (gomela) Scylding, 1793, 2106; gomela, 2932; acc. sg. þone gomelan,
2422; dat. sg. gamelum rince, 1678; gomelum ceorle, 2445; þÄm gomelan,
2818; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe gomele, 1596.--Also, _late, belonging to former
time_: gen. pl. gomelra lÄfe (_legacy_), 2037.--Of things, _old, from old
times_: nom. sg. sweord ... gomol, 2683; acc. sg. gomele lÄfe, 2564; gomel
swyrd, 2611; gamol is a more respectful word than eald.
gamol-feax, adj., _with gray hair_: nom. sg., 609.
gang, st. m.: 1) _gait, way_: dat. sg. on gange, 1885; gen. sg. ic hine ne
mihte ... ganges ge-twǣman, _could not keep him from going_, 969.--2)
_step, foot-step_: nom. sg. gang (the foot-print of the mother of Grendel),
1405; acc. sg. uton hraðe fÄ“ran Grendles mÄgan gang scÄ“awigan, 1392.--Comp.
in-gang.
be-gang, bi-gang, st. m., (_so far as something goes_), _extent_: acc. sg.
ofer geofenes begang, _over the extent of the sea_, 362; ofer flÅda begang,
1827; under swegles begong, 861, 1774; flÅda begong, 1498; sioleða bigong,
2368.
gangan. See under gÄn.
ganot, st. m., _diver_, fulica marina: gen. sg. ofer ganotes bæð (i.e. the
sea), 1862.
gÄd, st. n., _lack_: nom. sg. ne bið þē wilna gÄd (_thou shalt have no lack
of desirable_ [valuable] _things_), 661; similarly, 950.
gÄn, _expanded_ = gangan, st. v., _to go_: pres. sg. III. gǣð Ä Wyrd swÄ
hīo scel, 455; gǣð eft ... tŠmedo, 605; þonne hē ... on flett gǣð, 2035;
similarly, 2055; pres. subj. III. sg. gÄ Ã¾Ç£r hÄ“ wille, _let him go whither
he will_, 1395; imp. sg. II. gÄ nÅ« tÅ setle, 1783; nÅ« þū lungre geong, hord
scÄ“awian, under hÄrne stÄn, 2744; inf. in gÄn, _to go in_, 386, 1645 'forð
gÄn, _to go forth, to go thither_, 1164; þat hÄ«e him tÅ mihton gegnum
gangan, _to go towards, to go to_, 314; tÅ sele ... gangan cwÅmon, 324; in
a similar construction, gongan, 1643; nÅ« gÄ“ mÅton gangan ... HrÅðgÄr
gesÄ“on, 395; Ã¾Ä cÅm of mÅre ... Grendel gongan, _there came Grendel (going)
from the fen_, 712; ongēan gramum gangan, _to go to meet the enemy, to go
to the war_, 1035; cwÅm ... tÅ hofe gongan, 1975; wutun gangan tÅ, _let us
go thither_, 2649.--As preterite, serve, 1) gēong or gīong: hē tŠhealle
gēong, 926; similarly, 2019; sē þe on orde gēong, _who went at the head,
went in front, _3126; on innan gīong, _went in_, 2215; hē ... gīong tŠþæs
þe hÄ“ eorðsele Änne wisse, _went thither, where he knew of that earth-hall,
_2410; Ã¾Ä se æðeling, gÄ«ong, þæt hÄ“ bÄ« wealle gesæt, _then went the prince_
(BÄ“owulf) _that he might sit down by the wall_, 2716.--2) gang: tÅ healle
gang Healfdenes sunu, 1010; similarly, 1296; gang Ã¾Ä Ã¦fter flÅre, _went
along the floor, along the hall_, 1317.--3) gengde (Goth. gaggida): hē ...
beforan gengde ..., wong scēawian, _went in front to inspect the fields_,
1413; gengde, also of riding, 1402.--4) from another stem, Ä“ode (Goth.
iddja): Ä“ode ellenrÅf, þæt hÄ“ for eaxlum gestÅd Deniga frÄ“an, 358;
similarly, 403; [wið duru healle WulfgÄr Ä“ode], _went towards the door of
the hall_, 390; ēode Wealhþēow forð, _went forth_, 613; ēode tŠhire frēan
sittan, 641; Ä“ode yrremÅd, _went with angry feeling_, 727; Ä“ode ... tÅ
sele, 919; similarly, 1233; Ä“ode ... þǣr se snottra bÄd, 1313; Ä“ode weorð
Denum æðeling tŠyppan, _the prince_ (Bēowulf), _honored by the Danes, went
to the high seat_, 1815; Ä“ode ... under inwit-hrÅf, 3124; pl. þǣr
swīðferhðe sittan Ä“odon, 493; Ä“odon him Ã¾Ä tÅgÄ“anes, _went to meet him_,
1627; ēodon under Earna næs, 3032.
Ä-gangan, _to go out, to go forth, to befall_: pret. part. swÄ bit Ägangen
wearð eorla manegum (_as it befell many a one of the earls_), 1235.
full-gangan, _to emulate, to follow after_: pret. sg. þonne ... sceft nytte
hÄ“old, feðer-gearwum fÅ«s flÄne full-Ä“ode, _when the shaft had employment,
furnished with feathers it followed the arrow, did as the arrow_, 3120.
ge-gÄn, ge-gangan: 1) _to go, to approach_: inf. (w. acc.) his mÅdor ...
gegÄn wolde sorhfulne sīð, 1278; sÄ“ þe gryre-sīðas gegÄn dorste, _who dared
to go the ways of terror_ (to go into the combat), 1463; pret. sg. se maga
geonga under his mǣges scyld elne geēode, _went quickly under his kinsman's
shield_, 2677; pl. elne geēodon tŠþæs þe ..., _went quickly thither where_
..., 1968; pret. part. syððan hÄ«e tÅ-gædre gegÄn hæfdon, _when they_
(WÄ«glÄf and the drake) _had come together_, 2631; þæt his aldres wæs ende
gegongen, _that the end of his life had come_, 823; Ã¾Ä wæs endedæg gÅdum
gegongen, þæt se gūðcyning ... swealt, 3037.--2) _to obtain, to reach_:
inf. (w. acc.) þonne hÄ“ æt gūðe gegÄn þenceð longsumne lof, 1536; ic mid
elne sceall gold gegangan, 2537; gerund, næs þæt ȳðe cēap tŠgegangenne
gumena ǣnigum, 2417; pret. pl. elne geēodon ... þæt se byrnwīga būgan
sceolde, 2918; pret. part. hæfde ... gegongen þæt, _had attained it, that_
..., 894; hord ys gescēawod, grimme gegongen, 3086.--3) _to occur, to
happen_: pres. sg. III. gif þæt gegangeð þæt ..., _if that happen, that_
..., 1847; pret. sg. þæt geÄ«ode ufaran dÅgrum hilde-hlæmmum, _it happened
in later times to the warriors_ (the GÄ“atas), 2201; pret. part. Ã¾Ä wæs
gegongen guman unfrÅdum earfoðlÄ«ce þæt, _then it had happened to the young
man in sorrowful wise that_ ..., 2822.
oð-gangan, _to-go thither_: pret. pl. oð þæt hī oðēodon ... in Hrefnesholt,
2935.
ofer-gangan, w. acc., _to go over_: pret. sg. oferÄ“ode Ã¾Ä Ã¦Ã°elinga bearn
stÄ“ap stÄn-hliðo, _went over steep, rocky precipices_, 1409; pl.
freoðo-wong þone forð oferēodon, 2960.
ymb-gangan, w. acc., _to go around_: pret. ymb-Ä“ode Ã¾Ä ides Helminga duguðe
and geogoðe dǣl ǣghwylcne, _went around in every part, among the superior
and the inferior warriors_, 621.
gÄr, st. m., _spear, javelin, missile_: nom. sg., 1847, 3022; instr. sg.
gÄre, 1076; blÅdigan gÄre, 2441; gen. sg. gÄres fliht, 1766; nom. pl.
gÄras, 328; gen. pl., 161(?).--Comp.: bon-, frum-gÄr.
gÄr-cÄ“ne, adj., _spear-bold_: nom. sg., 1959.
gÄr-cwealm, st. m., _murder, death by the spear_: acc. sg. gÄr-cwealm
gumena, 2044.
gÄr-holt, st. n., _forest of spears_, i.e. crowd of spears: acc. sg., 1835.
gÄr-secg, st. m. (cf. Grimm, in Haupt l. 578), _sea, ocean_: acc. sg. on
gÄr-secg, 49, 537; ofer gÄr-secg, 515.
gÄr-wiga, w. m., _one who fights with the spear_: dat. sg. geongum
gÄr-wigan, of WÄ«glÄf, 2675, 2812.
gÄr-wÄ«gend, pres. part., _fighting with spear, spear-fighter_: acc. pl.
gÄr-wÄ«gend, 2642.
gÄst, gÇ£st, st. m., _ghost, demon_: acc. sg. helle gÄst (Grendel), 1275;
gen. sg. wergan gÄstes (of Grendel), 133; (of the tempter), 1748; gen. pl.
dyrnra gÄsta (Grendel's race), 1358; gÇ£sta gÄ«frost (_flames consuming
corpses_), 1124.--Comp.: ellor-, geÅ-sceaft-gÄst; ellen-, wæl-gÇ£st.
gÄst-bana, w. m., _slayer of the spirit_, i.e. the devil: nom. sg.
gÄst-bona, 177.
gædeling, st. m., _he who is connected with another, relation, companion_:
gen. sg. gædelinges, 2618; dat. pl. mid his gædelingum, 2950.
æt-gædere, adv., _together, united_: 321, 1165, 1191; samod ætgædere, 329,
387, 730, 1064.
tÅ-gadere, adv., _together_, 2631.
gæst, gist, gyst, st. m., _stranger, guest_: nom. sg. gæst, 1801; se gæst
(the drake), 2313; se grimma gæst (Grendel), 102; gist, 1139, 1523; acc.
sg. gryre-līcne gist (the nixy slain by Bēowulf), 1442; dat. sg. gyste,
2229; nom. pl. gistas, 1603; acc. pl. gæs[tas], 1894.--Comp.: fēðe-,
gryre-, inwit-, nīð-, sele-gæst (-gyst).
gæst-sele, st. m., _hall in which the guests spend their time, guest-hall_:
acc. sg., 995.
gē, conj., _and_, 1341; gē ... gē ..., _as well ... as ..._, 1865; gē ...
gē ..., gē ..., 1249; gē swylce, _and likewise, and moreover_, 2259.
gē, pron., _ye, you_, plur. of þū, 237, 245, etc.
gegn-cwide, st. m., _reply_: gen. pl. þīnra gegn-cwida, 367.
gegnum, adv., _thither, towards, away_, with the prep, tÅ, ofer, giving the
direction: þæt hīe him tŠmihton gegnum gangan (_that they might go
thither_), 314; gegnum fÅr [þÄ] ofer myrcan mÅr, _away over the dark moor_,
1405.
gehðu, geohðu, st. f., _sorrow, care_: instr. sg. giohðo mǣnde, 2268; dat.
sg. on gehðo, 3096; on giohðe, 2794.
gÄ“n (from gegn), adv., _yet, again_. ne wæs hit lenge Ã¾Ä gÄ“n, þæt ..., _it
was not then long before_ ..., 83; ic sceal forð sprecan gēn ymb Grendel,
_shall from now on speak again of Grendel_, 2071; nŠþyÌ„ Ç£r Å«t Ã¾Ä gÄ“n ...
gongan wolde (_still he would not yet go out_), 2082; gēn is eall æt þē
lissa gelong (_yet all my favor belongs to thee_), 2150; Ã¾Ä gÄ“n, _then
again_, 2678, 2703; swÄ hÄ“ nÅ« gÄ“n dēð, _as he still does_, 2860; furður
gēn, _further still, besides_, 3007; nū gēn, _now again_, 3169; ne gēn, _no
more, no farther_: ne wæs þæt wyrd Ã¾Ä gÄ“n, _that was no more fate_ (fate no
longer willed that), 735.
gÄ“na, _still_: cwico wæs Ã¾Ä gÄ“na, _was still living_, 3094.
genga, w. m., _goer_; in comp. in-, sǣ-, sceadu-genga.
gengde. See gÄn(3).
genge. See ūð-genge.
gēnunga (from gegnunga), adv., _precisely, completely_, 2872.
gerwan, gyrwan, w. v.: 1) _to prepare, to make ready, to put in condition_:
pret. pl. gestsele gyredon, 995.--2) _to equip, to arm for battle_: pret.
sg. gyrede hine Bēowulf eorl-gewǣdum (_dressed himself in the armor_),
1442.
ge-gyrwan: 1) _to make, to prepare_: pret. pl. him Ã¾Ä gegiredan GÄ“ata lÄ“ode
Äd ... unwÄclÄ«cne, 3138; pret. part. glÅf ... eall gegyrwed dÄ“ofles cræftum
and dracan fellum, 2088.--2) _to fit out, to make ready_: inf. cēol
gegyrwan hilde-wÇ£pnum and heaðowÇ£dum, 38; hÄ“t him ȳðlidan gÅdne gegyrwan,
_had (his) good ship fitted up for him_, 199. Also, _to provide warlike
equipment_: pret. part. syððan hē hine tŠgūðe gegyred hæfde, 1473.--3) _to
endow, to provide, to adorn_: pret. part. nom. sg. beado-hrægl ... golde
gegyrwed, 553; acc. sg. lÄfe ... golde gegyrede, 2193; acc. pl. mÄdmas ...
golde gegyrede, 1029.
gētan, w. v., _to injure, to slay_: inf., 2941.
be-gēte, adj., _attainable_; in comp. ēð-begēte.
geador, adv., _unitedly, together, jointly_, 836; geador ætsomne, 491.
on-geador, adv., _unitedly, together_, 1596.
gealdor, st. n.: 1) _sound_: acc. sg. bȳman gealdor, 2944.--2) _magic
song, incantation, spell_: instr. sg. þonne wæs þæt yrfe ... galdre
bewunden (_placed under a spell_), 3053.
gealga, w. m., _gallows_: dat. sg. þæt his byre rīde giong on galgan, 2447.
gealg-mÅd, adj., _gloomy_: nom. sg. gÄ«fre and galgmÅd, 1278.
gealg-trēow, st. n., _gallows_: dat. pl. on galg-trēowu[m], 2941.
geard, st. m., _residence_; in BÄ“owulf corresponding to the house-complex
of a prince's residence, used only in the plur.: acc. in geardas (_in
Finn's castle_), 1135; dat. in geardum, 13, 2460; of geardum, 1139; ǣr hē
on weg hwurfe ... of geardum, _before he went away from his
dwelling-place_, i.e. died, 265.--Comp. middan-geard.
gearo, adj., properly, _made, prepared_; hence, _ready, finished,
equipped_: nom. sg. þæt hit wearð eal gearo, heal-ærna mǣst, 77; wiht
unhÇ£lo ... gearo sÅna wæs, _the demon of destruction was quickly ready, did
not delay long_, 121; Here-Scyldinga betst beadorinca wæs on bǣl gearu,
_was ready for the funeral-pile_ (for the solemn burning), 1110; þēod (is)
eal gearo, _the warriors are altogether ready, always prepared_, 1231;
hraðe wæs æt holme hȳð-weard gearo (geara, MS.), 1915; gearo gūð-freca,
2415; sīe sīo bǣr gearo ǣdre geæfned, _let the bier be made ready at once_,
3106. With gen.: gearo gyrnwræce, _ready for revenge for harm done_, 2119,
acc. sg. gearwe stÅwe, 1007; nom. pl. beornas gearwe, 211; similarly, 1814.
gearwe, gearo, geare, adv., _completely, entirely_: nē gē ... gearwe ne
wisson, _you do not know at all_ ..., 246; similarly, 879; hine gearwe
geman witena welhwyle (_remembers him very well_), 265; wisse hē gearwe þæt
..., _he knew very well that_ ..., 2340, 2726; þæt ic ... gearo scēawige
swegle searogimmas (_that I may see the treasures altogether, as many as
they are_), 2749; ic wÄt geare þæt ..., 2657.--Comp. gearwor, _more
readily, rather_, 3077.--Superl. gearwost, 716.
gearo-folm, adj., _with ready hand_, 2086.
gearwe, st. f., _equipment, dress_; in comp. feðer-gearwe.
geat, st. n., _opening, door_; in comp. ben-, hilde-geat.
geato-līc, adj., _well prepared, handsome, splendid_: of sword and armor,
215, 1563, 2155; of Heorot, 308. Adv.: wīsa fengel geatolīc gengde, _passed
on in a stately manner_, 1402.
geatwe, st. f. pl., _equipment, adornment_: acc. recedes geatwa, _the
ornaments of the dragon's cave_ (its treasures), 3089.--Comp.: Ä“ored-,
gryre-, gūð-, hilde-, wīg-geatwe.
gēan (from gegn), adv. in
on-gēan, adv. and prep., _against, towards_: þæt hē mē ongēan slēa, 682;
rǣhte ongēan fēond mid folme, 748; foran ongēan, _forward towards_, 2365.
With dat.: ongēan gramum, _against the enemy_, 1035.
tÅ-gÄ“anes, tÅ-genes, prep, _against, towards_: Grendle tÅgÄ“anes, _towards
Grendel, against Grendel_, 667; grÄp Ã¾Ä tÅgÄ“anes, _she grasped at_
(BÄ“owulf), 1502; similarly, him tÅgÄ“anes fÄ“ng, 1543; Ä“odon him Ã¾Ä tÅgÄ“anes,
_went towards him_, 1627; hÄ“t Ã¾Ä gebÄ“odan ... þæt hÄ«e bÇ£l-wudu feorran
feredon gÅdum tÅgÄ“nes, _had it ordered that they should bring the wood from
far for the funeral-pyre towards the good man_ (i.e. to the place where the
dead BÄ“owulf lay), 3115.
gēap, adj., _roomy, extensive, wide_: nom. sg. reced ... gēap, _the roomy
hall_, 1801; acc. sg. under gÄ“apne hrÅf, 837.--Comp.: horn-, sÇ£-gÄ“ap.
geÄr, st. n., _year_: nom. sg., 1135; gen. pl. geÄra, in adverbial sense,
olim, _in former times_, 2665. See un-geÄra.
geÄr-dagas, st. m. pl., _former days_: dat. pl. in (on) geÄr-dagum, 1,
1355.
geofe. See gifu.
geofon, gifen, gyfen (see Kuhn Zeitschr. I. 137), st. n., _sea, flood_:
nom. sg. geofon, 515; gifen gēotende, _the streaming flood_, 1691; gen. sg.
geofenes begang, 362; gyfenes, 1395.
geogoð, st. f.: 1) _youth, time of youth_: dat. sg. on geogoðe, 409, 466,
2513; on giogoðe, 2427; gen. gioguðe, 2113.--2) contrasted with duguð, _the
younger warriors of lower rank_ (about as in the Middle Ages, the squires
with the knights): nom. sg. geogoð, 66; giogoð, 1191; acc. sg. geogoðe,
1182; gen. duguðe and geogoðe, 160; duguðe and iogoðe (geogoðe), 1675, 622.
geoguð-feorh, st. n., _age of youth_, i.e. age in which one still belongs
in the ranks of the geogoð: on geogoð- (geoguð-) fēore, 537, 2665.
geohðo. See gehðo.
geolo, adj., _yellow_: acc. sg. geolwe linde (_the shield of yellow linden
bark_), 2611.
geolo-rand, st. m., _yellow shield_ (shield with a covering of interlaced
yellow linden bark): acc. sg., 438.
geond, prep. w. acc., _through, throughout, along, over_: geond þisne
middangeard, _through the earth, over the earth_, 75; wide geond eorðan,
266, 3100; fērdon folctogan ... geond wīd-wegas, _went along the ways
coming from afar_, 841; similarly, 1705; geond þæt sæld, _through the hall,
through the extent of the hall_, 1281; similarly, 1982, 2265.
geong, adj., _young, youthful_: nom. sg., 13, 20, 855, etc.; giong, 2447;
w. m. se maga geonga, 2676; acc. sg. geongne gūðcyning, 1970; dat. sg.
geongum, 1949, 2045, 2675, etc.; on swÄ geongum feore, _at a so youthful
age_, 1844; geongan cempan, 2627; acc. pl. geonge, 2019; dat. pl. geongum
and ealdum, 72.--Superl. gingest, _the last_: nom. sg. w. f. gingeste word,
2818.
georn, adj., _striving, eager_, w. gen. of the thing striven for: eft sīðes
georn, 2784.--Comp. lof-georn.
georne, adv., _readily, willingly_: þæt him wine-mÄgas georne hyÌ„rdon, 66;
georne truwode, 670.--_zealously, eagerly_: sÅhte georne æfter grunde,
_eagerly searched over the ground_, 2295.--_carefully, industriously_: nÅ
ic him þæs georne ætfealh (_held him not fast enough_), 969.--_completely,
exactly_: comp. wiste þē geornor, 822.
geÅ, iÅ«, adv., _once, formerly, earlier_, 1477; giÅ, 2522; iÅ«, 2460.
gēoc, st. f., _help, support_: acc. sg. gēoce gefremman, 2675; þæt him
gÄst-bona gÄ“oce gefremede wið þēod-þrÄ“aum, 177; gÄ“oce gelyÌ„fde, _believed
in the help_ (of Bēowulf), 609; dat. sg. tŠgēoce, 1835.
gēocor, adj., _ill, bad_: nom. sg., 766.--See Haupt's Zeitschrift 8, p. 7.
geÅ-man, iÅ«-man, st. m., _man of former times_: gen. pl. iÅ«-manna, 3053.
geÅ-meowle, w. f., (_formerly a virgin), wife_: acc. sg. Ä«o-meowlan, 2932.
geÅmor, adj., _with depressed feelings, sad, troubled_: nom. sg. him wæs
geÅmor sefa, 49, 2420, 2633, 2951; mÅdes geÅmor, 2101; fem. þæt wæs geÅmuru
ides, 1076.
geÅmore, adv., _sadly_, 151.
geÅmor-gid, st. n., _dirge_: acc. sg. giÅmor-gyd, 3151.
geÅmor-lÄ«c, adj., _sad, painful_: swÄ bið geÅmorlÄ«c gomelum ceorle tÅ
gebīdanne þæt..., _it is painful to an old man to experience it, that ..._,
2445.
geÅmor-mÅd, adj., _sad, sorrowful_: nom. sg., 2045, 3019; giÅmor-mÅd, 2268.
geÅmrian, w. v., _to complain, to lament_: pret. sg. geÅmrode giddum, 1119.
geÅ-sceaft, st. f., (_fixed in past times), fate_: acc. sg. geÅsceaft
grimme, 1235.
geÅsceaft-gÄst, st. m., _demon sent by fate_: gen. pl. fela
geÅsceaft-gÄsta, of Grendel and his race, 1267.
gēotan, st. v. intrans., _to pour, to flow, to stream_: pres. part. gifen
gēotende, 1691.
gicel, st. m., _icicle_: in comp. hilde-gicel.
gid, gyd, st. n., _speech, solemn alliterative song_: nom. sg. þǣr wæs ...
gid oft wrecen, 1066; lÄ“oð wæs Äsungen, glÄ“omannes gyd, _the song was sung,
the gleeman's lay_, 1161; þǣr wæs gidd and glēo, 2106; acc. sg. ic þis gid
Äwræc, 1724; gyd Äwræc, 2109; gyd æfter wræc, 2155; þonne hÄ“ gyd wrece,
2447; dat. pl. giddum, 151, 1119; gen. pl. gidda gemyndig, 869.--Comp.:
geÅmor-, word-gid.
giddian, w. v., _to speak, to speak in alliteration_: pret. gyddode, 631.
gif, conj.: 1) _if_, w. ind., 442, 447, 527, 662, etc.; gyf, 945, etc. With
subj., 452, 594, 1482, etc.; gyf, 280, 1105, etc.--2) _whether_, w. ind.,
272; w. subj., 1141, 1320.
gifa, geofa, w. m., _giver_; in comp. gold-, sinc-, wil-gifa (-geofa).
gifan, st. v., _to give_: inf. giofan, 2973; pret. sg. nallas bēagas geaf
Denum, 1720; hÄ“ mÄ“ [mÄðmas] geaf, 2147; and similarly, 2174, 2432, 2624,
etc.; pret. pl. gÄ“afon (hyne) on gÄrsecg, 49; pret. part. Ã¾Ä wæs HrÅðgÄre
here-spÄ“d gyfen, 64; Ã¾Ä wæs gylden hilt gamelum rince ... on hand gyfen,
1679; syððan ǣrest wearð gyfen ... geongum cempan (_given in marriage_),
1949.
Ä-gifan, _to give, to impart_: inf. andsware ... Ägifan, _to give an
answer_, 355; pret. sg. sÅna him se frÅda fæder ÅŒhtheres ... ondslyht Ägeaf
(_gave him a counter-blow_), (_hand-blow_?), 2930.
for-gyfan, _to give, to grant_: pret. sg. him þæs lÄ«f-frÄ“a ... worold-Äre
forgeaf, 17; þǣm tÅ hÄm forgeaf Hrēðel GÄ“ata Ängan dÅhtor (_gave in
marriage_), 374; similarly, 2998; hē mē lond forgeaf, _granted me land_,
2493; similarly, 697, 1021, 2607, 2617; mægen-rǣs forgeaf hilde-bille, _he
gave with his battle-sword a mighty blow_, i.e. he struck with full force,
1520.
of-gifan, (_to give up_), _to leave_: inf. þæt se mǣra maga Ecgþēowes
grund-wong þone ofgyfan wolde (_was fated to leave the earth-plain_), 2589;
pret. sg. þÄs worold ofgeaf gromheort guma, 1682; similarly, gumdrÄ“am
ofgeaf, 2470; Dena land ofgeaf, 1905; pret. pl. næs ofgēafon hwate
Scyldingas, _left the promontory_, 1601; þæt Ã¾Ä hildlatan holt ofgÄ“fan,
_that the cowards left the wood_ (into which they had fled), 2847; sg.
pret. for pl. þÄra þe þis [lÄ«f] ofgeaf, 2252.
gifeðe, adj., _given, granted_: Gūðfremmendra swylcum gifeðe bið þæt...,
_to such a warrior is it granted that_..., 299; similarly, 2682; swÄ mÄ“
gifeðe wæs, 2492; þǣr mÄ“ gifeðe swÄ Ç£nig yrfeweard æfter wurde, _if an
heir_, (living) _after me, had been given me_, 2731.--Neut. as subst.: wæs
þæt gifeðe tŠswīð, þē þone [þēoden] þyder ontyhte, _the fate was too harsh
that has drawn hither the king_, 3086; gyfeðe, 555, 820.--Comp. un-gifeðe.
gif-heal, st. f., _hall in which fiefs were bestowed, throne-hall_: acc.
sg. ymb Ã¾Ä gifhealle, 839.
gif-sceat, st. m., _gift of value_: acc. pl. gif-sceattas, 378.
gif-stÅl, st. m., _seat from which fiefs are granted, throne_: nom. sg.,
2328; acc. sg., 168.
gift, st. f., _gift, present_: in comp. feoh-gift.
gifu, geofu, st. f., _gift, present, grant; fief_: nom. sg. gifu, 1885 acc.
sg. gimfæste gife þē him god sealde, _the great gift that God had granted
him_ (i.e. the enormous strength), 1272; ginfæstan gife þē him god sealde,
2183; dat. pl. (as instr.) geofum, 1959; gen. pl. gifa, 1931; geofena,
1174.--Comp.: mÄððum-, sinc-gifu.
gīgant, st. m., _giant_: nom. pl. gīgantas, 113; gen. pl. gīganta, 1563,
1691.
gild, gyld, st. n., _reparation_: in comp. wiðer-gyld(?).
gildan, gyldan, st. v., _to do something in return, to repay, to reward, to
pay_: inf. gomban gyldan, _pay tribute_, 11; hÄ“ mid gÅde gyldan wille
uncran eaferan, 1185; wÄ“ him Ã¾Ä gūðgeatwa gyldan woldon, 2637; pret. sg.
heaðorÇ£sas geald mÄ“arum and mÄðmum, _repaid the battles with horses and
treasures_, 1048; similarly, 2492; geald þone gūðrǣs ... Jofore and Wulfe
mid ofermÄðmum, _repaid Eofor and Wulf the battle with exceedingly great
treasures_, 2992.
an-gildan, _to pay for_: pret. sg. sum sÄre angeald Ç£fenræste, _one_
(Æschere) _paid for the evening-rest with death's pain_, 1252.
Ä-gildan, _to offer one's self_: pret. sg. Ã¾Ä mÄ“ sÇ£l Ägeald, _when the
favorable opportunity offered itself_, 1666; similarly, Ã¾Ä him rÅ«m Ägeald,
2691.
for-gildan, _to repay, to do something in return, to reward_: pres. subj.
sg. III. alwalda þec gÅde forgylde, _may the ruler of all reward thee with
good_, 957; inf. þone ǣnne heht golde forgyldan, _he ordered that the one_
(killed by Grendel) _be paid for_ (atoned for) _with gold_, 1055; hē ...
wolde Grendle for-gyldan gūðrǣsa fela, _wished to pay Grendel for many
attacks_, 1578; wolde se lÄða lÄ«ge forgyldan drinc-fæt dyÌ„re, _the enemy
wished to repay with fire the costly drinking vessel_ (the theft of it),
2306; pret. sg. hē him þæs lēan forgeald, _he gave them the reward
therefore_, 114; similarly, 1542, 1585, 2095; forgeald hraðe wyrsan wrixle
wælhlem þone, _repaid the murderous blow with a worse exchange_, 2969.
gilp, gylp, st. m., _speech in which one promises great things for himself
in a coming combat, defiant speech, boasting speech_: acc. sg. hæfde ...
Gēat-mecga lēod gilp gelǣsted (_had fulfilled what he had claimed for
himself before the battle_), 830; nallas on gylp seleð fǣtte bēagas, _gives
no chased gold rings for a boastful speech_, 1750; þæt ic wið þone
gūðflogan gylp ofersitte, _restrain myself from the speech of defiance_,
2529; dat. sg. gylpe wiðgrīpan (_fulfil my promise of battle_),
2522.--Comp. dol-gilp.
gilpan, gylpan, st. v. w. gen., acc., and dat., _to make a defiant speech,
to boast, to exult insolently_: pres. sg. I. nŠic þæs gilpe (after a break
in the text), 587; sg. III. morðres gylpeð, _boasts of the murder_, 2056;
inf. swÄ ne gylpan þearf Grendles maga Ç£nig ... Å«hthlem þone, 2007; nealles
folc-cyning fyrdgesteallum gylpan þorfte, _had no need to boast of his
fellow-warrior_, 2875; pret. sg. hrēðsigora ne gealp goldwine Gēata, _did
not exult at the glorious victory_ (could not gain the victory over the
drake), 2584.
gilp-cwide, st. m., _speech in which a man promises much for himself for a
coming combat, speech of defiance_: nom. sg., 641.
gilp-hlæden, pret. part., _laden with boasts of defiance_ (i.e. he who has
made many such boasts, and consequently has been victorious in many
combats), _covered with glory_: nom. sg. guma gilp-hlæden, 869.
gilp-sprǣc, same as gilp-cwide, _speech of defiance, boastful speech_: dat.
sg. on gylp-sprǣce, 982.
gilp-word, st. n., _defiant word before the coming combat, vaunting word_:
gen. pl. gespræc ... gylp-worda sum, 676.
gim, st. m., _gem, precious stone, jewel_: nom. sg. heofones gim, _heaven's
jewel_, i.e. the sun, 2073. Comp. searo-gim.
gimme-rīce, adj., _rich in jewels_: acc. sg. gimme-rīce hord-burh hæleða,
466.
gin (according to Bout., ginne), adj., properly _gaping_, hence, _wide,
extended_: acc. sg. gynne grund (_the bottom of the sea_), 1552.
gin-fæst, adj., _extensive, rich_: acc. sg. gim-fæste gife (gim-, on
account of the following _f_), 1272; in weak form, gin-fæstan gife, 2183.
ginnan, st. v., original meaning, _to be open, ready_; in
on-ginnan, _to begin, to undertake_: pret. oð þæt Än ongan fyrene fremman
fÄ“ond on helle, 100; secg eft ongan sīð BÄ“owulfes snyttrum styrian, 872; þÄ
þæt sweord ongan ... wanian, _the sword began to diminish_, 1606; HigelÄc
ongan sīnne geseldan ... fægre fricgean, _began with propriety to question
his companion_, 1984, etc.; ongon, 2791; pret. pl. nŠhēr cūðlīcor cuman
ongunnon lindhæbbende, _no shield-bearing men e'er undertook more openly to
come hither_, 244; pret. part. hæbbe ic mǣrða fela ongunnen on geogoðe,
_have in my youth undertaken many deeds of renown_, 409.
gist. See gæst.
gistran, adv., _yesterday_: gystran niht, _yesterday night_, 1335.
git, pron., _ye two_, dual of þū, 508, 512, 513, etc.
gīt, gȳt, adv., _yet; then still_, 536, 1128, 1165, 2142; _hitherto_, 957;
nǣfre gīt, _never yet_, 583; _still_, 945, 1059, 1135; _once more_, 2513;
_moreover_, 47, 1051, 1867.
gitan (original meaning, _to take hold of, to seize, to attain_), in
be-gitan, w. acc., _to grasp, to seize, to reach_: pret. sg. begeat, 1147,
2231; Ã¾Ä hine wÄ«g beget, _when war seized him, came upon him_, 2873;
similarly, begeat, 1069; pret. pl. hit Ç£r on þē gÅde be-geÄton, _good men
received it formerly from thee_, 2250; subj. sg. for pl. þæt wæs HrÅðgÄre
hrÄ“owa tornost þÄra þe lÄ“odfruman lange begeÄte, _the bitterest of the
troubles that for a long time had befallen the people's chief_, 2131.
for-gitan, w. acc., _to forget_: pres. sg. III. hÄ“ Ã¾Ä forðgesceaft forgyteð
and forgȳmeð, 1752.
an-gitan, on-gitan, w. acc.: 1) _to take hold of, to grasp_: imp. sg.
gumcyste ongit, _lay hold of manly virtue, of what becomes the man_, 1724;
pret. sg. þē hine se brÅga angeat, _whom terror seized_, 1292.--2) _to
grasp intellectually, to comprehend, to perceive, to distinguish, to
behold_: pres. subj. I. þæt ic ǣrwelan ... ongite, _that I may behold the
ancient wealth_ (the treasures of the drake's cave), 2749; inf. sæl timbred
... ongytan, 308, 1497; Gēata clifu ongitan, 1912; pret. sg. fyren-þearfe
ongeat, _had perceived their distress from hostile snares_, 14; ongeat ...
grund-wyrgenne, _beheld the she-wolf of the bottom_, 1519; pret. pl.
bearhtm ongeÄton, gūðhorn galan, _perceived the noise_, (heard) _the
battle-trumpet sound_, 1432; syððan hÄ«e HygelÄces horn and byÌ„man gealdor
ongeÄton, 2945.
gÄ«fre, adj., _greedy, eager_: nom. sg. gÄ«fre and galgmÅd, of Grendel's
mother, 1278.--Superl.: līg..., gǣsta gīfrost, 1124.--Comp. heoro-gīfre.
gītsian, w. v., _to be greedy_: pres. sg. III. gȳtsað, 1750.
gio-, giÅ-. see geo-, geÅ-.
gladian, w. v., _to gleam, to shimmer_: pres. pl. III. on him gladiað
gomelra lÄfe, _upon him gleams the legacy of the men of ancient times_
(armor), 2037.
glæd, adj., _gracious, friendly_ (as a form of address for princes): nom.
sg. bÄ“o wið GÄ“atas glæd, 1174; acc. sg. glædne HrÅðgÄr, 864; glædne
HrÅðulf, 1182; dat. sg. gladum suna FrÅdan, 2026.
glæde, adv., _in a gracious, friendly way_, 58.
glædnian, w. v., _to rejoice_: inf. w. gen., 367.
glæd-mÅd, adj., _joyous, glad_, 1786.
glēd, st. f., _fire, flame_: nom. sg., 2653, 3115; dat. (instr.) pl.
glēdum, 2313, 2336, 2678, 3042.
glēd-egesa, w. m., _terror on account of fire, fire-terror_: nom. sg.
glēd-egesa grim (_the fire-spewing of the drake_), 2651.
glēaw (Goth, glaggwu-s), adj., _considerate, well-bred_, of social conduct;
in comp. un-glēaw.
glēo, st. n., _social entertainment_, (especially by music, play, and
jest): nom. sg. þǣr wæs gidd and glēo, 2106.
glēo-bēam, st. m., _(tree of social entertainment, of music), harp._ gen.
sg. glēo-bēames, 2264.
glēo-drēam, st. _m., joyous carrying-on in social entertainment, mirth,
social gaiety_: acc. sg. gamen and glēo-drēam, 3022.
glēo-man, m., _(gleeman, who enlivens the social entertainment, especially
with music), harper_: gen. sg. glēomannes gyd, 1161.
glitinian (O.H.G. glizinÅn), w. v., _to gleam, to light, to glitter_: inf.
geseah Ã¾Ä ... gold glitinian, 2759.
glÄ«dan, st. v., _to glide_: pret. sg. syððan heofones gim glÄd ofer
grundas, _after heaven's gem had glided over the fields_ (after the sun had
set), 2074; pret. pl. glidon ofer gÄrsecg, _you glided over the ocean_
(swimming), 515.
tÅ-glÄ«dan _(to glide asunder), to separate, to fall asunder_: pret.
gūð-helm tÅ-glÄd (Ongenþēow's helmet was split asunder by the blow of
Eofor), 2488.
glÅf, st. f., _glove_: nom. sg. glÅf hangode, (on Grendel) _a glove hung_,
2086.
gnēað, adj., _niggardly_: nom. sg. f. næs hīo ... tŠgnēað gifa Gēata
lēodum, _was not too niggardly with gifts to the people of the Gēatas_,
1931.
gnorn, st. m., _sorrow, sadness_: acc. sg. gnorn þrowian, 2659.
gnornian, w. v., _to be sad, to complain_: pret. sg. earme ... ides
gnornode, 1118.
be-gnornian, w. acc., _to bemoan, to mourn for_: pret. pl. begnornodon ...
hlÄfordes [hry]re, _bemoaned their lord's fall_, 3180.
god, st. m., _god_: nom. sg., 13, 72, 478, etc.; hÄlig god, 381, 1554;
wītig god, 686; mihtig god, 702; acc. sg. god, 812; ne wiston hīe drihten
god, _did not know the Lord God_, 181; dat. sg. gode, 113, 227, 626, etc.;
gen. sg. godes, 570, 712, 787, etc.
gold, st. n., _gold_: nom. sg., 3013, 3053; icge gold, 1108; wunden gold,
_wound gold, gold in ring-form_, 1194, 3136; acc. sg. gold, 2537, 2759,
2794, 3169; hǣðen gold, _heathen gold_ (that from the drake's cave), 2277;
brÄd gold, _massive gold_, 3106; dat. instr. sg. golde, 1055, 2932, 3019;
fǣttan golde, _with chased gold, with gold in plate-form_, 2103; gehroden
golde, _covered with gold, gilded_, 304; golde gegyrwed (gegyrede),
_provided with, ornamented with gold_, 553, 1029, 2193; golde geregnad,
_adorned with gold_, 778; golde fÄhne (hrÅf), _the roof shining with gold_,
928; bunden golde, _bound with gold_ (see under bindan), 1901; hyrsted
golde (helm), _the helmet ornamented with, mounted with gold_, 2256; gen.
sg. goldes, 2302; fǣttan goldes, 1094, 2247; scīran goldes, _of pure gold_,
1695. --Comp. fæt-gold.
gold-Ç£ht, st. f., _possessions in gold, treasure_: acc. sg., 2749.
gold-fÄh, adj., _variegated with gold, shining with gold_: nom. sg. reced
... gold-fÄh, 1801; acc. sg. gold-fÄhne helm, 2812; nom. pl. gold-fÄg
scinon web æfter wÄgum, _variegated with gold, the tapestry gleamed along
the walls_, 995.
gold-gifa, w. m., _gold-giver_, designation of the prince: acc. sg. mid
mīnne goldgyfan, 2653.
gold-hroden, pret. part., _(covered with gold), ornamented with gold_: nom.
sg., 615, 641, 1949, 2026; epithet of women of princely rank.
gold-hwæt, adj., _striving after gold, greedy for gold_: næs hē goldhwæt,
_he_ (BÄ“owulf) _was not greedy for gold_ (he did not fight against the
drake for his treasure, cf. 3067 ff.) 3075.
gold-mÄðm, st. m., _jewel of gold_: acc. pl. gold-mÄðmas (the treasures of
the drake's cave), 2415.
gold-sele, st. m., _gold-hall_, i.e. the hall in which the gold was
distributed, ruler's hall: acc. sg., 716, 1254; dat. sg. gold-sele, 1640,
2084.
gold-weard, st. m., _gold-ward, defender of the gold_: acc. sg. (of the
drake), 3082.
gold-wine, st. m., _friend who distributes gold_, i.e. ruler, prince: nom.
sg. (partly as voc.) goldwine gumena, 1172, 1477, 1603; goldwine GÄ“ata,
2420, 2585.
gold-wlanc, adj., _proud of gold_: nom. sg. gūðrinc goldwlanc (Bēowulf
rewarded with gold by HrÅðgÄr on account of his victory), 1882.
gomban, gomel, gomen. See gamban, gamal, gamen.
gong, gongan. See gang, gangan.
gÅd, adj., _good, fit_, of persons and things: nom. sg., 11, 195, 864,
2264, 2391, etc.; frÅd and gÅd, 279; w. dat. cyning æðelum gÅd, _the king
noble in birth_, 1871; gumcystum gÅd, 2544; w. gen. wes þū Å«s lÄrena gÅd,
_be good to us with teaching_ (help us thereto through thy instruction),
269; in weak form, se gÅda, 205, 355, 676, 1191, etc.; acc. sg. gÅdne, 199,
347, 1596, 1970, etc.; gumcystum gÅdne, 1487; neut. gÅd, 1563; dat. sg.
gÅdum, 3037, 3115; þǣm gÅdan, 384, 2328; nom. pl. gÅde, 2250; Ã¾Ä gÅdan,
1164; acc. pl. gÅde, 2642; dat. pl. gÅdum dÇ£dum, 2179; gen. pl. gÅdra
gūðrinca, 2649.--Comp. Ç£r-gÅd.
gÅd, st. n.: 1) _good that is done, benefit, gift_: instr. sg. gÅde, 20,
957, 1185; gÅde mÇ£re, _renowned on account of her gifts_ (Þrȳðo), 1953;
instr. pl. gÅdum, 1862.--2) _ability_, especially in fight: gen. pl. nÄt hÄ“
þÄra gÅda, 682.
gram, adj., _hostile_: gen. sg. on grames grÄpum, _in the gripe of the
enemy_ (BÄ“owulf), 766; nom. pl. Ã¾Ä graman, 778; dat. pl. gramum, 424, 1035.
gram-heort, adj., _of a hostile heart, hostile_: nom. sg. grom-heort guma,
1683.
gram-hȳdig, adj., _with hostile feeling, maliciously inclined_: nom. sg.
gromhȳdig, 1750.
grÄp, st. f., _the hand ready to grasp, hand, claw_: dat. sg. mid grÄpe,
438; on grÄpe, 555; gen. sg. eal ... Grendles grÄpe, _all of Grendel's
claw, the whole claw_, 837; dat. pl. on grames grÄpum, 766; (as instr.)
grimman grÄpum, _with grim claws_, 1543.--Comp.: fÄ“ond-, hilde-grÄp.
grÄpian, w. v., _to grasp, to lay hold of, to seize_: pret. sg. þæt hire
wið halse heard grÄpode, _that_ (the sword) _griped hard at her neck_,
1567; hÄ“ ... grÄpode gearofolm, _he took hold with ready hand_, 2086.
græs-molde, w. f., _grass-plot_: acc. sg. græsmoldan træd, _went over the
grass-plot_, 1882.
grǣdig, adj., _greedy, hungry, voracious_: nom. sg. grim and grǣdig, 121,
1500; acc. sg. grǣdig gūðlēoð, 1523.
grǣg, adj., _gray_: nom. pl. æsc-holt ufan grǣg, _the ashen wood, gray
above_ (the spears with iron points) 330; acc. pl. grǣge syrcan, _gray_
(i.e. iron) _shirts of mail_, 334.
grǣg-mǣl, adj., _having a gray color_, here = _iron_: nom. sg. sweord
Bēowulfes gomol and grǣgmǣl, 2683.
grǣpe. See æt-grǣpe.
grÄ“tan, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to greet, to salute_: inf. hine swÄ gÅdne
grÄ“tan, 347; HrÅðgÄr grÄ“tan, 1647, 2011; Ä“owic grÄ“tan hÄ“t (_bade me bring
you his last greeting_), 3096; pret. sg. grÄ“tte GÄ“ata lÄ“od, 626; grÄ“tte þÄ
guma Åðerne, 653; HrÅðgÄr grÄ“tte, 1817.-- 2) _to come on, to come near, to
seek out; to touch; to take hold of_: inf. gifstÅl grÄ“tan, _take possession
of the throne, mount it as ruler_, 168; næs se folccyning ǣnig ... þē mec
gūðwinum grētan dorste (_attack with swords_), 2736; Wyrd ... sē þone
gomelan grÄ“tan sceolde, 2422; þæt þone sin-scaðan gūðbilla nÄn grÄ“tan
nolde, _that no sword would take hold upon the irreconcilable enemy_, 804;
pret. sg. grētte goldhroden guman on healle, _the gold-adorned_ (queen)
_greeted the men in the hall_, 615; nŠhē mid hearme ... gæstas grētte,
_did not approach the strangers with insults_, 1894; gomenwudu grētte,
_touched the wood of joy, played the harp_, 2109; pret. subj. II. sg. þæt
þū þone wælgǣst wihte ne grētte, _that thou shouldst by no means seek out
the murderous spirit_ (Grendel), 1996; similarly, sg. III. þæt hē ne grētte
goldweard þone, 3082; pret. part. þǣr wæs ... gomenwudu grēted, 1066.
ge-grētan, w. acc.: 1) _to greet, to salute, to address_: pret. sg. holdne
gegrētte mēaglum wordum, _greeted the dear man with formal words_, 1981;
gegrÄ“tte Ã¾Ä gumena gehwylcne ... hindeman siðe, _spoke then the last time
to each of the men_, 2517.--2) _to approach, to come near, to seek out_:
inf. sceal ... manig Åðerne gÅdum gegrÄ“tan ofer ganotes bæð, _many a one
will seek another across the sea with gifts_, 1862.
grēot, st. m., _grit, sand, earth_: dat. sg. on grēote, 3169.
grēotan, st. v., _to weep, to mourn, to lament_: pres. sg. III. sē þe æfter
sincgyfan on sefan grēoteð, _who laments in his heart for the
treasure-giver_, 1343.
grim, adj., _grim, angry, wild, hostile_: nom. sg., 121, 555, 1500, etc.;
weak form, se grimma gæst, 102; acc. sg. m. grimne, 1149, 2137; fem,
grimme, 1235; gen. sg. grimre gūðe, 527; instr. pl. grimman grÄpum,
1543.--Comp.: beado-, heaðo-, heoro-, searo-grim.
grimme, adv., _grimly, in a hostile manner, bitterly_, 3013, 3086.
grim-līc, adj., _grim, terrible_: nom. sg. grimlīc gry[re-gæst], 3042.
grimman, st. v., (properly _to snort_), _to go forward hastily, to hasten_:
pret. pl. grummon, 306.
grindan, st. v., _to grind_, in
for-grindan, _to destroy, to ruin_: pret. sg. w. dat. forgrand gramum,
_destroyed the enemy, killed them_ (?), 424; pret. part. w. acc. hæfde
līgdraca lēoda fæsten ... glēdum forgrunden, _had with flames destroyed the
people's feasts_, 2336; Ã¾Ä his Ägen (scyld) wæs glÄ“dum forgrunden, _since
his own (shield) had been destroyed by the fire_, 2678.
gripe, st. m., _gripe, attack_: nom. sg. gripe mēces, 1766; acc. sg. grimne
gripe, 1149.--Comp.: fǣr-, mund-, nīð-gripe.
grīma, w. m., _mask, visor_: in comp. beado-, here-grīma.
grīm-helm, st. m., _mask-helmet, helmet with visor_: acc. pl. grīm-helmas,
334.
grÄ«pan, st. v., _to gripe, to seize, to grasp_: pret. sg. grÄp Ã¾Ä tÅgÄ“anes,
_then she caught at_, 1502.
for-grīpan _(to gripe vehemently), to gripe so as to kill, to kill by the
grasp_, w. dat.: pret. sg. æt gūðe forgrÄp Grendeles mÇ£gum, 2354.
wið-grīpan, w. dat., _(to seize at), to maintain, to hold erect_: inf. hū
wið þÄm ÄglÇ£cean elles meahte gylpe wið-grÄ«pan, _how else I might maintain
my boast of battle against the monster_, 2522.
grÅwan, st. v., _to grow, to sprout_: pret. sg. him on ferhðe grÄ“ow
brÄ“osthord blÅdrÄ“ow, 1719.
grund, st. m.: 1) _ground, plain, fields_ in contrast with highlands;
_earth_ in contrast with heaven: dat. sg. sÅhte ... æfter grunde, _sought
along the ground_, 2295; acc. pl. ofer grundas, 1405, 2074.--2) _bottom,
the lowest part_: acc. sg. grund (of the sea of Grendel), 1368; on gyfenes
grund, 1395; under gynne grund (_bottom of the sea_) 1552; dat. sg. tÅ
grunde (of the sea), 553; grunde (of the drake's cave) getenge, 2759; so,
on grunde, 2766.--Comp.: eormen-, mere-, sǣ-grund.
grund-būend, pres. part., _inhabitant of the earth_: gen. pl.
grund-būendra, 1007.
grund-hyrde, st. m., _warder of the bottom_ (of the sea): acc. sg. (of
Grendel's mother), 2137.
grund-sele, st. m., _hall at the bottom_ (of the sea): dat sg. in þÄm
[grund]sele, 2140.
grund-wang, st. m., _ground surface, lowest surface_: acc. sg. þone
grund-wong (_bottom of the sea_), 1497; (bottom of the drake's cave), 2772,
2589.
grund-wyrgen, st. f., _she-wolf of the bottom_ (of the sea): acc. sg.
grund-wyrgenne (Grendel's mother), 1519.
gryn (cf. Gloss. Aldh. "retinaculum, rete grin," Hpts. Ztschr. IX. 429),
st. n., _net, noose, snare_: gen. pl. fela ... grynna, 931. See gyrn.
gryre, st. m., _horror, terror, anything causing terror_: nom. sg., 1283;
acc. sg. wið Grendles gryre, 384; hīe Wyrd forswēop on Grendles gryre,
_snatched them away into the horror of Grendel, to the horrible Grendel_,
478; dat. pl. mid gryrum ecga, 483; gen. pl. swÄ fela gryra, 592.--Comp.:
fǣr-, wīg-gryre.
gryre-brÅga, w. m., _terror and horror, amazement_: nom. sg.
[gryre-]br[Å]g[a], 2229.
gryre-fÄh, adj., _gleaming terribly_: acc. sg. gryre-fÄhne (_the
fire-spewing drake_, cf. also [draca] fyÌ„rwylmum fÄh, 2672, 2577.
gryre-gæst, st. m., _terror-guest, stranger causing terror_: nom. sg.
grimlÄ«c gry[regæst], 3042; dat. sg. wið þÄm gryregieste (the dragon), 2561.
gryre-geatwe, st. f. pl., _terror-armor, warlike equipment_: dat. pl. in
hyra gryre-geatwum, 324.
gryre-lēoð, st. n., _terror-song, fearful song_: acc. sg. gehȳrdon
gryrelēoð galan godes and-sacan (_heard Grendel's cry of agony_), 787.
gryre-līc, adj., _terrible, horrible_: acc. sg. gryre-līcne, 1442, 2137.
gryre-sīð, st. m., _way of terror, way causing terror_, i.e. warlike
expedition: acc. pl. sÄ“ þe gryre-sīðas gegÄn dorste, 1463.
guma, w. m., _man, human being_: nom. sg., 653, 869, etc.; acc. sg. guman,
1844, 2295; dat. sg. guman (gumum, MS.), 2822; nom pl. guman, 215, 306,
667, etc.; acc. pl. guman, 615; dat. pl. gumum, 127, 321; gen. pl. gumena,
73, 328, 474, 716, etc.--Comp.: driht-, seld-guma.
gum-cyn, st. n., _race of men, people, nation_: gen. sg. wē synt gumcynnes
Gēata lēode, _people from the nation of the Gēatas_, 260; dat. pl. æfter
gum-cynnum, _along the nations, among the nations_, 945.
gum-cyst, st. f., _man's excellence, man's virtue_: acc. sg. (or pl.)
gumcyste, 1724; dat. pl. as adv., _excellently, preeminently_: gumcystum
gÅdne bÄ“aga bryttan, 1487; gumcystum gÅd ... hilde-hlemma (BÄ“owulf), 2544.
gum-drēam, st. m., _joyous doings of men_: acc. sg. gum-drēam ofgeaf
(died), 2470.
gum-dryhten, st. m., _lord of men_: nom. sg. 1643.
gum-fēða, w. m., _troop of men going on foot_: nom. sg., 1402.
gum-man, st. m., _man_: gen. pl. gum-manna fela, 1029.
gum-stÅl, st. m., _man's seat, κατ' á¼Î¶Ï‰Ï‡á½µÎ½, ruler's seat, throne_: dat. sg.
in gumstÅle, 1953.
gūð, st. f., _combat, battle_: nom. sg., 1124, 1659, 2484, 2537; acc. sg.
gūðe, 604; instr. sg. gūðe, 1998; dat. sg. tŠ(æt) gūðe, 438, 1473. 1536,
2354, etc.; gen. sg. gūðe, 483, 527, 631, etc.; dat. pl. gūðum, 1959, 2179;
gen. pl. gūða, 2513, 2544.
gūð-beorn, st. m., _warrior_: gen. pl. gūð-beorna sum (_the strand-guard on
the Danish coast_), 314.
gūð-bil, st. n., _battle-bill_: nom. sg. gūðbill, 2585; gen. pl. gūð-billa
nÄn, 804.
gūð-byrne, w. f., _battle-corselet_: nom. sg., 321.
gūð-cearu, st. f., _sorrow which the combat brings_: dat. sg. æfter
gūð-ceare, 1259.
gūð-cræft, st. m., _warlike strength, power in battle_: nom. sg. Grendles
gūð-cræft, 127.
gūð-cyning, st. m., _king in battle, king directing a battle_: nom. sg.,
199, 1970, 2336, etc.
gūð-dēað, st. m., _death in battle_: nom. sg., 2250.
gūð-floga, w. m., _flying warrior_: acc. sg. wið þone gūðflogan (the
drake), 2529.
gūð-freca, w. m., _hero in battle, warrior_ (see freca): nom. sg. gearo
gūð-freca, of the drake, 2415.
gūð-fremmend, pres. part., _fighting a battle, warrior_: gen. pl.
gūð-fremmendra, 246; gūð- (gÅd-, MS.) fremmendra swylcum, _such a warrior_
(meaning BÄ“owulf), 299.
gūð-gewǣde, st. n., _battle-dress, armor_: nom. pl. gūð-gewǣdo, 227; acc.
pl. -gewǣdu, 2618, 2631(?), 2852, 2872; gen. pl. -gewǣda, 2624.
gūð-geweorc, st. n., _battle-work warlike deed_: gen. pl., -geweorca, 679,
982, 1826.
gūð-geatwe, st. f. pl., _equipment for combat_: acc. Ã¾Ä gūð-geatwa
(-getawa, MS.), 2637; dat. in ēowrum gūð-geatawum, 395.
gūð-helm, st. m., _battle-helmet_: nom. sg., 2488.
gūð-horn, st. n., _battle-horn_: acc. sg., 1433.
gūð-hrēð, st. f., _battle-fame_: nom. sg., 820.
gūð-lēoð, st. n., _battle-song_: acc., sg., 1523.
gūð-mÅd, adj., _disposed to battle, having an inclination to battle_. nom.
pl. gūð-mÅde, 306.
gūð-rǣs, st. m., _storm of battle, attack_: acc. sg., 2992; gen. pl.
gūð-rǣsa, 1578, 2427.
gūð-rēow, adj., _fierce in battle_: nom. sg., 58.
gūð-rinc, st. m., _man of battle, fighter, warrior_: nom. sg., 839, 1119,
1882; acc. sg., 1502; gen. pl. gūð-rinca, 2649.
gūð-rÅf, adj., _renowned in battle_: nom. sg., 609.
gūð-sceaða, w. m., _battle-foe, enemy in combat_: nom. sg., of the drake,
2319.
gūð-scearu, st. f., _decision of the battle_: dat. sg. æfter gūð-sceare,
1214.
gūð-sele, st. m., _battle-hall, hall in which a battle takes place_: dat
sg. in þǣm gūðsele (in Heorot), 443.
gūð-searo, st. n. pl., _battle-equipment, armor_; acc., 215, 328.
gūð-sweord, st. n., _battle-sword_: acc. sg., 2155.
gūð-wērig, adj., _wearied by battle dead_: acc. sg. gūð-wērigne Grendel,
1587.
gūð-wine, st. m., _battle-friend, comrade in battle_ designation of the
sword: acc. sg., 1811; instr. pl. þē mec gūð-winum grētan dorste, _who
dared to attack me with his war-friends_, 2736.
gūð-wiga, w. m., _fighter of battles, warrior_: nom. sg., 2112.
gyd. See gid.
gyfan. See gifan.
gyldan. See gildan.
gylden, adj., _golden_: nom. sg. gylden hilt, 1678; acc. sg. segen
gyldenne, 47, 1022; bring gyldenne, 2810; dat. sg. under gyldnum bēage,
1164.--Comp. eal-gylden.
gylp. See gilp.
gyrdan, w. v., _to gird, to lace_: pret. part. gyrded cempa, _the (sword-)
girt warrior_, 2079.
gyrn, st. n., _sorrow, harm_: nom. sg., 1776.
gyrn-wracu, st. f., _revenge for harm_: dat. sg. tŠgyrn-wræce, 1139; gen.
sg. Ã¾Ä wæs eft hraðe gearo gyrn-wræce Grendeles mÅdor, _then was Grendel's
mother in turn immediately ready for revenge for the injury_, 2119.
gyrwan. See gerwan.
gystran. See gistran.
gȳman, w. v. w. gen., _to take care of, to be careful about_: pres. III.
gȳmeð, 1758, 2452; imp. sg. oferhȳda ne gȳm! _do not study arrogance_
(despise it), 1761.
for-gyÌ„man, w. acc., _to neglect, to slight_: pres. sg. III. hÄ“ þÄ
forð-gesceaft forgyteð and forgȳmeð, 1752.
gȳtsian. See gītsian.
gȳt. See gīt.
H
habban, w. v., _to have_: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. I. þæs ic wēn hæbbe (_as I
hope_), 383; þē ic geweald hæbbe, 951; ic mē on hafu bord and byrnan, _have
on me shield and coat of mail_, 2525; hafo, 3001; sg. II. þū nū [friðu]
hafast, 1175; pl. I. habbað wē ... micel ǣrende, 270; pres. subj. sg. III.
þæt hē þrīttiges manna mægencræft on his mundgripe hæbbe, 381. Blended with
the negative: pl. III. þæt be Sǣ-Gēatas sēlran næbben tŠgecēosenne cyning
Ç£nigne, _that the Sea-GÄ“atas will have no better king than you to choose_,
1851; imp. hafa nū and geheald hūsa sēlest, 659; inf. habban, 446, 462,
3018; pret. sg. hæfde, 79, 518, 554; pl. hæfdon, 539.--2) used as an
auxiliary with the pret. part.: pres. sg. I. hæbbe ic ... ongunnen, 408;
hæbbe ic ... geÄhsod, 433; II. hafast, 954, 1856; III. hafað, 474, 596;
pret. sg. hæfde, 106, 220, 666, 2322, 2334, 2953, etc.; pl. hæfdon, 117,
695, 884, 2382, etc. Pret. part. inflected: nū scealc hafað dǣd gefremede,
940; hæfde se gÅda ... cempan gecorone, 205. With the pres. part. are
formed the compounds: bord-, rond-hæbbend.
for-habban, _to hold back, to keep one's self_: inf. ne meahte wÇ£fre mÅd
forhabban in hreðre, _the expiring life could not hold itself back in the
breast_, 1152; ne mihte Ã¾Ä for-habban, _could not restrain himself_, 2610.
wið-habban, _to resist, to offer resistance_: pret. þæt se wīnsele
wið-hæfde heaðo-dēorum, _that the hall resisted them furious in fight_,
773.
hafela, heafola, w. m., _head_: acc. sg. hafelan, 1373, 1422, 1615, 1636,
1781; nÄ Ã¾Å« mÄ«nne þearft hafalan hyÌ„dan, 446; þonne wÄ“ on orlege hafelan
weredon, _protected our heads, defended ourselves_, 1328; se hwīta helm
hafelan werede, 1449; dat. sg. hafelan, 673, 1522; heafolan, 2680; gen. sg.
heafolan, 2698; nom. pl. hafelan, 1121.--Comp. wīg-heafola.
hafenian, w. v., _to raise, to uplift_: pret. sg. wǣpen hafenade heard be
hiltum, _raised the weapon, the strong man, by the hilt_, 1574.
hafoc, st. m., _hawk_: nom. sg., 2264.
haga, w. m., _enclosed piece of ground, hedge, farm-enclosure_: dat. sg. tÅ
hagan, 2893, 2961.
haga, w. m. See Än-haga.
hama, homa, w. m., _dress_: in the comp. flǣsc-, fyrd-, līc-hama, scīr-ham
(adj.).
hamer, st. m., _hammer_: instr. sg. hamere, 1286; gen. pl. homera lÄfe
(swords), 2830.
hand, hond, st. f., _hand_: nom. sg. 2138; sīo swīðre ... hand, _the right
hand_, 2100; hond, 1521, 2489, 2510; acc. sg. hand, 558, 984; hond, 657,
687, 835, 928, etc.; dat. sg. on handa, 495, 540; mid handa, 747, 2721; be
honda, 815; dat. pl. (as instr.) hondum, 1444, 2841.
hand-bana, w. m., _murderer with the hand_, or _in hand-to-hand combat_:
dat. sg. tÅ hand-bonan (-banan), 460, 1331.
hand-gemÅt, st. n., _hand-to-hand conflict, battle_: gen. pl. (ecg) þolode
Ç£r fela hand-gemÅta, 1527; nŠþæt lÇ£sest wæs hond-gemÅta, 2356.
hand-gesella, w. m., _hand-companion, man of the retinue_: dat. pl.
hond-gesellum, 1482.
hand-gestealla, w. m., _(one whose position is near at hand), comrade,
companion, attendant_: dat. sg. hond-gesteallan, 2170; nom. pl.
hand-gesteallan, 2597.
hand-geweorc, st. n., _work done with the hands_, i.e. achievement in
battle: dat. sg. for þæs hild-fruman hondgeweorce, 2836.
hand-gewriðen, pret. part. _hand-wreathed, bound with the hand._ acc. pl.
wælbende ... hand-gewriðene, 1938.
hand-locen, pret. part., _joined, united by hand_: nom. sg. (gūð-byrne,
līc-syrce) hondlocen (because the shirts of mail consisted of interlaced
rings), 322, 551.
hand-rǣs, st. m., _hand-battle_, i.e. combat with the hands: nom. sg.
hond-rǣs, 2073.
hand-scalu, st. f., _hand-attendance, retinue_: dat. sg. mid his hand-scale
(hond-scole), 1318, 1964.
hand-sporu, st. f., _finger_ (on Grendel's hand), under the figure of a
spear: nom. pl. hand-sporu, 987.
hand-wundor, st. n., _wonder done by the hand, wonderful handwork_: gen.
pl. hond-wundra mǣst, 2769.
hangan. See hÅn.
hangian, w. v., _to hang_: pres. sg. III. þonne his sunu hangað hrefne to
hrÅðre, _when his son hangs, a joy to the ravens_, 2448; pl. III. ofer þǣm
(mere) hongiað hrīmge bearwas, _over which frosty forests hang_, 1364; inf.
hangian, 1663; pret. hangode, _hung down_, 2086.
hatian, w. v. w. acc., _to hate, to be an enemy to, to hurt_: inf. hē þone
heaðo-rinc hatian ne meahte lÄðum dÇ£dum (_could not do him any harm_),
2467; pret. sg. hū se gūð-sceaða Gēata lēode hatode and hȳnde, 2320.
hÄd, st. m., _form, condition, position, manner_: acc. sg. þurh hÇ£stne hÄd,
_in a powerful manner_, 1336; on gesīðes hÄd, _in the position of follower,
as follower_, 1298; on sweordes hÄd, _in the form of a sword_, 2194. See
under on.
hÄdor, st. m., _clearness, brightness_: acc. sg. under heofenes hÄdor, 414.
hÄdor, adj., _clear, fresh, loud_: nom. sg. scop hwÄ«lum sang hÄdor on
Heorote, 497.
hÄdre, adv., _clearly, brightly_, 1572.
hÄl, adj., _hale, whole, sound, unhurt_: nom. sg. hÄl, 300. With gen.
heaðo-lÄces hÄl, _safe from battle_, 1975. As form of salutation, wes ...
hÄl, 407; dat. sg. hÄlan lÄ«ce, 1504.
hÄlig, adj., _holy_: nom. sg. hÄlig god, 381, 1554; hÄlig dryhten, 687.
hÄm, st. m., _home, residence, estate, land_: acc. sg. hÄm, 1408; HrÅðgÄres
hÄm, 718. Usually in adverbial sense: gewÄt him hÄm, _betook himself home_,
1602; tÅ hÄm, 124, 374, 2993; fram hÄm, _at home_, 194; æt hÄm, _at home_,
1249, 1924, 1157; gen. sg. hÄmes, 2367; acc. pl. hÄmas, 1128.--Comp.
Finnes-hÄm, 1157.
hÄm-weorðung, st. f., _honor_ or _ornament of home_: acc. sg. hÄm-weorðunge
(designation of the daughter of HygelÄc, given in marriage to Eofor), 2999.
hÄr, adj., _gray_: nom. sg. hÄr hilde-rinc, 1308, 3137; acc. sg. under
(ofer) hÄrne stÄn, 888, 1416, 2554; hÄre byrnan (i.e. iron shirt of mail),
2154; dat. sg. hÄrum hildfruman, 1679; f. on hÄ“are hǣðe (on heaw ... h ...
ðe, MS.), 2213; gen. sg. hÄres, _of the old man_, 2989.--Comp. un-hÄr.
hÄt, adj., _hot, glowing, flaming_ nom sg., 1617, 2297, 2548, 2559, etc.;
wyrm hÄt gemealt, _the drake hot_ (of his own heat) _melted_, 898; acc.
sg., 2282(?); inst. sg. hÄtan heolfre, 850, 1424; g. sg. heaðu-fyÌ„res
hÄtes, 2523; acc. pl. hÄte heaðo-wylmas, 2820.--Sup.: hÄtost heaðo-swÄta,
1669.
hÄt, st. n., _heat, fire_: acc. sg. geseah his mondryhten ... hÄt þrowian,
_saw his lord endure the_ (drake's) _heat_, 2606.
hata, w. m., _persecutor_; in comp. dǣd-hata.
hÄtan, st. v.: 1) _to bid, to order, to direct_, with acc. and inf., and
acc. of the person: pres. sg. I. ic maguþegnas mÄ«ne hÄte ... flotan Ä“owerne
Ärum healdan, _I bid my thanes take good care of your craft_, 293; imp. sg.
II. hÄt in gÄn ... sibbegedriht, 386; pl. II. hÄtað heaðo-mÇ£re hlÇ£w
gewyrcean, 2803; inf. þæt healreced hÄtan wolde ... men gewyrcean, _that he
wished to command men to build a hall-edifice_, 68. Pret. sg. heht: heht
... eahta mēaras ... on flet tēon, _gave command to bring eight horses into
the hall_, 1036; þonne ǣnne heht golde forgyldan, _commanded to make good
that one with gold_, 1054; heht Ã¾Ä Ã¾Ã¦t heaðo-weorc tÅ hagan bÄ«odan,
_ordered the combat to be announced at the hedge_(?), 2893; swÄ se snottra
heht, _as the wise_ (HrÅðgÄr) _directed_, 1787; so, 1808, 1809. hÄ“t: hÄ“t
him ȳðlidan gÅdne gegyrwan, _ordered a good vessel to be prepared for
him_, 198; so, hēt, 391, 1115, 3111. As the form of a wish: hēt hine wēl
brÅ«can, 1064; so, 2813; pret. part. Ã¾Ä wæs hÄten hraðe Heort innan-weard
folmum gefrætwod, _forthwith was ordered Heorot, adorned by hand on the
inside_ (i.e. that the edifice should be adorned by hand on the inside),
992.--2) _to name, to call_: pres. subj. III. pl. þæt hit sǣlīðend ...
hÄtan BÄ«owulfes biorh, _that mariners may call it BÄ“owulf's grave-mound_,
2807; pret. part. wæs se grimma gæst Grendel hÄten, 102; so, 263, 373,
2603.
ge-hÄtan, _to promise, to give one's word, to vow, to threaten_: pres. sg.
I. ic hit þē gehÄte, 1393; so, 1672; pret. sg. hÄ“ mÄ“ mÄ“de gehÄ“t, _promised
me reward_, 2135; him fægre gehēt lēana (gen. pl.), _promised them proper
reward_, 2990; wēan oft gehēt earmre teohhe, _with woe often threatened the
unhappy band_, 2938; pret. pl. gehēton æt hærgtrafum wīg-weorðunga, _vowed
offerings at the shrines of the gods_, 175; þonne wÄ“ gehÄ“ton Å«ssum hlÄforde
þæt ..., _when we promised our lord that_..., 2635; pret. part. sÄ«o gehÄten
[wæs] ... gladum suna FrÅdan, _betrothed to the glad son of Froda_, 2025.
hÄtor, st. m. n., _heat_: in comp. and-hÄtor.
hæft, adj., _held, bound, fettered_: nom. sg., 2409; acc. sg. helle hæftan,
_him fettered by hell_ (Grendel), 789.
hæft-mēce, st. m., _sword with fetters_ or _chains_ (cf. fetel-hilt): dat.
sg. þǣm hæft-mēce, 1458. See Note.
hæg-steald, st. m., _man, liegeman, youth_: gen. pl. hæg-stealdra, 1890.
hæle, st. m., _man_: nom. sg., 1647, 1817, 3112; acc. sg. hæle, 720; dat.
pl. hǣlum (hǣnum, MS.), 1984.
hæleð, st. m., _hero, fighter, warrior, man_: nom. sg., 190, 331, 1070;
nom. pl. hæleð, 52, 2248, 2459, 3143; dat. pl. hæleðum 1710, 1962, etc.;
gen. pl. hæleða, 467, 497, 612, 663, etc.
hærg. See hearg.
hǣð, st. f., _heath_: dat. sg. hǣðe, 2213.
hǣðen, adj., _heathenish_; acc. sg. hǣðene sÄwle, 853; dat. sg. hǣðnum
horde, 2217; gen. sg. hǣðenes, _of the heathen_ (Grendel), 987; gen. pl.
hǣðenra, 179.
hǣð-stapa, w. m., _that which goes about on the heath_ (stag): nom. sg.,
1369
hÇ£l, st. f.: 1) _health, welfare, luck_: acc. sg. him hÇ£l ÄbÄ“ad, 654; mid
hǣle, 1218.--2) _favorable sign, favorable omen_: hǣl scēawedon, _observed
favorable signs_ (for BÄ“owulf's undertaking), 204.
hÇ£lo, st. f., _health, welfare, luck_: acc. sg. hÇ£lo ÄbÄ“ad heorð-genÄ“atum,
2419.--Comp. un-hǣlo.
hÇ£st (O.H.G. haisterÄ hantÄ«, manu violenta; heist, ira; heistigo,
iracunde), adj., _violent, vehement_: acc. sg. þurh hÇ£stne hÄd, 1336.
hē, fem. hēo, neut. hit, pers. pron., _he, she, it_; in the oblique cases
also reflexive, _himself, herself, itself_: acc. sg. hine, hī, hit; dat.
sg. him, hire, him; gen. sg. his, hire, his; plur. acc. nom. hī, hig, hīe;
dat. him; gen. hira, heora, hiera, hiora.--he omitted before the verb, 68,
300, 2309, 2345.
hebban, st. v., _to raise, to lift_, w. acc.: inf. siððan ic hond and rond
hebban mihte, 657; pret. part. hafen, 1291; hæfen, 3024.
Ä-hebban, _raise, to lift from, to take away_: wæs ... icge gold Ähafen of
horde, _taken up from the hoard_, 1109; Ã¾Ä wæs ... wÅp up Ähafen, _a cry of
distress raised_, 128
ge-hegan [ge-hēgan], w. v., _to enclose, to fence_: þing gehegan, _to mark
off the court, hold court_. Here figurative: inf. sceal ... Äna gehegan
þing wið þyrse (_shall alone decide the matter with Grendel_), 425.
hel, st. f., _hell_: nom. sg., 853; acc. sg. helle, 179; dat. sg. helle,
101, 589; (as instr.), 789; gen. sg. helle, 1275.
hel-bend, st. m. f. _bond of hell_: instr. pl. hell-bendum fæst, 3073.
hel-rūna, w. m., _sorcerer_: nom. pl. helrūnan, 163.
be-helan, st. v., _to conceal, to hide_: pret. part. be-holen, 414.
helm, st. m.: 1) _protection in general, defence, covering that protects_:
acc. sg. on helm, 1393; under helm, 1746.--2) _helmet_: nom. sg., 1630;
acc. sg. helm, 673, 1023, 1527, 2988; (helo, MS.), 2724; brÅ«n-fÄgne,
gold-fÄhne helm, 2616, 2812; dat. sg. under helme, 342, 404; gen. sg.
helmes, 1031; acc. pl. helmas, 240, 2639.--3) _defence, protector_,
designation of the king: nom. sg. helm Scyldinga (HrÅðgÄr), 371, 456, 1322;
acc. sg. heofena helm _(the defender of the heavens_ = God), 182; helm
Scylfinga, 2382.--Comp.: grīm-, gūð-, heaðo-, niht-helm.
ofer-helmian, w. v. w. acc., _to cover over, to overhang_: pres. sg. III.
ofer-helmað, 1365.
helm-berend, pres. part., _helm-wearing_ (warrior): acc. pl. helmberend,
2518, 2643.
helpan, st. v., _to help_: inf. þæt him holt-wudu helpan ne meahte, lind
wið līge, _that a wooden shield could not help him, a linden shield against
flame_, 2341; þæt him īrenna ecge mihton helpan æt hilde, 2685; wutun
gangan to, helpan hildfruman, _let us go thitherto help the battle-chief_,
2650; w. gen. ongan ... mǣges helpan, _began to help my kinsman_, 2880; so,
pret. sg. þǣr hē his mǣges (MS. mægenes) healp, 2699.
help, m. and f., _help, support, maintenance_: acc. sg. helpe, 551, 1553;
dat. sg. tÅ helpe, 1831; acc. sg. helpe, 2449.
hende, _-handed_: in comp. Ä«del-hende.
hēr, adv., _here_, 397, 1062, 1229, 1655, 1821, 2054, 2797, etc.; _hither_,
244, 361, 376.
here (Goth, harji-s), st. m., _army, troops_: dat. sg. on herge, _in the
army, on a warlike expedition, 1249; in the army, among the fighting men_,
2639; as instr. herge, 2348.--Comp.: flot-, scip-, sin-here.
here-brÅga, w. m., _terror of the army, fear of war_: dat. sg. for
here-brÅgan, 462.
here-byrne, w. f., _battle-mail, coat of mail_: nom. sg., 1444.
here-grīma, w. m., _battle-mask_, i.e. helmet (with visor): dat. sg.
-grīman, 396, 2050, 2606.
here-net, st. n., _battle-net_, i.e. coat of mail (of interlaced rings):
nom. sg., 1554.
here-nīð, st. m., _battle-enmity, battle of armies_: nom. sg., 2475.
here-pÄd, st. f., _army-dress_, i.e. coat of mail, armor: nom. sg., 2259.
here-rinc, st. m., _army-hero, hero in battle, warrior_: acc. sg. here-rinc
(MS. here ric), 1177.
here-sceaft, st. m., _battle-shaft_, i.e. spear: gen. pl. here-sceafta
hēap, 335.
here-spēd, st. f., _(war-speed), luck in war_: nom. sg., 64.
here-strǣl, st. m., _war-arrow, missile_: nom. sg., 1436.
here-syrce, w. f., _battle-shirt, shirt of mail_: acc. sg. here-syrcan,
1512.
here-wǣd, st. f., _army-dress, coat of mail, armor_: dat. pl. (as instr.)
here-wǣdum, 1898.
here-wǣsma, w. m., _war-might, fierce strength in battle_: dat. pl. an
here-wǣsmum, 678.--Leo.
here-wīsa, w. m., _leader of the army_, i.e. ruler, king: nom. sg., 3021.
herg, hearg, st. m., _image of a god, grove where a god was worshipped_,
hence to the Christian a wicked place(?): dat. pl. hergum geheaðerod,
_confined in wicked places_ (parallel with hell-bendum fæst), 3073.
herigean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., _to provide with an army, to support with
an army_: pres. sg. I. ic þē wēl herige, 1834.--Leo.
hete, st. m., _hate, enmity_: nom. sg. 142, 2555.--Comp.: ecg-, morðor-,
wīg-hete.
hete-līc, adj., _hated_: nom. sg., 1268.
hetend, hettend, (pres. part. of hetan, see hatian), _enemy_, hostis: nom.
pl. hetende, 1829; dat. pl. wið hettendum, 3005.
hete-nīð, st. m., _enmity full of hate_: acc. pl. hete-nīðas, 152.
hete-sweng, st. m., _a blow from hate_: acc. pl. hete-swengeas, 2226.
hete-þanc, st. m., _hate-thought, a hostile design_: dat. pl. mid his
hete-þancum, 475.
hēdan, ge-hēdan, w. v. w. gen.: 1) _to protect_: pret. sg. ne hēdde hē þæs
heafolan, _did not protect his head_, 2698.--2) _to obtain_: subj. pret.
sg. III. gehēdde, 505.
herian, w. v. w. acc., _to praise, to commend_: with reference to God, _to
adore_: inf. heofena helm herian ne cūðon, _could not worship the defence
of the heavens_ (God), 182; nē hūru Hildeburh herian þorfte Eotena trēowe,
_had no need to praise the fidelity of the Eotens_, 1072; pres. subj. þæt
mon his wine-dryhten wordum herge, 3177.
ge-heaðerian, w. v., _to force, to press in_: pret. part. ge-heaðerod,
3073.
heaðo-byrne, w. f., _battle-mail, shirt of mail_: nom. sg., 1553.
heaðo-dēor, adj., _bold in battle, brave_: nom. sg., 689; dat. pl.
heaðo-dēorum, 773.
heaðo-fyr, st. n., _battle-fire, hostile fire_: gen. sg. heaðu-fȳres,
2523; instr. pl. heaðo-fȳrum, 2548, of the drake's fire-spewing.
heaðo-grim, adj., _grim in battle_, 548.
heaðo-helm, st. m., _battle-helmet, war-helmet_: nom. sg., 3157(?).
heaðo-lÄc, st. n., _battle-play, battle_: dat. sg. æt heaðo-lÄce, 584; gen.
sg. heaðo-lÄces hÄl, 1975.
heaðo-mǣre, adj., _renowned in battle_: acc. pl. -mǣre, 2803.
heaðo-rǣs, st. m., _storm of battle, attack in battle, entrance by force_:
nom. sg., 557; acc. pl. -rǣsas, 1048; gen. pl. -rǣsa, 526.
heaðo-rēaf, st. n., _battle-dress, equipment for battle_: acc. sg.
heaðo-rēaf hēoldon (_kept the equipments_), 401.
heaðo-rinc, st. m., _battle-hero, warrior_: acc. sg. þone heaðo-rinc
(Hrēðel's son, Hæðcyn), 2467; dat. pl. þǣm heaðo-rincum, 370.
heaðo-rÅf, adj., _renowned in battle_: nom. sg., 381; nom. pl. heaðo-rÅfe,
865.
heaðo-scearp, adj., _sharp in battle, bold_: n. m. pl. (-scearde, MS.),
2830.
heaðo-sēoc, adj., _battle-sick_: dat. sg. -sīocum, 2755.
heaðo-stēap, adj., _high in battle, excelling in battle_: nom. sg. in weak
form, heaðo-stēapa, 1246; acc. sg. heaðo-stēapne, 2154, both times of the
helmet.
heaðo-swÄt, st. m., _blood of battle_: dat. sg. heaðo-swÄte, 1607; as
instr., 1461; gen. pl. hÄtost heaðo-swÄta, 1669.
heaðo-sweng, st. m., _battle-stroke_ (blow of the sword): dat. sg. æfter
heaðu-swenge, 2582.
heaðo-torht, adj., _loud, clear in battle_: nom. sg. stefn ... heaðo-torht,
_the voice clear in battle_, 2554.
heaðo-wǣd, st. f., _battle-dress, coat of mail, armor_: instr. pl.
heaðo-wǣdum, 39.
heaðo-weorc, st. n., _battle-work, battle_: acc. sg., 2893.
heaðo-wylm, st. m., _hostile (flame-) wave_: acc. pl. hÄte heaðo-wylmas,
2820; gen. pl. heaðo-wylma, 82.
heaf, st. n., _sea_: acc. pl. ofer heafo, 2478. See Note.
heafola. See hafela.
heal, st. f., _hall, main apartment, large building_ (consisting of an
assembly-hall and a banqueting-hall): nom. sg. heal, 1152, 1215; heall,
487; acc. sg. healle, 1088; dat. sg. healle, 89, 615, 643, 664, 926, 1010,
1927, etc.; gen. sg. [healle], 389.--Comp.: gif-, meodo-heal.
heal-ærn, st. n., _hall-building, hall-house_: gen. sg. heal-ærna, 78.
heal-gamen, st. n., _social enjoyment in the hall, hall-joy_: nom. sg.,
1067.
heal-reced, st. n., _hall-building_: acc. sg., 68.
heal-sittend, pres. part., _sitting in the hall_ (at the banquet): dat. pl.
heal-sittendum, 2869; gen. pl. heal-sittendra, 2016.
heal-þegn, st. m., _hall-thane_, i.e. a warrior who holds the hall: gen.
sg. heal-þegnes, of Grendel, 142; acc. pl. heal-þegnas, of Bēowulfs band,
720.
heal-wudu, _hall-wood_, i.e. hall built of wood: nom. sg., 1318.
healdan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to hold, to hold fast; to support_: pret. pl.
hÅ« Ã¾Ä stÄnbogan ... Ä“ce eorðreced innan hÄ“oldon (MS. healde), _how the
arches of rock within held the everlasting earth-house_, 2720. Pret. sg.,
with a person as object: hēold hine to fæste, _held him too fast_, 789; w.
the dat. hÄ“ him frÄ“ondlÄrum hÄ“old, _supported him with friendly advice_,
2378.--2) _to hold, to watch, to preserve, to keep_; reflexive, _to
maintain one's self, to keep one's self_: pres. sg. II. eal þū hit geþyldum
healdest, mægen mid mÅdes snyttrum, _all that preservest thou continuously,
strength and wisdom of mind_, 1706; III. healdeð hige-mēðum hēafod-wearde,
_holds for the dead the head-watch_, 2910; imp. sg. II. heald forð tela
nīwe sibbe, _keep well, from now on, the new relationship_, 949; heald
(heold, MS.) þū nū hrūse ... eorla ǣhte, _preserve thou now, Earth, the
noble men's possessions_, 2248; inf. sē þe holmclifu healdan scolde, _watch
the sea-cliffs_, 230; so, 705; nacan ... Ärum healdan, _to keep well your
vessel_, 296; wearde healdan, 319; forlēton eorla gestrēon eorðan healdan,
3168; pres. part. drēam healdende, _holding rejoicing_ (i.e. thou who art
rejoicing), 1228; pret. sg. hēold hine syððan fyr and fæstor, _kept himself
afterwards afar and more secure_, 142; ǣgwearde hēold, _I have (hitherto)
kept watch on the sea_, 241; so, 305; hīold hēah-lufan wið hæleða brego,
_preserved high love_, 1955; ginfæstan gife ... hÄ“old, 2184; gold-mÄðmas
hēold, _took care of the treasures of gold_, 2415; hēold mīn tela,
_protected well mine own_, 2738; þonne ... sceft ... nytte hēold, _had
employment, was employed_, 3119; hēold mec, _protected_, i.e. brought me
up, 2431; pret. pl. heaðo-rēaf hēoldon, _watched over the armor_, 401; sg.
for pl. hēafodbeorge ... walan ūtan hēold, _outwards, bosses kept guard
over the head_, 1032.--Related to the preceding meaning are the two
following: 3) _to rule and protect the fatherland_: inf. gif þū healdan
wylt maga rice, 1853; pret. hēold, 57, 2738.--4) _to hold, to have, to
possess, to inhabit_: inf. lÄ“t þone brego-stÅl BÄ“owulf healdan, 2390;
gerund. tŠhealdanne hlēoburh wera, 1732; pret. sg. hēold, 103, 161, 466,
1749, 2752; lyftwynne hēold nihtes hwīlum, _at night-time had the enjoyment
of the air_, 3044; pret. pl. GÄ“ata lÄ“ode hreÄwic hÄ“oldon, _the GÄ“atas held
the place of corpses_ (lay dead upon it), 1215; pret. sg. þǣr hēo ǣr mǣste
hēold worolde wynne, _in which she formerly possessed the highest earthly
joy_, 1080.--5) _to win, to receive_: pret. pl. I. heoldon hēah gesceap,
_we received a heavy fate, heavy fate befell us_, 3085.
be-healdan, w. acc.: 1) _to take care of, to attend to_: pret. sg. þegn
nytte behēold, _a thane discharged the office_, 494; so, 668.--2) _to
hold_: pret. sg. sÄ“ þe flÅda begong ... behÄ“old, 1499.--3) _to look at, to
behold_: þrȳðswȳð behÄ“old mÇ£g HigelÄces hÅ« ..., _great woe saw H.'s
kinsman, how ..._, 737.
for-healdan, w. acc., _(to hold badly), to fall away from, to rebel_: pret.
part. hæfdon hȳ forhealden helm Scylfinga, _had rebelled against the
defender of the Scylfings_, 2382.
ge-healdan: 1) _to hold, to receive, to hold fast_: pres. sg. III. sē þe
waldendes hyldo gehealdeð, _who receives the Lord's grace_, 2294; pres.
subj. fæder alwalda ... ēowic gehealde sīða gesunde, _keep you sound on
your journey_, 317; inf. ne meahte hÄ“ ... on þÄm frum-gÄre feorh gehealdan,
_could not hold back the life in his lord_, 2857.--2) _to take care, to
preserve, to watch over; to stop_: imp. sg. hafa nū and geheald hūsa
sēlest, 659; inf. gehealdan hēt hilde-geatwe, 675; pret. sg. hē frætwe
gehēold fela missēra, 2621; þone þe ǣr gehēold wið hettendum hord and rīce,
_him who before preserved treasure and realm_, 3004.--3) _to rule_: inf.
folc gehealdan, 912; pret. sg. gehÄ“old tela (brÄde rÄ«ce), 2209.
healf, st. f., _half, side, part_: acc. sg. on Ã¾Ä healfe, _towards this
side_, 1676; dat. sg. hæleðum be healfe, _at the heroes' side_, 2263; acc.
pl. on twÄ healfa, _upon two sides, mutually_, 1096; on bÄ healfa (healfe),
_on both sides_ (to Grendel and his mother), 1306; _on two sides, on both
sides_, 2064; gen. pl. on healfa gehwone, _in half, through the middle_,
801.
healf, adj., _half_: gen. sg. healfre, 1088.
heals, st. m., _neck_: acc. sg. heals, 2692; dat. sg. wið halse, 1567; be
healse, 1873.--Comp.: the adjectives fÄmig-, wunden-heals.
heals-bēah, st. m., _neck-ring, collar_: acc. sg. þone heals-bēah, 2173;
gen. pl. heals-bēaga, 1196.
heals-gebedde, w. f., _beloved bedfellow, wife_: nom. sg. healsgebedde (MS.
healsgebedda), 63.
healsian, w. v. w. acc., _to entreat earnestly, to implore_: pret. sg. þÄ
se þēoden mec ... healsode hrÄ“oh-mÅd þæt..., _entreated me sorrowful,
that_..., 2133.
heard, adj.: 1) of persons, _able, efficient in war, strong, brave_: nom.
sg. heard, 342, 376, 404, 1575, 2540, etc.; in weak form, se hearda, 401,
1964; se hearda þegn, 2978; þes hearda hēap, 432; nom. pl. hearde
hilde-frecan, 2206; gen. pl. heardra, 989. Comparative: acc. sg. heardran
hæle, 720. With accompanying gen.: wīges heard, _strong in battle_, 887;
dat. sg. nīða heardum, 2171.--2) of the implements of war, _good, firm,
sharp, hard_: nom. sg. (gūð-byrne, līc-syrce) heard, 322, 551. In weak
form: masc. here-strǣl hearda, 1436; se hearda helm, 2256; neutr. here-net
hearde, 1554; acc. sg. (swurd, wǣpen), heard, 540, 2688, 2988; nom. pl.
hearde ... homera lÄfe, 2830; heard and hring-mÇ£l Heaðobeardna gestrÄ“on,
2038; acc. pl. heard sweord, 2639. Of other things, _hard, rough, harsh,
hard to bear_: acc. sg. hreðer-bealo hearde, 1344; nom. sg. wrÅht ...
heard, 2915; here-nīð hearda, 2475; acc. sg. heoro-sweng heardne, 1591;
instr. sg. heardan cēape, 2483; instr. pl. heardan, heardum clammum, 964,
1336; gen. pl. heardra hȳnða, 166. Compar.: acc. sg. heardran feohtan,
576.--Comp.: fȳr-, īren-, nīð-, regn-, scūr-heard.
hearde, adv., _hard, very_, 1439.
heard-ecg, adj., _sharp-edged, hard, good in battle_: nom. sg., 1289.
heard-fyrde, adj., _hard to take away, heavy_: acc. sg. hard-fyrdne,
2246.--Leo.
heard-hycgend, pres. part. _of a warlike disposition, brave_: nom. pl.
-hicgende, 394, 800.
hearg-træf, st. n., _tent of the gods, temple_: dat. pl. æt hærg-trafum
(MS. hrǣrg trafum), 175.
hearm, st. m., _harm, injury, insult_: dat. sg. mid hearme, 1893.
hearm-sceaða, w. m., _enemy causing injury_ or _grief_: nom. sg.
hearm-scaða, 767.
hearpe, w. f., _harp_: gen. sg. hearpan swēg, 89, 3024; hearpan wynne
(wyn), 2108, 2263.
hēaðu, st. f., _sea, waves_: acc. sg. hēaðu, 1863?
hēaðu-līðend, pres. part., _sea-farer, sailor_: nom. pl. -līðende, 1799;
dat. pl. -līðendum (designation of the Gēatas), 2956.
hēafod, st. n., _head_: acc. sg., 48, 1640; dat. sg. hēafde, 1591, 2291,
2974; dat. pl. hēafdum, 1243.
hēafod-beorh, st. f., _head-defence, protection for the head_: acc. sg.
hēafod-beorge, 1031.
hēafod-mǣg, st. m., _head-kinsman, near blood-relative_: dat. pl.
hÄ“afod-mÇ£gum (_brothers_), 589; gen. pl. hÄ“afod-mÄga, 2152.
hēafod-segn, st. n., _head-sign, banner_: acc. sg., 2153.
hēafod-weard, st. f., _head-watch_ acc. sg. healdeð ... hēafod-wearde
lÄ“ofes and lÄðes, _for the friend and the foe_ (BÄ“owulf and the drake, who
lie dead near each other), 2910.
hēah, hēa, adj., _high, noble_ (in composition, also primus): nom. sg. hēah
Healfdene, 57; hÄ“a (HigelÄc), 1927; hÄ“ah (sele), 82; hÄ“ah hlÇ£w, 2806, 3159;
acc. sg. hÄ“ah (segn), 48, 2769; hÄ“ahne (MS. hÄ“anne) hrÅf, 984; dat. sg. in
(tÅ) sele þÄm hÄ“an, 714, 920; gen. sg. hÄ“an hÅ«ses, 116.--_high, heavy_:
acc. hēah gesceap (_an unusual, heavy fate_), 3085.
hēa-burh, st. f., _high city, first city of a country_: acc. sg., 1128.
hēah-cyning, st. m., _high king, mightiest of the kings_: gen. sg.
-cyninges (of HrÅðgÄr), 1040.
hēah-gestrēon, st. n., _splendid treasure_: gen. pl. -gestrēona, 2303.
hēah-lufe, w. f., _high love_: acc. sg. hēah-lufan, 1955.
hēah-sele, st. m., _high hall, first hall in the land, hall of the ruler_:
dat. sg. hēah-sele, 648.
hēah-setl, st. n., _high seat, throne_: acc. sg., 1088.
hēah-stede, st. m., _high place, ruler's place_: dat. sg. on hēah-stede,
285.
hēan, adj., _depressed, low, despised, miserable_: nom. sg., 1275, 2100,
2184, 2409.
hēap, st. m., _heap, crowd, troop_: nom. sg. þegna hēap, 400; þes hearda
hēap, _this brave band_, 432; acc. sg. here-sceafta hēap, _the crowd of
spears_, 335; mago-rinca hēap, 731; dat. sg. on hēape, _in a compact body_,
as many as there were of them, 2597.--Comp. wīg-hēap.
hēawan, st. v., _to hew, to cleave_: inf., 801.
ge-hēawan, _cleave_: pres. subj. ge-hēawe, 683.
heoðu, st. f., _the interior of a building_: dat. sg. þæt hē on heoðe
gestÅd, _in the interior_ (of the hall, Heorot), 404.
heofon, st. m., _heaven_: nom. sg., 3157; dat. sg. hefene, 1572; gen. sg.
heofenes, 414, 576, 1802, etc.; gen. pl. heofena, 182; dat. pl. under
heofenum, 52, 505.
heolfor, st. n., _gore, fresh_ or _crude blood_: dat. instr. sg. hÄtan
heolfre, 850, 1424; heolfre, 2139; under heolfre, 1303.
heolster, st. n., _haunt, hiding-place_: acc. sg. on heolster, 756.
heonan, adv., _hence, from here_: heonan, 252; heonon, 1362.
heor, st. m., _door-hinge_: nom. pl. heorras, 1000.
heorde, adj. See wunden-heorde.
heorð-genēat, st. m., _hearth-companion_, i.e. a vassal of the king, in
whose castle he receives his livelihood: nom. pl. heorð-genēatas, 261,
3181; acc. pl. heorð-genēatas, 1581, 2181; dat. pl. heorð-genēatum, 2419.
heorot, st. m., _stag_: nom. sg., 1370.
heorte, w. f., _heart_: nom. sg., 2562; dat. sg. æt heortan, 2271; gen. sg.
heortan, 2464, 2508.--Comp.: the adjectives blīð-, grom-, rūm-,
stearc-heort.
heoru, st. m., _sword_: nom. sg. heoru bunden (cf. under bīndan), 1286. In
some of the following compounds heoro- seems to be confounded with here-
(see here).
heoro-blÄc, adj., _pale through the sword, fatally wounded_: nom. sg.
[heoro-]blÄc, 2489.
heoru-drēor, st. m., _sword-blood_: instr. sg. heoru-drēore, 487;
heoro-drēore, 850.
heoro-drēorig, adj., _bloody through the sword_: nom. sg., 936; acc. sg.
heoro-drēorigne, 1781, 2721.
heoro-drync, st. m., _sword-drink_, i.e. blood shed by the sword: instr.
pl. hioro-dryncum swealt, _died through sword-drink_, i.e. struck by the
sword, 2359.
heoro-gīfre, adj., _eager for hostile inroads_: nom. sg., 1499.
heoro-grim, adj., _sword-grim, fierce in battle_: nom. sg. m., 1565; fem.
-grimme, 1848.
heoro-hÅcihte, adj., _provided with barbs, sharp like swords _: instr. pl.
mid eofer-sprÄ“otum heoro-hÅcyhtum, 1439.
heoro-serce, w. f., _shirt of mail_: acc. sg. hioro-sercean, 2540.
heoro-sweng, st. m., _sword-stroke_: acc. sg. 1591.
heoro-weallende, pres. part., _rolling around fighting_, of the drake,
2782. See weallian.
heoro-wearh, st. m. _he who is sword-cursed, who is destined to die by the
sword_: nom. sg., 1268.
hēofan, w. v., _to lament, to moan_: part. nom. pl. hīofende, 3143.
Ä-hÄ“oran, _to free_ (?): w. acc. pret. sg. bryÌ„d ÄhÄ“orde, 2931.
hēore, adj., _pleasant, not haunted, secure_: nom. sg. fem, nis þæt hēoru
stÅw, _that is no secure place_, 1373.--Comp. un-hÄ“ore (-hyÌ„re).
hider, adv., _hither_, 240, 370, 394, 3093, etc.
ofer-hīgian, w. v. (according to the connection, probably), _to exceed_,
2767. (O.H.G. ubar-hugjan, _to be arrogant_.)
hild, st. f., _battle, combat_: nom. sg., 452, 902, 1482, 2077; hild
heoru-grimme, 1848; acc. sg. hilde, 648; instr. sg. hilde, _through
combat_, 2917; dat. sg. æt hilde, 1461.
hilde-bil, st. n., _battle-sword_: nom. sg., 1667; instr. dat. sg.
hilde-bille, 557, 1521.
hilde-bord, st. n., _battle-shield_: acc. pl. hilde-bord, 397; instr. pl.
-bordum, 3140.
hilde-cyst, st. f., _excellence in battle, bravery in battle_: instr. pl.
-cystum, 2599.
hilde-dēor, adj., _bold in battle, brave in battle_: nom. sg., 312, 835,
1647, 1817; hilde-dīor, 3112; nom. pl. hilde-dēore, 3171.
hilde-freca, w. m., _hero in battle_: nom. pl. hilde-frecan, 2206; dat. sg.
hild-frecan, 2367.
hilde-geatwe, st. f. pl., _equipment for battle, adornment for combat_:
acc. hilde-geatwe, 675; gen. -geatwa, 2363.
hilde-gicel, st. m., _battle-icicle_, i.e. the blood which hangs upon the
sword-blades like icicles: instr. pl. hilde-gicelum, 1607.
hilde-grÄp, st. f., _battle-gripe_: nom. sg., 1447, 2508.
hilde-hlemma, w. m., _one raging in battle, warrior, fighter_: nom. sg.,
2352, 2545; dat. pl. eft þæt ge-īode ... hilde-hlæmmum, _it happened to the
warriors_ (the GÄ“atas), 2202.
hilde-lēoma, w. m., _battle-light, gleam of battle_, hence: 1) the
fire-spewing of the drake in the fight: nom. pl. -lēoman, 2584.--2) _the
gleaming sword_: acc. sg. -lēoman, 1144.
hilde-mecg, st. m., _man of battle, warrior_: nom. pl. hilde-mecgas, 800.
hilde-mēce, st. m., _battle-sword_: nom. pl. -mēceas, 2203.
hilde-rand, st. m., _battle-shield_: acc. pl. -randas, 1243.
hllde-rǣs, st. m., _storm of battle_: acc. sg., 300.
hilde-rinc, st. m., _man of battle, warrior, hero_: nom. sg., 1308, 3125,
3137; dat. sg. hilde-rince, 1496; gen. sg. hilde-rinces, 987.
hilde-sæd, adj., _satiated with battle, not wishing to fight any more_:
acc. sg. hilde-sædne, 2724.
hilde-sceorp, st. n., _battle-dress, armor, coat of mail_: acc. sg., 2156.
hilde-setl, st. n., _battle-seat_ (saddle): nom. sg., 1040.
hilde-strengo, st. f., _battle-strength, bravery in battle_: acc., 2114.
hilde-swÄt, st. m., _battle-sweat_: nom. sg. hÄt hilde-swÄt (the hot, damp
breath of the drake as he rushes on), 2559.
hilde-tūx, st. m., _battle-tooth_: instr. pl. hilde-tūxum, 1512.
hilde-wǣpen, st. m., _battle-weapon_: instr. pl. -wǣpnum, 39.
hilde-wīsa, w. m., _leader in battle, general_: dat. sg. fore Healfdenes
hildewīsan, _Healfdene's general_ (Hnæf), 1065.
hild-freca. See hilde-freca
hild-fruma, st. m., _battle-chief_: dat. sg. -fruma, 1679, 2650; gen. sg.
þæs hild-fruman, 2836.
hlld-lata, w. m., _he who is late in battle, coward_: nom. pl. þÄ
hild-latan, 2847.
hilt, st. n., _sword-hilt_: nom. gylden hilt, 1678; acc. sg. þæt hilt,
1669; hylt, 1668. Also used in the plural; acc. Ã¾Ä hilt, 1615; dat. pl, be
hiltum, 1575.--Comp.: fetel-, wreoðen-hilt.
hilte-cumbor, st. n., _banner with a staff_: acc. sg., 1023.
hilted, pret. part., _provided with a hilt_ or _handle_: acc. sg. heard
swyrd hiked, _sword with a_ (rich) _hilt_, 2988.
hin-fūs, adj., _ready to die_: nom. sg. hyge wæs him hinfūs (i.e. he felt
that he should not survive), 756.
hindema, adj. superl., _hindmost, last_: instr. sg. hindeman sīðe, _the
last time, for the last time_, 2050, 2518.
hirde, hyrde, st. m., (_herd_) _keeper, guardian, possessor_: nom. sg.
folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2982; rīces hyrde, 2028; fyrena hyrde, _the
guardian of mischief, wicked one_, 751, 2220; wuldres hyrde, _the king of
glory, God_, 932; hringa hyrde, _the keeper of the rings_, 2246; cumbles
hyrde, _the possessor of the banner, the bearer of the banner_, 2506;
folces hyrde, 1850; frætwa hyrde, 3134; rīces hyrde, 3081; acc. pl. hūses
hyrdas, 1667.--Comp.: grund-hyrde.
hit (O.N. hita), st. f. (?), _heat_: nom. sg. þenden hyt sȳ, 2650.
hladan, st. v.: 1) _to load, to lay_: inf. on bǣl hladan lēofne mannan,
_lay the dear man on the funeral-pile_, 2127; him on bearm hladan bunan and
discas, _laid cups and plates upon his bosom, loaded himself with them_,
2776; pret. part. þǣr wæs wunden gold on wǣn hladen, _laid upon the wain_,
3135.--2) _to load, to burden_: pret. part. Ã¾Ä wæs ... sÇ£gÄ“ap naca hladen
herewǣdum, _loaded with armor_, 1898.--Comp. gilp-hlæden.
ge-hladan, w. acc., _to load, to burden_: pret. sg. sÇ£bÄt gehlÅd (MS
gehleod), 896.
hlÄford, st. m., _lord, ruler_: nom. sg., 2376; acc. sg., 267; dat. sg.
hlÄforde, 2635; gen. sg. hlÄfordes, 3181.--Comp. eald-hlÄford.
hlÄford-lÄ“as; adj., _without a lord_: nom. pl. hlÄford-lÄ“ase, 2936.
hlÄw, hlÇ£w, st. m., _grave-hill_: acc. sg. hlÇ£w, 2803, 3159, 3171; dat. sg.
for hlÄwe, 1121. Also, _grave-chamber_ (the interior of the grave-hill),
_cave_: acc. sg. hlÄw [under] hrÅ«san, 2277; hlÇ£w under hrÅ«san, 2412; dat.
sg. on hlǣwe, 2774. The drake dwells in the rocky cavern which the former
owner of his treasure had chosen as his burial-place, 2242-2271.
hlæst, st. n., _burden, load_: dat. sg. hlæste, 52.
hlem, st. m., _noise, din of battle, noisy attack_: in the compounds, Å«ht-,
wæl-hlem.
hlemma, w. m., _one raging, one who calls_; see hilde-hlemma.
Ä-hlehhan, st. v., _to laugh aloud, to shout, to exult_: pret. sg. his mÅd
ÄhlÅg, _his mood exulted_, 731.
hleahtor, st. m., _laughter_: nom. sg., 612; acc. sg., 3021.
hlēapan, st. v., _to run, to trot, to spring_: inf. hlēapan lēton ...
fealwe mēaras, 865.
Ä-hleapan, _to spring up_: pret. ÄhlÄ“op, 1398.
hleoðu. See hlið.
hleonian, w. v., _to incline, to hang over_: inf. oð þæt hē ...
fyrgen-bÄ“amas ofer hÄrne stÄn hleonian funde, _till he found mountain-trees
hanging over the gray rocks_, 1416.
hlēo, st. m., _shady, protected place; defence, shelter_; figurative
designation of the king, or of powerful nobles: wÄ«gendra hlÄ“o, of HrÅðgÄr,
429; of Sigemund, 900; of BÄ“owulf, 1973, 2338; eorla hlÄ“o, of HrÅðgÄr,
1036, 1867; of BÄ“owulf, 792; of HygelÄc, 2191.
hlēo-burh, st. f., _ruler's castle_ or _city_: acc. sg., 913, 1732.
hlēoðor-cwyde, st. m., _speech of solemn sound, ceremonious words_, 1980.
hlēor, st. n., _cheek, jaw_: in comp. fǣted-hlēor (adj.).
hlēor-bera, w. m., _cheek-bearer_, the part of the helmet that reaches down
over the cheek and protects it: acc. pl. ofer hlēor-beran (_visor_?), 304.
hlēor-bolster, st. m., _cheek-bolster, pillow_: nom. sg., 689.
hlēotan, st. v. w. acc., _to obtain by lot, to attain, to get_: pret. sg.
feorh-wunde hlēat, 2386.
hlīfian, w. v., _to rise, to be prominent_: inf. hlīfian, 2806; pret.
hlīfade, 81, 1800, 1899.
hlið, st. n., _cliff, precipice of a mountain_: dat. sg. on hlīðe, 3159;
gen. sg. hlīðes, 1893; pl. hliðo in composition, stÄn-hliðo; hleoðu in the
compounds fen-, mist-, næs-, wulf-hleoðu.
hlin-bed (Frisian hlen-bed, Richthofen 206^28, for which another text has
cronk-bed), st. n., κλινίδιον, _bed for reclining, sick-bed_: acc. sg.
hlim-bed, 3035.
tÅ-hlÄ«dan, st. v., _to spring apart, to burst_: pret. part. nom. pl.
tÅ-hlidene, 1000.
hlūd, adj., _loud_: acc. sg. drēam ... hlūdne, 89.
hlyn, st. m., _din, noise, clatter_: nom. sg., 612.
hlynnan, hlynian, w. v., _to sound, to resound_: inf. hlynnan (of the
voice), 2554; of fire, _to crackle_: pret. sg. hlynode, 1121.
hlynsian, w. v., _to resound, to crash_: pret. sg. reced hlynsode, 771.
hlytm, st. m., _lot_: dat. sg. næs Ã¾Ä on hlytme, hwÄ Ã¾Ã¦t hord strude, _it
did not depend upon lot who should plunder the hoard_, i.e. its possession
was decided, 3127.
hnÄh, adj.: 1) _low, inferior_: comp. acc. sg. hnÄgran, 678; dat. sg.
hnÄhran rince, _an inferior hero, one less brave_, 953.--2) _familiarly
intimate_: nom. sg. næs hÄ«o hnÄh swÄ Ã¾Ä“ah, _was nevertheless not familiarly
intimate_ (with the GÄ“atas, i.e. preserved her royal dignity towards them),
(_niggardly_?), 1930.
hnǣgan, w. v. w. acc., (for nǣgan), _to speak to, to greet_: pret. sg. þæt
hē þone wīsan wordum hnǣgde frēan Ingwina, 1319.
ge-hnǣgan, w. acc., _to bend, to humiliate, to strike down, to fell_: pret.
sg. ge-hnÇ£gde helle gÄst, 1275; þǣr hyne Hetware hilde gehnÇ£gdon, 2917.
hnitan, st. v., _to dash against, to encounter_, here of the collision of
hostile bands: pret. pl. þonne hniton (hnitan) fēðan, 1328, 2545.
hoðma, w. m., _place of concealment, cave_, hence, _the grave_: dat. sg. in
hoðman, 2459.
hof, st. n., _enclosed space, court-yard, estate, manor-house_: acc. sg.
hof (HrÅðgÄr's residence), 312; dat. sg. tÅ hofe sÄ«num (Grendel's home in
the sea), 1508; tÅ hofe (HygelÄc's residence), 1975; acc. pl. beorht hofu,
2314; dat. pl. tÅ hofum GÄ“ata, 1837.
hogode. See hycgan.
hold, adj., _inclined to, attached to, gracious, dear, true_: nom. sg. w.
dat. of the person, hold weorod frēan Scyldinga, _a band well disposed to
the lord of the Scyldings_, 290; mandrihtne hold, 1230; HygelÄce wæs ...
nefa swȳðe hold, _to H. was his nephew_ (Bēowulf) _very much attached_,
2171; acc. sg. þurh holdne hige, _from a kindly feeling, with honorable
mind_, 267; holdne wine, 376; holdne, 1980; gen. pl. holdra, 487.
hold. See healdan.
holm, st. m., _deep sea_: nom. sg., 519, 1132, 2139; acc. sg., 48, 633;
dat. sg. holme, 543, 1436, 1915; acc. pl. holmas, 240.--Comp. wǣg-holm.
holm-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff_: dat. sg. on þÄm holm-clife, 1422; from þǣm
holmclife, 1636; acc. pl. holm-clifu, 230.
holm-wylm, st. m., _the waves of the sea_: dat. sg. holm-wylme, 2412.
holt, st. n., _wood, thicket, forest._ acc. sg. on holt, 2599; holt,
2847.--Comp.: æsc-, fyrgen-, gÄr-, Hrefnes-holt.
holt-wudu, st. m., _forest-wood_: 1) of the material: nom. sg., 2341.--2) =
_forest_: acc. sg., 1370.
hop, st. n., _protected place, place of refuge, place of concealment_, in
the compounds fen-, mÅr-hop.
hord, st. m. and n., _hoard, treasure_: nom. sg., 2284, 3085; bēaga hord,
2285; mÄðma hord, 3012; acc. sg. hord, 913, 2213, 2320, 2510, 2745, 2774,
2956, 3057; sÄwle hord, 2423; þæt hord, 3127; dat. sg. of horde, 1109; for
horde, _on account of_ (the robbing of) _the hoard_, 2782; hǣðnum horde,
2217; gen. sg. hordes, 888.--Comp.: bēah-, brēost-, word-, wyrm-hord.
hord-ærn, st. n., _place in which a treasure is kept, treasure-room_: dat.
hord-ærne, 2832; gen. pl. hord-ærna, 2280.
hord-burh, st. f., _city in which is the treasure_ (of the king's),
_ruler's castle_: acc. sg., 467.
hord-gestrēon, st. n., _hoard-treasure, precious treasure_: dat. pl.
hord-gestrēonum, 1900; gen. pl. mægen-byrðenne hord-gestrēona, _the great
burden of rich treasures_, 3093.
hord-mÄððum, st. m., _treasure-jewel, precious jewel_: acc. sg. (-madmum,
MS.), 1199.
hord-wela, w. m., _treasure-riches, abundance of treasures_: acc. sg.
hord-welan, 2345.
hord-weard, st. m., _warder of the treasure, hoard-warden_: 1) of the king:
nom. sg., 1048; acc. sg., 1853.--2) of the drake: nom. sg., 2294, 2303,
2555, 2594.
hord-weorðung, st. f., _ornament out of the treasure, rich ornament_: acc.
sg.--weorðunge, 953.
hord-wyn, st. f., _treasure-joy, joy-giving treasure_: acc. sg. hord-wynne,
2271.
horn, st. m., _horn_: 1) upon an animal: instr. pl. heorot hornum trum,
1370.--2) wind-instrument: nom. sg., 1424; acc. sg., 2944.--Comp. gūð-horn.
horn-boga, w. m., _bow made of horn_: dat. sg. of horn-bogan, 2438.
horn-gēap, adj., of great extent between the (stag-)horns adorning the
gables(?): nom. sg. sele ... hēah and horn-gēap, 82.
horn-reced, st. n., building whose two gables are crowned by the halves of
a stag's antler(?): acc. sg., 705. Cf. Heyne's Treatise on the Hall,
Heorot, p. 44.
hors, st. n., _horse_: nom. sg., 1400.
hÅciht, adj., _provided with hooks, hooked_: in comp. heoro-hÅciht.
be-hÅfian, w. v. w. gen., _to need, to want_: pres. sg. III. nÅ« is se dæg
cumen þat Å«re man-dryhten mægenes behÅfað gÅdra gūðrinca, _now is the day
come when our lord needs the might of strong warriors_, 2648.
on-hÅhsnian, w. v., _to hinder_: pret. sg. þæt onhÅhsnode Heminges mÇ£g (on
hohsnod, MS.), 1945.
hÅlinga, adv., _in vain, without reason_, 1077.
be-hÅn, st. v., _to hang with_: pret. part. helmum behongen, 3140.
hÅs (Goth, hansa), st. f., _accompanying troop, escort_: instr. sg. mægða
hÅse, _with an accompanying train of servingwomen_, 925.
hræðe, adv., _hastily, quickly, immediately_, 224, 741, 749, 1391, etc.;
hraðe, 1438; hreðe, 992; compar. hraðor, 543.
hran-fix, st. m., _whale_: acc. pl. hron-fixas, 540.
hran-rÄd, st. f., _whale-road_, i.e. sea: dat. sg. ofer hron-rÄde, 10.
hrÄ, st. n., _corpse_: nom. sg., 1589.
hrÄ-fyl, st. m., _fall of corpses, killing, slaughter_: acc. sg., 277.
hrædlīce, adv., _hastily, immediately_, 356, 964.
hræfn, hrefn, st. m., _raven_: nom. sg. hrefn blaca, _black raven_, 1802;
se wonna hrefn, _the dark raven_, 3025; dat. sg. hrefne, 2449.
hrægl, st. n., _dress, garment, armor_: nom. sg., 1196; gen. sg., hrægles,
1218; gen. pl. hrægla, 454--Comp.: beado-, fyrd-, mere-hrægl.
hreðe. See hraðe.
hreðer, st. m., _breast, bosom_ nom. sg. hreðer inne wēoll _(it surged in
his breast_), 2114; hreðer ǣðme wēoll, 2594; dat. sg. in hreðre, 1152; of
hreðre, 2820.--_Breast_ as the seat of feeling, _heart_: dat. sg. þæt wæs
... hreðre hygemēðe, _that was depressing to the heart_ (of the slayer,
Hæðcyn), 2443; on hreðre, 1879, 2329; gen. pl. þurh hreðra gehygd,
2046.--_Breast_ as seat of life: instr. sg. hreðre, parallel with aldre,
1447.
hreðer-bealo, st. n., _evil that takes hold on the heart, evil severely
felt_: acc. sg., 1344.
hrefn. See hræfn.
hrēð, st. f., _glory_; in composition, gūð-hrēð; _renown, assurance of
victory_, in sige-hrēð.
hrēðe, adj., _renowned in battle_: nom. sg. hrēð (on account of the
following æt, final _e_ is elided, as wÄ“nic for wÄ“ne ic, 442; frÅfor and
fultum for frÅfre and fultum, 699; firen ondrysne for firene ondr., 1933,
2576.
hrēð-sigor, st. m., _glorious victory_: dat. sg. hrēð-sigora, 2584.
hrēmig, adj., _boasting, exulting_: with instr. and gen. hūðe hrēmig, 124;
since hrēmig, 1883; frætwum hrēmig, 2055; nom. pl. nealles Hetware hrēmge
þorfton (sc. wesan) fēðe-wīges, 2365.
on-hrēran, w. v., _to excite, to stir up_: pret. part. on-hrēred, 549,
2555.
hreÄ-wÄ«c, st. n., _place of corpses_: acc. sg. GÄ“ata lÄ“ode hreÄ-wÄ«c
hēoldon, _held the place of corpses_, 1215.
hrēad, st. f., _ornament_(?), in comp. earm-hrēad. See hrēoðan.
hrēam, st. m., _noise, alarm_:: nom. sg., 1303.
hrēoða, w. m., _cover_, in the compound bord-hrēoða.
hrēoðan, ge-hrēoðan, st. v., _to cover, to clothe_; only in the pret. part.
hroden, gehroden, _dressed, adorned_: hroden, 495, 1023; Ã¾Ä wæs heal hroden
fēonda fēorum, _then was the hall covered with the corpses of the enemy_,
1152; ge-hroden golde, _adorned with gold_, 304.--Comp.: bēag-,
gold-hroden.
hrēoh, hrēow, hrēo, adj., _excited, stormy, wild, angry, raging; sad,
troubled_: nom. sg. (BÄ“owulf) hrÄ“oh and heoro-grim, 1565; þæt þÄm gÅdan wæs
hrēow on hreðre, (_that came with violence upon him, pained his heart_),
2329; hrēo wǣron ȳða, _the waves were angry, the sea stormy_, 548; næs him
hrÄ“oh sefa, _his mind was not cruel_, 2181; dat. sg. on hrÄ“on mÅde, _of sad
heart_, 1308; on hrÄ“oum mÅde, _angry at heart_, 2582.
hrÄ“oh-mÅd, adj., _of sad heart_, 2133; _angry at heart_, 2297.
hrēosan, st. v., _to fall, to sink, to rush_: pret. hrēas, 2489, 2832;
pret. pl. hruron, 1075; hīe on weg hruron, _they rushed away_, 1431; hruron
him tēaras, _tears burst from him_, 1873.
be-hrēosan, _to fall from, to be divested of_: pret. part. acc. pl.
fyrn-manna fatu ... hyrstum behrorene, _divested of ornaments_ (from which
the ornaments had fallen away), 2760.
hrÄ“ow, st. f., _distress, sorrow_: gen. pl. þæt wæs HrÅðgÄre hrÄ“owa
tornost, _that was to HrÅðgÄr the bitterest of his sorrows_, 2130.
hring, st. m.: 1) _ring_: acc. sg. þone hring, 1203; hring gyldenne, 2810;
acc. pl. hringas, 1196, 1971, 3035; gen. pl. hringa, 1508, 2246.--2) _shirt
of mail_ (of interlaced rings): nom. sg. hring, 1504; byrnan hring,
2261.--Comp. bÄn-hring.
hringan, w. v., _to give forth a sound, to ring, to rattle_: pret. pl.
byrnan hringdon, 327.
hring-boga, w. m., _one who bends himself into a ring_: gen. sg.
hring-bogan (of the drake, bending himself into a circle), 2562.
hringed, pret. part., _made of rings_: nom. sg. hringed byrne, 1246; acc.
sg. hringde byrnan, 2616.
hringed-stefna, w. m., _ship whose stem is provided with iron rings_
(cramp-irons), especially of sea-going ships (cf. Frið-þiofs saga, I:
þorsteinn Ätti skip þat er Ellidi hÄ“t, ... borðit war spengt iarni): nom.
sg., 32, 1898; acc. sg. hringed-stefnan, 1132.
hring-Ä«ren, st. n., _ring-iron, ring-mail_: nom. sg., 322.
hring-mǣl, adj., _marked with rings_, i.e. ornamented with rings, or marked
with characters of ring-form: nom. acc. sg., of the sword, 1522, 1562(?);
nom. pl. heard and hring-mǣl Heaðobeardna gestrēon (_rich armor_), 2038.
hring-naca, w. m., _ship with iron rings, sea-going ship_: nom. sg., 1863.
hring-net, st. n., _ring-net_, i.e. a shirt of interlaced rings: acc. sg.,
2755; acc. pl. hring-net, 1890.
hring-sele, st. m., _ring-hall_, i.e. hall in which are rings, or in which
rings are bestowed: acc. sg., 2841; dat. sg., 2011, 3054.
hring-weorðung, st. f., _ring-ornament_: acc. sg. -weorðunge, 3018.
hrīnan, st. v. w. dat.: 1) _to touch, lay hold of_: inf. þæt him heardra
nÄn hrÄ«nan wolde Ä«ren Ç£rgÅd (_that no good sword of valiant men would make
an impression on him_), 989; him for hrÅf-sele hrÄ«nan ne mehte fÇ£rgripe
flÅdes (_the sudden grip of the flood might not touch him owing to the
hall-roof_), 1516; þæt þÄm hring-sele hrÄ«nan ne mÅste gumena Ç£nig _(so that
none might touch the ringed-hall), _3054; pret. sg. siððan hē hire folmum
[hr]Än (_as soon as he touched it with his hands_), 723; oð þæt dÄ“aðes wylm
hrÄn æt heortan (_seized his heart_), 2271. Pret. subj. þēah þe him wund
hrīne (_although he was wounded_), 2977.--2) (O.N. hrīna, _sonare,
clamare), to resound, rustle_: pres. part. nom. pl. hrīnde bearwas (for
hrīnende) 1364; but see Note.
hroden. See hrēoðan.
hron-fix. See hran-fix.
hrÅðor, st. m., _joy, beneficium_: dat sg. hrefne tÅ hrÅðre, 2449; gen. pl.
hrÅðra, 2172.
hrÅf, st. m., _roof, ceiling of a house_: nom. sg., 1000; acc. sg. under
Heorotes hrÅf, 403; under gÄ“apne hrÅf, 838; geseah stÄ“apne hrÅf (here
_inner roof, ceiling_), 927; so, ofer hÄ“ahne hrÅf, 984; ymb þæs helmes
hrÅf, 1031; under beorges hrÅf, 2756.--Comp. inwit-hrÅf.
hrÅf-sele, st. m., _covered hall_: dat. sg. hrÅf-sele, 1516.
hrÅr, adj., _stirring, wide-awake, valorous_: dat. sg. of þǣm hrÅran,
1630.--Comp. fela-hrÅr.
hruron. See hrēosan.
hrūse, w. f., _earth, soil_: nom. sg., 2248, 2559; acc. sg. on hrūsan, 773,
2832; dat. sg. under hrūsan, 2412.
hrycg, st. m., _back_: acc. sg. ofer wæteres hrycg (_over the water's back,
surface_), 471.
hryre, st. m., _fall, destruction, ruin_: acc. sg., 3181; dat. sg., 1681,
3006.--Comp.: lēod-, wīg-hryre.
hrysian, w. v., _to shake, be shaken, clatter_: pret. pl. syrcan hrysedon
(_corselets rattled_, of men in motion), 226.
hund, st. m., _dog_: instr. pl. hundum, 1369.
hund, num., _hundred_: þrēo hund, 2279; w. gen. pl. hund missēra, 1499;
hund þūsenda landes and locenra bēaga, 2995.
hū, adv., _how, quomodo_, 3, 116, 279, 738, 845, 2319, 2520, 2719, etc.
huð, st. f., _booty, plunder_: dat. (instr.) sg. hūðe, 124.
hūru, adv., _above all, certainly_, 369; _indeed, truly_, 182, 670, 1072,
1466, 1945, 2837; _yet, nevertheless_, 863; _now_, 3121.
hūs, st. n., _house_: gen. sg. hūses, 116; gen. pl. hūsa sēlest (Heorot),
146, 285, 659, 936.
hwan, adv., _whither_: tŠhwan syððan wearð hondrǣs hæleða (_what issue the
hand-to-hand fight of the heroes had_), 2072.
hwanan, hwanon, adv., _whence_: hwanan, 257, 2404; hwanon, 333.
hwÄ, interrog. and indef. pron., _who_: nom. sg. m. hwÄ, 52, 2253, 3127;
neut. hwæt, 173; Änes hwæt (_a part only_), 3011; hwæt Ã¾Ä men wÇ£ron (_who
the men were_), 233, etc.; hwæt syndon gē searo-hæbbendra (_what armed men
are ye?_), 237; acc. sg. m. wið manna hwone (_from (?) any man_), 155;
neut. þurh hwæt, 3069; hwæt wit geŠsprǣcon, 1477; hwæt ... hȳnðo (gen.),
fǣr-nīða (_what shame and sudden woes_), 474; so, hwæt þū worn fela (_how
very much thou_), 530; swylces hwæt, 881; hwæt ... Ärna, 1187; dat. m.
hwÄm, 1697.--Comp. Ç£g-hwÄ.
hwæt, interj., _what! lo! indeed!_ 1, 943, 2249.
ge-hwÄ, w. part, gen., _each, each one_: acc. sg. m. wið fÄ“onda gehwone,
294; nīða gehwane, 2398; mēca gehwane, 2686; gum-cynnes gehwone, 2766; fem,
on healfa gehwone, 801; dat. sg. m. dÅgora gehwÄm, 88; æt nīða gehwÄm, 883;
þegna gehwÄm, 2034; eorla gehwÇ£m, 1421; fem. in mÇ£gða ge-hwÇ£re, 25; nihta
gehwǣm, 1366; gen. sing. m. manna gehwæs, 2528; fem. dǣda gehwæs, 2839.
hwÄr. See hwÇ£r.
hwæder. See hwider.
hwæðer, pron., _which of two_: nom. sg. hwæðer ... uncer twÄ“ga, 2531; swÄ
hwæðer, _utercunque_: acc. sg. on swÄ hwæðere hond swÄ him gemet þince,
687.--Comp. ǣg-hwæðer.
ge-hwæðer, _each of two, either-other_: nom. sg. m. wæs gehwæðer Åðrum
lifigende lÄð, 815; wæs ... gehwæðer Åðrum hrÅðra gemyndig, 2172; nÄ“
gehwæðer incer (_nor either of you two_), 584; nom. sg. neut. gehwæðer þÄra
(_either of them_, i.e. ready for war or peace), 1249; dat. sg. hiora
gehwæðrum, 2995; gen. sg. bēga gehwæðres, 1044.
hwæðer, hwæðere, hwæðre, 1) adv., _yet, nevertheless_: hwæðre, 555, 891,
1271, 2099, 2299, 2378, etc.; hwæðre swÄ Ã¾Ä“ah, _however, notwithstanding_,
2443; hwæðere, 574, 578, 971, 1719--2) conj., = _utrum, whether_: hwæðre,
1315; hwæðer, 1357, 2786.
hwæt, adj., _sharp, bold, valiant_: nom. sg. se secg hwata, 3029; dat. sg.
hwatum, 2162; nom. pl. hwate, 1602, 2053; acc. pl. hwate, 2643,
3006.--Comp.: fyrd-, gold-hwæt.
hwæt. See hwÄ.
hwǣr, adv., _where_: elles hwǣr, _elsewhere_, 138; hwǣr, _somewhere_, 2030.
In elliptical question: wundur hwÄr þonne..., _is it a wonder when...?_
3063.--Comp. Å-hwÇ£r.
ge-hwǣr, _everywhere_: þēah þū heaðo-rǣsa gehwǣr dohte (_everywhere good in
battle_), 526.
hwele. See hwyle.
hwergen, adv., _anywhere_: elles hwergen, _elsewhere_, 2591.
hwettan, w. v., _to encourage, urge_: pres. subj. swÄ Ã¾in sefa hwette (_as
thy mind urges, as thou likest_), 490; pret. pl. hwetton higerÅfne (_they
whetted the brave one_), 204.
hwēne, adv., _a little, paululum_, 2700.
hwealf, st. f., _vault_: acc. sg. under heofones hwealf, 576, 2016.
hweorfan, st. v., _to stride deliberately, turn, depart, move, die_: pres.
pl. þÄra þe cwice hwyrfað, 98; inf. hwÄ«lum hÄ“ on lufan lÇ£teð hworfan monnes
mÅd-geþonc (_sometimes on love_ (?) _possessions_ (?) _permits the thoughts
of man to turn_), 1729; londrihtes mÅt ... monna Ç£ghwylc Ä«del hweorfan (_of
rights of land each one of men must be deprived_), 2889; pret. sg. fæder
ellor hwearf ... of earde (_died_), 55; hwearf Ã¾Ä hrædlÄ«ce þǣr HrÅðgÄr sæt,
356; hwearf Ã¾Ä bÄ« bence (_turned then to the bench_), 1189; so, hwearf þÄ
be wealle, 1574; hwearf geond þæt reced, 1982; hlǣw oft ymbe hwearf (_went
oft round the cave_), 2297; nalles æfter lyfte lÄcende hwearf (_not at all
through the air did he go springing_), 2833; subj. pret. sg, ǣr hē on weg
hwurfe ... of geardum (_died_), 264.
and-hweorfan, _to move against_: pret. sg. oð þæt ... norðan wind
heaðo-grim and-hwearf (_till the fierce north wind blew in our faces_),
548.
æt-hweorfan, _to go to_: pret. sg. hwīlum hē on beorh æt-hwearf (_at times
returned to the mountain_), 2300.
ge-hweorfan, _to go, come_: pret. sg. gehwearf Ã¾Ä in Francna fæðm feorh
cyninges, 1211; hit on ǣht gehwearf ... Denigea frēan, 1680; so, 1685,
2209.
geond-hweorfan, _to go through from end to end_: pres. sg. flet eall
geond-hwearf, 2018.
hwider, adv., _whither_: hwyder, 163; hwæder (hwæðer, MS.), 1332.
hwīl, st. f., _time, space of time_: nom. sg. wæs sēo hwīl micel (_it was a
long time_), 146; Ã¾Ä wæs hwÄ«l dæges (_the space of a day_), 1496; acc. sg.
hwīle, _for a time_, 2138; _a while_, 105, 152; lange (longe) hwīle, _a
long while_, 16, 2781; Äne hwÄ«le, _a while_, 1763; lyÌ„tle hwÄ«le, _brief
space_, 2031, 2098; ǣnige hwīle, _any while_, 2549; lǣssan hwīle, _a lesser
while_, 2572; dat. sg. ǣr dæges hwīle, _before daybreak_, 2321; dat. pl.
nihtes hwīlum, _sometimes at night_, 3045. Adv., _sometimes, often_:
hwīlum, 175, 496, 917, 1729, 1829, 2017, 2112, etc.; hwīlum ... hwīlum,
2108-9-10.--Comp.: dæg-, gescæp-, orleg-, sige-hwīl.
hwīt, adj., _brilliant, flashing_: nom. sg. se hwīta helm, 1449.
hworfan. See hweorfan.
hwÅpan, st. v., _to cry, cry out mourn_: pret. sg. hwÄ“op, 2269.
hwyder. See hwider.
hwylc, pron., _which, what, any_: 1) adj.: nom. sg. m. sceaða ic nÄt hwylc,
274; fem, hwylc orleghwīl, 2003; nom. pl. hwylce Sǣgēata sīðas wǣron,
1987.--2) subst., w. gen. pl. nom. m.: Frisna hwylc, 1105; fem, efne swÄ
hwylc mægða swÄ Ã¾one magan cende (_whatever woman brought forth this son_),
944; neut. þonne his bearna hwylc (_than any one of his sons_), 2434; dat.
sg. efne swÄ hwylcum manna swÄ him gemet þūhte, 3058.--Comp.: Ç£g-, nÄt-,
wēl-hwylc.
ge-hwylc, ge-hwilc, ge-hwelc, w. gen. pl., _each_: nom. sg. m. gehwylc,
986, 1167, 1674; acc. sg. m. gehwylcne, 937, 2251, 2517; gehwelcne, 148;
fem, gehwylce, 1706; neut. gehwylc, 2609; instr. sg. dÅgra gehwylce, 1091;
so, 2058, 2451; dat. sg. m. gehwylcum, 412, 769, 785, etc.; fem, ecga
gehwylcre, 806; neut. cynna gehwylcum, 98; gen. sg. m. and neut. gehwylces,
733, 1397, 2095.
hwyrft, st. m., _circling movement, turn_: dat. pl. adv. hwyrftum scrīðað
(_wander to and fro_), 163.--Comp. ed-hwyrft.
hycgan, w. v., _to think, resolve upon_: pret. sg. ic þæt hogode þæt ...
(_my intention was that ..._), 633.--Comp. w. pres. part.: bealo-, heard-,
swīð-, þanc-, wīs-hycgend.
for-hycgan, _to despise, scorn, reject with contempt_: pres. sg. I. ic þæt
þonne for-hicge þæt ..., _reject with scorn the proposition that ..._, 435.
ge-hycgan, _to think, determine upon_: pret. sg. Ã¾Ä Ã¾Å« ... feorr gehogodest
sæcce sēcean, 1989.
ofer-hycgan, _to scorn_: pret. sg. ofer-hogode Ã¾Ä hringa fengel þæt hÄ“ þone
wÄ«dflogan weorode gesÅhte (_scorned to seek the wide-flier with a host_),
2346.
hyÌ„dig (for hygdig), adj., _thinking, of a certain mind_: comp. Än-,
bealo-, grom-, nīð-, þrīst-hȳdig.
ge-hygd, st. n., _thought, sentiment_: acc. sg. þurh hreðra gehygd,
2046.--Comp.: brÄ“ost-, mÅd-gehygd, won-hyd.
hyge, hige, st. m., _mind, heart, thought_: nom. sg. hyge, 756; hige, 594;
acc. sg. þurh holdne hige, 267; gen. sg. higes, 2046; dat. pl. higum, 3149.
hyge-bend, st. m. f., _mind-fetter, heart-band_: instr. pl. hyge-bendum
fæst, _fast in his mind's fetters, secretly_, 1879.
hyge-geÅmor, adj., _sad in mind_: nom. sg. hyge-giÅmor, 2409.
hyge-mēðe, adj.: 1) _sorrowful, soul-crushing_: nom. sg., 2443.--2)
_life-weary, dead_: dat. pl. hyge-mēðum (-mǣðum, MS.), 2910.
hyge-rÅf, adj., _brave, valiant, vigorous-minded_: nom. sg. [hygerÅf], 403;
acc. sg. hige-rÅfne, 204.
hyge-sorh, st. f., _heart-sorrow_: gen. pl. -sorga, 2329.
hyge-þȳhtig, adj., _doughty, courageous_: acc. sg. hige-þihtigne (of
Bēowulf), 747. See þȳhtig.
hyge-þrym, st. m., _animi majestas, high-mindedness_: dat. pl. for
hige-þrymmum, 339.
hyht, st. m., _thought, pleasant thought, hope_ (Dietrich): nom. sg., 179.
ge-hyld (see healdan), st. n., _support, protection_: nom. sg., 3057.--Leo.
hyldan, w. v., _to incline one's self, lie down to sleep_: pret. sg. hylde
hine, _inclined himself, lay down_, 689.
hyldo, st. f., _inclination, friendliness, grace_: acc. sg. hyldo, 2068,
2294; gen. sg. hyldo, 671, 2999.
Ä-hyrdan, w. v., _harden_: pret. part. Ä-hyrded, 1461.
hyrde. See hirde.
hyrst, st. f., _accoutrements, ornament, armor_: acc. sg. hyrste
(Ongenþēow's _equipments and arms_), 2989; acc. pl. hyrsta, 3166; instr.
pl. hyrstum, 2763.
hyrstan, w. v., _to deck, adorn_: pret. part. hyrsted sweord, 673; helm
[hyr]sted golde, 2256.
hyrtan, w. v., _to take heart, be emboldened_: pret. sg. hyrte hyne
hord-weard (_the drake took heart_; see 2566, 2568, 2570), 2594.
hyse, st. m., _youth, young man_: nom. sg. as voc., 1218.
hyt. See hit.
hȳdan, w. v., _to hide, conceal, protect, preserve_: pres. subj. hȳde
[hine, _himself_] sē þe wylle, 2767; inf. w. acc. nŠþū mīnne þearft
hafalan hȳdan, 446; ǣr hē in wille hafelan [hȳdan] (_ere in it he_ [the
stag] _will hide his head_), 1373.
ge-hȳdan, w. acc., _to conceal, preserve_: pret. sg. gehȳdde, 2236, 3060.
hȳð, st. f., _haven_: dat. sg. æt hȳðe, 32.
hȳð-weard, st. m., _haven-warden_: nom. sg., 1915.
hȳnan (see hēan), w. v. w. acc., _to crush, afflict, injure_: pret. sg.
hȳnde, 2320.
hȳnðu, st. f., _oppression, affliction, injury_: acc. sg. hȳnðu, 277;
gen. sg. hwæt ... hȳnðo, 475; fela ... hȳnðo, 594; gen. pl. heardra
hȳnða, 166.
hȳran, w. v.: 1) _to hear, perceive, learn_: a) w. inf. or acc. with inf.:
I. pret. sg. hȳrde ic, 38, 582, 1347, 1843, 2024; III. sg. þæt hē fram
Sigemunde secgan hyÌ„rde, 876; I. pl. swÄ wÄ“ sÅðlÄ«ce secgan hyÌ„rdon, 273. b)
w. acc.: nÇ£nigne ic ... sÄ“lran hyÌ„rde hordmÄððum (_I heard of no better
hoard-jewel_), 1198. c) w. dependent clause: I. sg. pret. hȳrde ic þæt
..., 62, 2164, 2173.--2) w. dat. of person, _to obey_: inf. oð þæt him
Ç£ghwylc þÄra ymbsittendra hyÌ„ran scolde, 10; hyÌ„ran heaðo-sÄ«ocum, 2755;
Pret. pl. þæt him winemÄgas georne hyÌ„rdon, 66.
ge-hȳran, _to hear, learn_: a) w. acc.: II. pers. sg. pres. mīnne gehȳrað
Änfealdne geþÅht, 255; III. sg. pret. gehyÌ„rde on BÄ“owulfe fæstrÇ£dne
geþÅht, 610. b) w. acc. and inf.: III. pl. pret. gehyÌ„rdon, 786. c) w.
depend. clause: I. pres. sg. ic þæt gehȳre þæt ..., 290.
I
ic, pers. pron. _I_: acc. mec, dat. mē, gen. mīn; dual nom. wit, acc.
uncit, unc, dat. unc, gen. uncer; pl. nom. wē, acc. ūsic, ūs, dat. ūs, gen.
Å«ser. ic omitted before the verb, 470.
icge, _gold_ (perhaps related to Sanskrit īç, = dominare, imperare, O.H.G.
ēht, _wealth_, opes), _treasure?, sword_ (edge)?, 1108.--Körner.
ides, st. f., _woman, lady, queen_: nom. sg., 621, 1076, 1118, 1169; dat.
sg. idese, 1650, 1942. Also of Grendel's mother: nom. sg., 1260; gen. sg.
idese, 1352.
in. See inn.
in: I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat. (local, indicating rest), _in_:
in geardum, 13, 2460; in þǣm gūðsele, 443; in bēorsele, 2636; so, 89, 482,
589, 696, 729, 2140, 2233, etc.; in mǣgða gehwǣre, 25; in þȳstrum, 87; in
Caines cynne, 107; in hyra gryregeatwum (_in their accoutrements of terror,
war-weeds_), 324; so, 395; in campe (_in battle_), 2506; hiora in Änum (_in
one of them_), 2600. Prep. postpositive: Scedelandum in, 19. Also, _on,
upon_, like on: in ealo-bence, 1030; in gumstÅle, 1953; in þÄm wongstede
(_on the grassy plain, the battle-field_), 2787; in bǣlstede, 3098.
Temporal: in geÄr-dagum, 1.--2) w. acc. (local, indicating motion), _in,
into_: in woruld, 60; in fȳres fæðm, 185; so, 1211; in Hrefnesholt, 2936.
Temporal, _in, at, about, toward_: in Ã¾Ä tÄ«de (in watide, MS.), 2228.
II. adv., _in_ (here or there), 386, 1038, 1372, 1503, 1645, 2153, 2191,
2228; inn, 3091.
incge, adj. (perhaps related to icge), instr. sg. incge lÄfe (_with the
costly sword_ ? or _with mighty sword_?), 2578.--[_Edge_: incge lÄfe, _edge
of the sword_.--K. Körner?]
in-frÅd, adj., _very aged_: nom. sg., 2450; dat. sg. in-frÅdum, 1875.
in-gang, st. m., _entrance, access to_: acc. sg., 1550.
in-genga, w. m., _in-goer, visitor_: nom. sg., of Grendel, 1777.
in-gesteald, st. m., _house-property, possessions in the house_: acc. sg.,
1156.
inn, st. n., _apartment, house_: nom. sg. in, 1301.
innan, adv., _within, inside_, 775, 1018, 2413, 2720; on innan (_in the
interior_), _within_, 1741, 2716; þǣr on innan (_in there_), 71; burgum on
innan (_within his city_), 1969. Also, _therein_: þǣr on innan, 2090, 2215,
2245.
innan-weard, adv., _inwards, inside, within_, 992, 1977; inne-weard, 999.
inne, adv.: 1) _inside, within_, 643, 1282, 1571, 2114, 3060; word inne
ÄbÄ“ad (_called, sent word, in_, i.e. standing in the hall door), 390; _in
it_ (i.e. the battle), 1142; þǣr inne (_therein_), 118, 1618, 2116, 2227,
3088.--2) = _insuper, still further, besides_, 1867.
inwit, st. n., _evil, mischief, spite, cunning hostility_, as in
inwit-feng, st. m., _malicious grasp, grasp of a cunning foe_: nom. sg.,
1448.
inwit-gæst, st. m., _evil guest, hostile stranger_: nom. sg., 2671.
inwit-hrÅf, st. m., _hostile roof, hiding-place of a cunning foe_: acc. sg.
under inwit-hrÅf, 3124.
inwit-net, st. n., _mischief-net, cunning snare_: acc. sg., 2168.
inwit-nīð, st. n., _cunning hostility, hostile contest_: nom. pl.
inwit-nīðas (_hostility through secret attack_), 1859; gen. pl. inwit-nīða,
1948.
inwit-scear, st. m., _massacre through cunning, murderous attack_: acc. sg.
eatolne inwit-scear, 2479.
inwit-searo, st. n., _cunning, artful intrigue_: acc. sg. þurh inwit-searo,
1102. See searo.
inwit-sorh, st. f., _grief, remorse, mourning springing from hostile
cunning_: nom. sg., 1737; acc. sg. inwid-sorge, 832.
inwit-þanc, adj., _ill-disposed, malicious_: dat. sg. hē onfēng hraðe
inwit-þancum (_he quickly grasped the cunning-in-mind_ [Grendel]), 749.
irnan (for rinnan), st. v., _to run_: so be-irnan, _to run up to, occur_:
pret. sg him on mÅd be-arn (_came into his mind_), 67.
on-irnan, _to open_: pret. sg. duru sÅna onarn, 722.
irre-mÅd, adj. See yrre-mÅd.
Ī
Ä«del, adj., _empty, bare; deprived of_: nom. sg., 145, 413; w. gen.
lond-rihtes þǣre mǣgburge īdel (_deprived of his land-possessions among the
people_ [of the GÄ“atas]), 2889.
Ä«del-hende, adj., _empty-handed_, 2082.
īren, st. n., _iron, sword_: nom. sg. dryhtlīc īren (_the doughty, lordly
sword_), 893; Ä«ren Ç£r-gÅd, 990; acc. sg. lÄ“oflÄ«c Ä«ren, 1810; gen. pl. Ä«rena
cyst (_choicest of swords_), 674; Ä«renna cyst, 803; Ä«renna ecge (_edges of
swords_), 2684.
īren, adj., _of iron_: nom. sg. ecg wæs īren, 1460.
īren-bend, st. f., _iron band, bond, rivet_: instr. pl. īren-bendum fæst
(bold), 775, 999.
Ä«ren-byrne, w. f., _iron corselet_: acc. sg. Ä«ren-byrnan, 2987. See
Ä«sern-byrne.
Ä«ren-heard, adj., _hard as iron_: nom. sg., 1113.
Ä«renne, adj., _of iron_: in comp. eall-Ä«renne.
īren-þrēat, st. m., _iron troop, armored band_: nom. sg., 330.
Ä«s, st. n., _ice_: dat. sg. Ä«se, 1609.
Ä«sern-byrne, w. f., _iron corselet_: acc. sg. Ä«sern-byrnan, 672. See
Ä«ren-byrne.
īsern-scūr, st. f., _iron shower, shower of arrows_: gen. sg. þone þe oft
gebÄd Ä«sern-scÅ«re, 3117.
Ä«s-gebind, st. n., _fetters of ice_: instr. sg. Ä«s-gebinde, 1134.
Ä«sig, adj., _shining, brilliant_ (like brass): nom. sg. Ä«sig (said of a
vessel covered with plates(?) of metal), 33.--Leo.
IO IU
iÅ«. See geÅ.
iÅ«-man. See geÅ-man.
Ä«o-mÄ“owle. See geÅ-mÄ“owle.
L
laðu, st. f., _invitation_.--Comp.: frēond-, nēod-laðu.
ge-lafian, w. v. w. acc. pers. and instr. of the thing, _to refresh, lave_:
pret. sg. wine-dryhten his wætere gelafede, 2723.
lagu, st. m., _lake, sea_: nom. sg., 1631.
lagu-cræftig, adj., _acquainted with the sea_: nom. sg. lagu-cræftig mon
(_pilot_), 209.
lagu-strǣt, st. f., _path over the sea_: acc. sg. ofer lagu-strǣte, 239.
lagu-strēam, st. m., _sea-current, flood_: acc. pl. ofer lagu-strēamas,
297.
land, st. n., _land_: nom. sg. lond, 2198; acc. sg. land, 221, 2063; lond,
2472, 2493; land Dena, 242, 253; lond Brondinga, 521; Finna land, 580; dat.
sg. on lande (_in the land_), 2311, 2837; _at near, land, shore_, 1914; tÅ
lande (_to the land, ashore_), 1624; gen. sg. landes, 2996; gen. pl. ofer
landa fela (_over much country, space; afar_), 311.--Comp.: el-, Ä“a-land.
land-būend, part, pres., terricola, _inhabitant of the land_: nom. pl.
lond-būend, 1346; dat. pl. land-būendum, 95.
land-fruma, w. m., _ruler, prince of the country_: nom. sg., 31.
land-gemyrcu, st. n. pl., _frontier, land-mark_: acc. pl., 209.
land-geweorc, st. n., _land-work, fortified place_: acc. sg. lēoda
land-geweorc, 939. See weorc, geweorc.
land-riht, st. n., _prerogatives based upon land-possessions, right to
possess land_, hence _real estate_ itself: gen. sg. lond-rihtes Ä«del, 2887.
land-waru, st. f., _inhabitants, population_: acc. pl. land-wara, 2322.
land-weard, st. m., _guard, guardian of the frontier_: nom. sg., 1891.
lang, long, adj., _long_: 1) temporal: nom. sg. tÅ lang, 2094; næs Ã¾Ä long
(lang) tŠþon (_not long after_), 2592, 2846; acc. sg. lange hwīle (_for a
long time_), 16, 2160, 2781; longe (lange) þrÄge, 54, 114, 1258; lange tÄ«d,
1916. Compar. nom. sg. lengra fyrst, 134.--2) local, nom. sg. sē wæs
fÄ«ftiges fÅtgemearces lang, 3044.--Comp.: and-, morgen-, niht-, up-lang.
lange, longe, adv., _long_: lange, 31, 1995, 2131, 2345, 2424; longe, 1062,
2752, 3109; tÅ lange (_too long, excessively long_), 906, 1337, 1749.
Compar. leng, 451, 1855, 2802, 3065; nŠþȳ leng (_none the longer_), 975.
Superl. lengest (_longest_), 2009, 2239.
ge-lang, adj., _extending, reaching to something_ or _somebody_, hence
_ready, prepared_: nÅ« is rÇ£d gelang eft æt þē Änum (_now is help [counsel]
at hand in thee alone_), 1377; gēn is eall æt þē lissa gelong (_all of
favor is still on thee dependent, is thine_), 2151. See ge-lenge.
lang-ge-strēon, st. n., _long-lasting treasure_: gen. pl. long-gestrēona,
2241.--Leo.
langian, w. v., reflex, w. dat, _to long, yearn_: pres. sg. III. him
...æfter dēorum men dyrne langað beorn (_the hero longeth secretly after
the dear man_), 1880.
lang-sum, adj., _long-lasting, continuing_: nom. sg. longsum, 134, 192,
1723; acc. sg. long-sumne, 1537.
lang-twidig, adj., _long-granted, assured_: nom. sg., 1709.
lata, w. m., _a lazy, cowardly one_; in comp. hild-lata.
lÄ, interj., _yes! indeed!_ 1701, 2865.
lÄc, st. n.: 1) _measured movement, play_: in comp. beadu-, heaðo-lÄc.--2)
_gift, offering_: acc. pl. lÄc, 1864; lÄðlÄ«cu lÄc (_loathly offering,
prey_), 1585; dat. pl. lÄcum, 43, 1869.--Comp. sÇ£-lÄc.
ge-lÄc, st. n., _sport, play_: acc. pl. sweorda gelÄc (_battle_), 1041;
dat. pl. æt ecga gelÄcum, 1169.
lÄcan, st. v., _to move in measured time, dancing, playing, fighting,
flying_, etc.: inf. dareðum lÄcan (_fight_), 2849; part. pres. æfter lyfte
lÄcende (_flying through the air_), 2833.
for-lÄcan, _to deceive, betray_: part, pret. hÄ“ wearð on fÄ“onda geweald
forð forlÄcen (_deceitfully betrayed into the enemy's hands_), 904.
lÄd, st. f., _street, way, journey_: dat. sg. on lÄde, 1988; gen. sg. lÄde,
569.--Comp.: brim-, sÇ£-lÄd.
ge-lÄd, st. n., _way, path, road_: acc. sg. uncūð gelÄd, 1411.
lÄð, adj., _loathly, evil, hateful, hostile_: nom. sg. lÄð, 816; lÄð
lyft-floga, 2316; lÄð (_enemy_), 440; nÄ“ lÄ“of nÄ“ lÄð, 511; neut. lÄð, 134,
192; in weak form, se lÄða (of the dragon), 2306; acc. sg. lÄðne (wyrm),
3041; dat. sg. lÄðum, 440, 1258; gen. sg. lÄðes (of the enemy), 842; fela
lÄðes (_much evil_), 930; so, 1062; lÄðan lÄ«ges, 83; lÄðan cynnes, 2009,
2355; þæs lÄðan (of the enemy), 132; acc. pl. neut. lÄð gewidru (_hateful
storms_), 1376; dat. instr. pl. wið lÄðum, 550; lÄðum scuccum and scinnum,
939; lÄðum dÇ£dum (_with evil deeds_), 2468; lÄðan fingrum, 1506; gen. pl.
lÄðra manna, spella, 2673, 3030; lÄðra (_the enemy_), 242. Compar. nom. sg.
lÄðra ... beorn, 2433.
lÄð-bite, st. m., _hostile bite_: dat. sg. lÄð-bite lÄ«ces (_the body's
hostile bite_ = the wound), 1123.
lÄð-getÄ“ona, w. m., _evil-doer, injurer_: nom. sg., 975; nom. pl.
lÄð-getÄ“onan, 559.
lÄð-lÄ«c, adj., _loathly, hostile_: acc. pl. lÄð-lÄ«cu, 1585.
lÄf, st. f.: 1) _what is left, relic; inheritance, heritage, legacy_: nom.
sg. Hrēðlan lÄf (BÄ“owulf's corselet), 454; nom. pl. fÄ“la lÄfe (_the
leavings of files_ = swords, Grein), 1033; so, homera lÄfe, 2830; on him
gladiað gomelra lÄfe, heard and hringmÇ£l Heaðobeardna gestrÄ“on (_on him
gleams the forefather's bequest, hard and ring-decked, the Heaðobeardas'
treasure_, i.e. the equipments taken from the slain king of the
Heaðobeardas), 2037; acc. sg. sweorda lÄfe (_leavings of the sword_, i.e.
those spared by the sword), 2937.--2) _the sword as a specially precious
heir-loom_: nom. sg., 2629; acc. sg. lÄfe, 796, 1489, 1689, 2192, 2564;
instr. sg. incge lÄfe, 2578.--Comp.: ende-, eormen-, wÄ“a-, yrfe-, ȳð-lÄf.
lÄr, st. f., _lore, instruction, prescription_: dat. sg. be fæder lÄre,
1951; gen. pl. lÄra, 1221; lÄrena, 269.--Comp. frÄ“ond-lÄr.
lÄst, st. m., _footstep, track_: acc. sg. lÄst, 132, 972, 2165; on lÄst
(_on the traces of, behind_), 2946; nom. pl. lÄstas, 1403; acc. pl. lÄstas,
842.--Comp.: fēðe-, feorh-, fÅt-, wræc-lÄst.
læger. See leger.
lÄger-bed, st. n., _bed to lie on_ : instr. sg. leger-bedde, 1008.
lǣs, adj., _less_, 1947; þȳ lǣs (_the less_), 487; conjunct, _that not,
lest_, 1919.
lǣssa, adj., _less, fewer_: nom. sg. lǣssa, 1283; acc. sg. m. lǣssan, 43;
fem, lǣssan hwīle, 2572; dat. sg. for lǣssan (_for less, smaller_), 952.
Superl. nom. sg. nŠþæt lÇ£sest wæs hond-gemÅt[a], 2355.
læt, adj., _negligent, neglectful_; w. gen.: nom. sg. elnes læt, 1530.
lǣdan, w. v. w. acc.: _to lead, guide, bring_: inf. lǣdan, 239; pret. pl.
lǣddon, 1160.
for-1ǣdan, _to mislead_: pret. pl. for-lǣddan, 2440 (?).
ge-lǣdan, _lead, bring_: part. pret. ge-lǣded, 37.
lǣfan, w. v.: 1), _to bequeathe, leave_: imper. sg. þīnum magum lǣf folc
and rīce, 1179; pret. sg. eaferum lǣfde ... lond and lēodbyrig, 2471.--2)
_spare, leave behind_: Äht cwices lÇ£fan (_to spare aught living_), 2316.
lǣn-dagas, st. m. pl., _loan-days, transitory days_ (of earthly existence
as contrasted with the heavenly, unending): acc. pl. lǣn-dagas, 2592; gen.
pl. lǣn-daga, 2342.
lǣne, adj., _inconstant, perishable, evanescent, given over to death or
destruction_: nom. sg., 1755, 3179; acc. sg. of rust-eaten treasures, 3130;
þÄs lÇ£nan gesceaft (_this fleeting life_), 1623; gen. sg. lÇ£nan lÄ«fes,
2846.
lǣran, w. v., _to teach, instruct_: imper. sg. þū þē lǣr be þon (_learn
this, take this to heart_), 1723.
ge-lÇ£ran, _to teach, instruct, give instruction_: inf. ic þæs HrÅðgÄr mæg
... rǣd gelǣran (_I can give H. good advice about this_), 278; so, 3080;
pret. pl. Ã¾Ä mÄ“ þæt ge-lÇ£rdon lÄ“ode mÄ«ne (_gave me the advice_), 415.
lǣstan, w. v.: 1) _to follow, to sustain, serve_: inf. þæt him se līc-homa
lǣstan nolde (_that his body would not sustain him_), 813.--2) _perform_:
imper. lǣst eall tela (_do all well_), 2664.
ge-lǣstan: 1) _to follow, serve_: pret. sg. (sweord) þæt mec ǣr and oft
gelǣste, 2501.--2) _to fulfil, grant_: subj. pres. pl. þæt ... wilgesīðas,
þonne wīg cume, lēode gelǣstan (_render war service_), 24; inf. ic þē sceal
mīne gelǣstan frēode (_shall grant thee my friendship, be grateful_), 1707;
pret. sg. bÄ“ot ... gelÇ£ste (_fulfilled his boast_), 524; gelÇ£ste swÄ (_kept
his word_), 2991; pres. part. hæfde Ēast-Denum ... gilp gelǣsted (_had
fulfilled for the East Danes his boast_), 830.
lǣtan, st. v., _to let, allow_, w. acc. and inf.: pres. sg. III. lǣteð,
1729; imper. pl. II. lǣtað, 397; sg. II. lǣt, 1489; pret. sg. lēt, 2390,
2551, 2978, 3151(?); pret. pl. lēton, 48, 865, 3133; subj. pret. sg. II.
lēte, 1997; sg. III. lēte, 3083.
Ä-lÇ£tan: 1) _to let, allow_: subj. pres. sg. II. þæt þū ne ÄlÇ£te ... dÅm
ge-drÄ“osan, 2666.--2) _to leave, lay aside_: inf. ÄlÇ£tan lÇ£n-dagas (_die_)
2592; so, ÄlÇ£tan lÄ«f and lÄ“odscipe, 2751.
for-lǣtan: 1) _to let, permit_, w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. for-lēt, 971;
pret. pl. for-lēton, 3168. Also with inf. omitted: inf. nolde eorla hlēo
... þone cwealmcuman cwicne (i.e. wesan) forlǣtan (_would not let the
murderous spirit go alive_), 793.--2) _to leave behind, leave_: pret. sg.
in þÄm wong-stede ... þǣr hÄ“ hine Ç£r forlÄ“t (_where he had previously left
him_), 2788.
of-lǣtan, _to leave, lay aside_: pres. sg. II. gyf þū ǣr þonne hē worold
oflǣtest (_leavest the world, diest_), 1184; so pret. sg. oflēt līf-dagas
and þÄs lÇ£nan gesceaft, 1623.
on-lǣtan, _to release, liberate_: pres. sg. III. þonne forstes bend fæder
on-lǣteð (_as soon as the Father looseth the frost's fetters_), 1610.
Ä-lecgan, w. v.: 1) _to lay, lay down_: pret. sg. syððan hilde-dÄ“or hond
Ä-legde ... under gÄ“apne hrÅf, 835; þæt hÄ“ on BÄ“owulfes bearm Ä-legde
(_this_ [the sword] _he laid in B.'s bosom, presented to him_), 2195; pret.
pl. Ä-ledon Ã¾Ä lÄ“ofne þēoden ... on bearm scipes, 34; Ä-legdon Ã¾Ä tÅ middes
mǣrne þēoden _(laid the mighty prince in the midst_ [of the pyre]),
3142.--2) _to lay aside, give up_: siððan ... in fen-freoðo feorh Ä-legde
(_laid down his life, died_), 852; nÅ« se here-wÄ«sa hleahtor Ä-legde, gamen
and glēo-drēam _(now the war-chief has left laughter_, etc.), 3021.
leger, st. n., _couch, bed, lair_: dat. sg. on legere, 3044.
lemian, w. v., _to lame, hinder, oppress_: pret. sg. (for pl.) hine
sorh-wylmas lemede tÅ lange, 906. MS.
leng. See lang.
lenge, adj., _extending along_ or _to, near_ (of time): nom. sg. neut. ne
wæs hit lenge Ã¾Ä gÄ“n (_nor was it yet long_), 83.
ge-lenge, adj., _extending, reaching to, belonging_: nom. sg. yrfe-weard
... līce gelenge (_an heir belonging to one's body_), 2733.
let, st. m., _place of rest, sojourn?_ in comp. eo-let (_voyage?_).
lettan, w. v., _to hinder_: pret. pl. (acc. pers. and gen. thing), þæt
syððan nÄ ... brim-līðende lÄde ne letton (_might no longer hinder
seafarers from journeying_), 569.
Ä-lÄ“don. See Ä-lecgan.
lēg, st. m., _flame, fire_: nom. sg. wonna lēg (_the lurid flame_), 3116;
swÅgende lÄ“g, 3146; dat. sg. for dracan lÄ“ge, 2550. See lÄ«g.
lēg-draca, w. m., _fire-drake, flaming dragon_: nom. sg., 3041.
leahtre. See or-leahtre.
lēaf, st. n., _leaf, foliage_: instr. pl. lēafum, 97.
lēafnes-word, st. n., _permission, leave_: acc. pl., 245.
lēan, st. v. w. acc. _to scold, blame_: pres. sg. III. lyhð, 1049; pret.
sg. lÅg, 1812; pret. pl. lÅgon, 203, 863.
be-lēan, _to dissuade, prevent_: inf. nē inc ǣnig mon ... belēan mihte
sorhfullne sīð (_no one might dissuade you twain from your difficult
journey_), 511.
lēan, st. n., _reward, compensation_: acc. sg., 114, 952, 1221, 1585, 2392;
dat. sg. lÄ“ane, 1022. Often in the pl.: acc. Ã¾Ä lÄ“an, 2996; dat. þÄm
lēanum, 2146; gen. lēana, 2991.--Comp.: and-, ende-lēan.
leÄn (for lÇ£n, O.H.G. lÄ“han), st. n, _loan_, 1810.
lÄ“anian, w. v., _to reward, compensate_: pres. sg. I. ic þē Ã¾Ä fÇ£hðe fÄ“o
lēanige (_repay thee for the contest with old-time treasures_), 1381; pret.
sg. mē þone wæl-rǣs wine Scyldinga fǣttan golde fela lēanode (_the friend
of the Scyldings rewarded me richly for the combat with plated gold_),
2103.
lēas, adj., _false_: nom. pl. lēase, 253.
lēas, adj., _deprived of, free from_, w. gen.: nom. sg. drēama lēas, 851;
dat. sg. winigea lÄ“asum, 1665.--Comp.: dÅm-, drÄ“am-, ealdor-, feoh-,
feormend-, hlÄford-, sÄwol-, sige-, sorh-, tÄ«r-, þēoden-, wine-, wyn-lÄ“as.
lēasig, adj., _concealing one's self_; in comp. sin-lēasig(?).
leoðo-cræft, st. m., _the art of weaving_ or _working in meshes, wire_,
etc.: instr. pl. segn eall-gylden ... gelocen leoðo-cræftum (_a banner all
hand-wrought of interlaced gold_), 2770.
leoðo-syrce, w. f., _shirt of mail (limb-sark)_: acc. sg. locene
leoðo-syrcan (_locked linked sark_), 1506; acc. pl. locene leoðo-syrcan,
1891.
leomum. See lim.
leornian, w. v., _to learn, devise, plan_: pret. him þæs gūð-cyning ...
wræce leornode (_the war-king planned vengeance therefor_), 2337.
lēod, st. m., _prince_: nom. sg., 341, 348, 670, 830, 1433, 1493, 1613,
1654, etc.; acc. lēod, 626.
lēod, st. f., _people_: gen. sg. lēode, 597, 600, 697. In pl. indicates
_individuals, people, kinsmen_: nom. pl. lēode, 362, 415, 1214, 2126, etc.;
gum-cynnes Gēata lēode (_people of the race of the Gēatas_), 260; acc. pl.
lēode, 192, 443, 1337, 1346, etc.; dat. pl. lēodum, 389, 521, 619, 698,
906, 1160, etc.; gen. pl. lēoda, 205, 635, 794, 1674, 2034, etc.
lēod-bealo, st. n., (_mischief, misfortune affecting an entire people_),
_great, unheard-of calamity_: acc. sg., 1723; gen. pl. lēod-bealewa, 1947.
lēod-burh, st. f., _princely castle, stronghold of a ruler, chief city_:
acc. pl. -byrig, 2472.
lēod-cyning, st. m., _king of the people_: nom. sg., 54.
lēod-fruma, w. m., _prince of the people, ruler_: acc. sg. lēod-fruman,
2131.
lēod-gebyrgea, w. m., _protector of the people, prince_: acc. sg.
-gebyrgean, 269.
lēod-hryre, st. m., _fall, overthrow, of the prince, ruler_: dat. sg. æfter
lÄ“od-hryre (_after the fall of the king of the Heaðobeardas_, FrÅda, cf.
2051, 2031; gen. sg. þæs lēod-hryres (of the fall of Heardred, cf. 2389,
2392.
lÄ“od-sceaða, w. m., _injurer of the people_: dat. sg. þÄm lÄ“od-sceaðan,
2094.
lēod-scipe, st. m., _the whole nation, people_: acc. sg., 2752; dat. sg. on
þÄm lÄ“od-scipe, 2198.
lēoð, st. n., _song, lay_: nom. sg., 1160.--Comp.: fyrd-, gryre-, gūð-,
sorh-lēoð.
lēof, adj., _lief, dear_: nom. sg., 31, 54, 203, 511, 521, 1877, 2468; weak
form m., lēofa, 1217, 1484, 1855, 2664; acc. sg. m. lēofne, 34, 297, 619,
1944, 2128, 3109, 3143; gen. sg. lēofes (m.), 1995, 2081, 2898; (neut.),
1062, 2911; dat. pl. lēofum, 1074; gen. pl. lēofra, 1916. Compar. nom. sg.
neut. lēofre, 2652. Superl. nom. sg. m. lēofost, 1297; acc. sg. þone
lēofestan, 2824.
lēoflīc, _dear, precious, valued_: nom. sg. m. lēoflīc lind-wiga, 2604;
acc. sg. neut. lēoflīc īren, 1810.
lēogan, st. v., _to lie, belie, deceive_. subj. pres. næfne him his wlite
lēoge (_unless his looks belie him_), 250; pret. sg. hē ne lēag fela wyrda
nē worda, 3030.
Ä-lÄ“ogan, _to deceive, leave unfulfilled_: pret. sg. hÄ“ bÄ“ot ne Ä-lÄ“h (_he
left not his promise unfulfilled_), 80.
ge-lēogan, _to deceive, betray_: pret. sg. him sēo wēn gelēah (_hope
deceived him_), 2324.
lēoht, st. n., _light, brilliance_: nom. sg., 569, 728, 1751 (?); acc. sg.
sunnan lēoht, 649; godes lēoht gecēas (_chose God's light, died_), 2470;
dat. sg. tŠlēohte, 95.--Comp.: ǣfen-, fȳr-, morgen-lēoht.
lēoht, adj., _luminous, bright_: instr. sg. lēohtan sweorde, 2493.
lēoma, w. m.: 1) _light, splendor_: nom. sg., 311, 2770; acc. sg. lēoman,
1518; sunnan and mÅnan lÄ“oman (_light of sun and moon_), 95.--2) (as beadu-
and hilde-lēoma), _the glittering sword_: nom. sg. līxte se lēoma (_the
blade-gleam flashed_), 1571.
lēosan, st. v., = amitti, in
be-lēosan, _to deprive, be deprived of_: pres. part. (hēo) wearð beloren
lÄ“ofum bearnum and brÅðrum (_was deprived of her dear children and
brethren_), 1074.
for-lÄ“osan, with dat. instr., _to lose something_: pret. sg. þǣr hÄ“ dÅme
for-lēas, ellen-mǣrðum (_there lost he the glory, the repute, of his heroic
deeds_), 1471; pret. sg. for pl. þÄm þe Ç£r his elne for-lÄ“as (_to him who,
before, had lost his valor_), 2862; part. pret. nealles ic þÄm lÄ“anum
for-loren hæfde (_not at all had I lost the rewards_), 2146.
libban, w. v., _to live, be, exist_: pres. sing. III. lifað, 3169; lyfað,
945; leofað, 975, 1367, 2009; subj. pres. sg. II. lifige, 1225; pres. part.
lifigende, 816, 1954, 1974, 2063; dat. sg. be þē lifigendum (_in thy
lifetime_), 2666; pret. sg. lifde, 57, 1258; lyfde, 2145; pret. pl. lifdon,
99. See unlifigende.
licgan, st. v.: 1) _to lie, lie down_ or _low_: pres. sg. nū sēo hand ligeð
(_now the hand lies low_), 1344; nū se wyrm ligeð, 2746, so 2904; inf.
licgan, 3130; licgean, 967, 3083; pret. sg. læg, 40, 552, 2078; syððan
HeardrÄ“d læg (_after HeardrÄ“d had fallen_), 2389; pret. pl. lÄgon, 3049;
lÇ£gon, 566.--2) _to lie prostrate, rest, fail_: pret. sg. nÇ£fre on Åre læg
wīd-cūðes wīg (_never failed the far-famed one's valor at the front_),
1042; syððan wiðer-gyld læg (_after vengeance failed_, or, _when Withergyld
lay dead_, if _W._ is a proper name), 2052.
Ä-licgan, _to succumb, fail, yield_: inf. 2887; pret. sg. þæt his dÅm Ä-læg
(_that its power failed it_), 1529.
ge-licgan, _to rest, lie still_: pret. sg. wind-blond gelæg, 3147.
lida, w. m., _boat, ship_ (as in motion); in comp.: sund-, ȳð-lida.
lid-man, st. m., _seafarer, sailor_: gen. pl. lid-manna, 1624.
lim, st. n., _limb, branch_: instr. pl. leomum, 97.
limpan, st. v., _to happen, befall_ (well or ill); impers. w. dat. pret.
sg. hÅ« lomp Ä“ow on lÄde (_how went it with you on the journey?_), 1988.
Ä-limpan, _to come about, offer itself_: pret. sg. oð þæt sÇ£l Ä-lamp (_till
the opportunity presented itself_), 623; pret. part, Ã¾Ä him Ä-lumpen wæs
wistfylle wēn (_since a hope of a full meal had befallen him_), 734.
be-limpan, _to happen to, befall_: pret. sg. him sÄ«o sÄr belamp, 2469.
ge-limpan, _to happen, occur, turn out_: pres. sg. III. hit eft gelimpeð
þæt..., 1754; subj. pres. þisse ansȳne alwealdan þanc lungre gelimpe
(_thanks to the Almighty forthwith for this sight!_), 930; pret. sg. him on
fyrste gelamp þæt..., 76; swÄ him ful-oft gelamp (_as often happened to
them_), 1253; þæs þe hire se willa gelamp þæt ... (_because her wish had
been fulfilled_), 627; frÅfor eft gelamp sÄrig-mÅdum, 2942; subj. pret. gif
him þyslīcu þearf gelumpe, 2638; pret. part. Denum eallum wearð ... willa
gelumpen, 825.
lind, st. f. (properly _linden_; here, a a wooden shield covered with
linden-bark or pith): nom. sg., 2342; acc. sg. geolwe linde, 2611; acc. pl.
linde, 2366.
lind-gestealla, w. m., _shield-comrade, war-comrade_: nom. sg., 1974.
lind-hæbbend, pres. part., _provided with a shield_, i.e. warrior: nom. pl.
-hæbbende, 245; gen. pl. hæbbendra, 1403.
lind-plega, w. m., _shield-play_, i.e. battle: dat. sg. lind-plegan, 1074,
2040.
lind-wiga, w. m., _shield-fighter, warrior_: nom. sg., 2604.
linnan, st. v., _to depart, be deprived of_: inf. aldre linnan (_depart
from life_), 1479; ealdres linnan, 2444.
lis, st. f., _favor, affection_: gen. pl. eall ... lissa, 2151.
list, st. m., _art, skill, cleverness, cunning_: dat. pl. adverbial, listum
(_cunningly_), 782.
līxan, w. v., _to shine, flash_: pret. sg. līxte, 311, 485, 1571.
līc, st. n.: 1) _body, corpse_: nom. sg., 967; acc. sg. līc, 2081; þæt līc
(_the body, corpse_), 2128; dat. sg. līce, 734, 1504, 2424, 2572, 2733,
2744; gen. sg. līces, 451, 1123.-- 2) _form, figure_: in comp. eofor-,
swīn-līc.
ge-līc, adj., _like, similar_: nom. pl. m. ge-līce, 2165. Superl.
ge-līcost, 218, 728, 986, 1609.
līc-hama, -homa, w. m. _(body-home, garment), body_: nom. sg. līc-homa,
813, 1008, 1755; acc. sg. līc-haman, 2652; dat. sg. līc-haman, 3179.
lÄ«cian, w. v., _to please, like_ (impers.): pres. sg. III. mÄ“ þīn mÅd-sefa
lÄ«cað leng swÄ wÄ“l, 1855; pret. pl. þÄm wÄ«fe Ã¾Ä word wÄ“l lÄ«codon, 640.
līcnes. See on-līcnes.
lÄ«c-sÄr, st. n., _bodily pain_: acc. sg. lÄ«c-sÄr, 816.
līc-syrce, w. f., _body-sark, shirt of mail covering the body_: nom. sg.,
550.
1īðan, st. v., _to move, go_: pres. part. nom. pl. Ã¾Ä līðende (_navigantes,
sailors_), 221; Ã¾Ä wæs sund liden (_the water was then traversed_),
223.--Comp.: hēaðu-, mere-, wǣg-līðend.
līðe (O.H.G. lindi), adj., _gentle, mild, friendly_: nom. sg. w. instr.
gen. lÄra līðe, 1221. Superl. nom. sg. līðost, 3184.
lið-wǣge, st. n., _can in which līð_ (a wine-like, foaming drink) _is
contained_: acc. sg., 1983.
līf, st. n., _life_: acc. sg. līf, 97, 734, 1537, 2424, 2744, 2752; dat.
sg. līfe, 2572; tŠlīfe (_in one's life, ever_) 2433; gen. sg. līfes, 197,
791, 807, 2824, 2846; worolde līfes (_of the earthly life_), 1388,
2344.--Comp. edwīt-līf.
līf-bysig, adj. _(striving for life or death), weary of life, in torment of
death_: nom. sg., 967.
līf-dagas, st. m. pl., _lifetime_: acc.-dagas, 794, 1623.
līf-frēa, w. m., _lord of life, God_: nom. sg., 16.
lÄ«f-gedÄl, st. n., _separation from life_: nom. sg., 842.
līf-gesceaft, st. f., _fate, destiny_: gen. pl.-gesceafta, 1954, 3065.
līf-wraðu, st. f., _protection for one's life, safety_: acc. sg. līf-wraðe,
2878; dat. sg. tŠlīf-wraðe, 972.
līf-wyn, st. f., _pleasure, enjoyment, joy_ (of life): gen. pl. līf-wynna,
2098.
līg, st. m. n., _flame, fire_: nom. sg., 1123; dat. instr. sg. līge, 728,
2306, 2322, 2342; gen. sg. līges, 83, 782. See lēg.
līg-draca, w. m., _ fire-drake, flaming dragon_; nom. pl., 2334. See
lēg-draca.
līg-egesa, w. m., _horror arising through fire, flaming terror_: acc. sg.,
2781.
līge-torn, st. m., _false, pretended insult_ or _injury, fierce anger_(?):
dat. sg. æfter līge-torne (_on account of a pretended insult?_ or _fierce
anger?_ cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 208), 1944.
līg-ȳð, st. m., _wave of fire_: instr. pl. līg-ȳðum, 2673.
lÄ“on, st. v., _to lend_: pret. sg. þæt him on þearfe lÄh þyle HrÅðgÄres
(_which H.'s spokesman lent him in need_), 1457.
on-lēoon, _to lend, grant as a loan_, with gen. of thing and dat. pers.:
pret. sg. Ã¾Ä hÄ“ þæs wÇ£pnes on-lÄh sÄ“lran sweord-frecan, 1468.
loca, w. m., _bolt, lock_: in comp. bÄn-, burh-loca.
locen. See lūcan.
lond, long. See land, lang.
lof, st. m. n., _praise, repute_: acc. sg. lof, 1537.
lof-dǣd, st. f., _deed of praise_: instr. pl. lof-dǣdum, 24.
lof-georn, adj., _eager for praise, ambitious_: superl. nom. sg.
lof-geornost, 3184.
loga, w. m., _liar_; in comp. trēow-loga.
losian, w. v., _to escape, flee_: pres. sg. III. losað, 1393, 2063; pret.
sg. hē on weg losade (_fled away_), 2097.
lÅcian, w. v., _to see, look at_: pres. sg. II. sÇ£-lÄc ... þē þū hÄ“r tÅ
lÅcast (_booty of the sea that thou lookest on_), 1655.
ge-lÅme, adv., _often, frequently_, 559.
lufe, w. f., _love_: in comp. hÄ“ah-, mÅd-, wÄ«f-lufe.
lufa (cf. and-leofa, big-leofa, _nourishment_), w. m., _food, subsistence;
property, real estate_: acc. sg. on lufan (_on possessions_), 1729.--Comp.
eard-lufa.
lufen, st. f. (cf. lufa), _subsistence, food; real estate, (enjoyment?)_:
nom. sg. lufen (parallel with ēðel-wyn), 2887.
luf-tÄcen, st. n., _love-token_: acc. pl. luf-tÄcen, 1864.
lufian, w. v., _to love, serve affectionately_: pret. sg. III. lufode þÄ
lēode (_was on affectionate terms with the people_), 1983.
lungre, adv.: 1) _hastily, quickly, forthwith_, 930, 1631, 2311, 2744.--2)
_quite, very, fully_: fēower mēaras lungre gelīce (_four horses quite
alike_), 2165.
lust, st. m., _pleasure, joy_: dat. pl. adv. lustum (_joyfully_), 1654; so,
on lust, 619, cf. 600.
lūcan, st. v., _to twist, wind, lock, interweave_: pret. part. acc. sg. and
pl. locene leoðo-syrcan (_shirt of mail wrought of meshes or rings
interlocked_), 1506, 1891; gen. pl. locenra bēaga (_rings wrought of gold
wire_), 2996.
be-lūcan: 1) _to shut, close in or around_: pret. sg. winter ȳðe be-lēac
Ä«s-gebinde (_winter locked the waves with icy bond_), 1133.-- 2) _to shut
in, off, preserve, protect_: pret. sg. I. hig wīge belēac manegum mǣgða (_I
shut them in, protected them, from war arising from many a tribe_), 1771.
Cf. mÄ“ wÄ«ge belÅ«c wrÄðum fÄ“ondum (_protect me against mine enemies_), Ps.
34, 3.
ge-lūcan, _to unite, link together, make_: pret. part. gelocen, 2770.
on-lūcan, _to unlock, open_: pret. sg. word-hord on-lēac (_opened the
word-hoard, treasure of speech_), 259.
tÅ-lucan, _(to twist, wrench, in two) to destroy_: inf., 782.
lyft, st. f. (m. n.?), _air_: nom. sg., 1376; dat. sg. æfter lyfte (_along,
through, the air_), 2833.
lyft-floga, w. m., _air-flier_: nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2316.
lyft-geswenced, pret. part., _urged, hastened on, by the wind_, 1914.
lyft-wyn, st. f., _enjoyment of the air_: acc. sg. lyft-wynne, 3044.
lyhð. See leahan.
lystan, w. v., _to lust after, long for_: pret. sg. Gēat ungemetes wēl ...
restan lyste(_the GÄ“at_ [BÄ“owulf] _longed sorely to rest_), 1794.
lyÌ„t, adj. neut. (= parum), _little, very little, few_: lyÌ„t eft becwÅm ...
hÄmes nÄ«osan (_few escaped homeward_), 2366; lyÌ„t Ç£nig (_none at all_),
3130; usually with gen.: wintra lyÌ„t, 1928; lyÌ„t ... hÄ“afod-mÄga, 2151;
wergendra tŠlȳt (_too few defenders_), 2883; lȳt swīgode nīwra spella
(_he kept to himself little, none at all, of the new tidings_), 2898; dat.
sg. lȳt manna (_too few of men_), 2837.
lȳtel, adj., _small, little_: nom. sg. neut. tŠlȳtel, 1749; acc. sg. f.
lȳtle hwīle (_a little while_), 2031, 2098; lif-wraðe lȳtle (_little
protection for his life_), 2878.--Comp. un-lȳtel.
lyÌ„t-hwÅn, adv., _little = not at all_: lyÌ„t-hwÅn lÅgon, 204.
lȳfe, st. n., _leave, permission, (life?)_: instr. sg. þīne lȳfe (life,
MS.), 2132.--Leo. Cf. O.N. leyfi, n., _leave, permission_, in Möbius'
Glossary, p. 266.
lȳfan, w. v., (fundamental meaning _to believe, trust_) in
Ä-lyÌ„fan, _to allow, grant, entrust_: pret. sg. nÇ£fre ic Ç£negum men Ç£r
ÄlyÌ„fde ... þrȳð-ærn Dena (_never before to any man have I entrusted the
palace of the Danes_), 656; pret. part. (Ã¾Ä mÄ“ wæs) sīð ... ÄlyÌ„fed inn
under eorð-weall (_the way in under the wall of earth was allowed me_),
3090.
ge-lȳfan, w. v., _to believe, trust_: 1) w. dat.: inf. þǣr gelȳfan sceal
dryhtnes dÅme sÄ“ þe hine dÄ“að nimeð (_whomever death carrieth away, shall
believe it to be the judgment of God_, i.e. in the contest between BÄ“owulf
and Grendel), 440.--2) w. acc.: pret. sg. gēoce gelȳfde brego Beorht-Dena
(_believed in, expected, help_, etc.), 609; þæt hēo on ǣnigne eorl gelȳfde
fyrena frÅfre (_that she at last should expect from any earl comfort, help,
out of these troubles_), 628; sÄ“ þe him bealwa tÅ bÅte gelyÌ„fde (_who
trusted in him as a help out of evils_), 910; him tÅ anwaldan Äre gelyÌ„fde
(_relied for himself on the help of God_), 1273.
Ä-lyÌ„san, w. v., _to loose, liberate_: pret. part. Ã¾Ä wæs of þǣm hrÅran
helm and byrne lungre Ä-lyÌ„sed (_helm and corselet were straightway loosed
from him_), 1631.
M
maðelian, w. v. (sermocinari), _to speak, talk_: pret. sg. maðelode, 286,
348, 360, 371, 405, 456, 499, etc.; maðelade, 2426.
maga, w. m., _son, male descendant, young man_: nom. sg. maga Healfdenes
(HrÅðgÄr), 189, 1475, 2144; maga Ecgþēowes (BÄ“owulf), 2588: maga (Grendel),
979; se maga geonga (WÄ«glÄf), 2676; Grendeles maga (_a relative of
Grendel_), 2007; acc. sg. þone magan, 944.
magan, v. with pret.-pres. form, _to be able_: pres. sg. I. III. mæg, 277,
478, 931, 943, 1485, 1734, etc.; II. meaht þū, 2048; subj. pres. mǣge,
2531, 2750; þēah ic eal mǣge (_even though I could_), 681; subj. pl. wē
mǣgen, 2655; pret. sg. meahte, 542, 755, 1131, 1660, 2465, etc.; mihte,
190, 207, 462, 511, 571, 657, 1509, 2092, 2610; mehte, 1083, 1497, 1516,
1878; pl. meahton, 649, 942, 1455, 1912, 2374, 3080; mihton, 308, 313,
2684, 3164; subj. pret. sg. meahte, 243, 763, 2521; pres. sg. mæg,
sometimes = licet, _may, can, will_ (fut.), 1366, 1701, 1838, 2865.
mago (Goth. magu-s), st. m., _male, son_: nom. sg. mago EcglÄfes (Hunferð),
1466; mago Healfdenes (HrÅðgÄr), 1868, 2012.
mago-dryht, st. f., _troop of young men, band of men_: nom. sg. mago-driht,
67.
mago-rinc, st. m., _hero, man_ (preeminently): gen. pl. mago-rinca, hēap,
731.
magu-þegn, mago-þegn, st. m., _vassal, war-thane_: nom. sg. 408, 2758; dat.
sg. magu-þegne, 2080; acc. pl. magu-þegnas, 293; dat. pl. mago-þegnum,
1481; gen. pl. mago-þegna ... þone sēlestan (_the best of vassals_), 1406.
man, mon, st. m.: 1) _man, human being_: nom. sg. man, 25, 503, 534, 1049,
1354, 1399, 1535, 1877, etc.; mon, 209, 510, 1561, 1646, 2282, etc.; acc.
sg. w. mannan, 297, 577, 1944, 2128, 2775; wīd-cūðne man, 1490; dat. sg.
men, 656, 753, 1880; menn, 2190; gen. sg. mannes, 1195 (?), 2081, 2534,
2542; monnes, 1730; nom. pl. men, 50, 162, 233, 1635, 3167; acc. pl. men,
69, 337, 1583, 1718; dat. pl. mannum, 3183; gen. pl. manna, 155, 201, 380,
702, 713, 736, etc.; monna, 1414, 2888.--2) indef. pron. = _one, they,
people_ (Germ. _man_): man, 1173, 1176; mon, 2356, 3177.--Comp.: fyrn-,
glēo-, gum-, iū-, lid-, sǣ-, wǣpned-man.
man. See munan.
man-cyn, st. n., _mankind_: dat. sg. man-cynne, 110; gen. sg. man-cynnes,
164, 2182; mon-cynnes, 196, 1956.
man-drēam, st. m., _human joy, mundi voluptas_: acc. sg. man-drēam, 1265;
dat. pl. mon-drēamum, 1716.
man-dryhten, st. m. (_lord of men_), _ruler of the people, prince, king_:
nom. sg. man-dryhten, 1979, 2648; mon-drihten, 436; mon-dryhten, 2866; acc.
sg. mon-dryhten, 2605; dat. sg. man-drihtne, 1230; man-dryhtne, 1250, 2282;
gen. sg. man-dryhtnes, 2850; mon-dryhtnes, 3150.
ge-mang, st. m., _troop, company_: dat. sg. on gemonge (_in the troop_ [of
the fourteen GÄ“atas that returned from the sea]), 1644.
manian, w. v., _to warn, admonish_: pres. sg. III. manað swÄ and myndgað
... sÄrum wordum (_so warneth and remindeth he with bitter words_), 2058.
manig, monig, adj., _many, many a, much_: 1) adjectively: nom. sg. rinc
manig, 399; geong manig (_many a young man_), 855; monig snellīc sǣ-rinc,
690; medu-benc monig, 777; so 839, 909, 919, 1511, 2763, 3023, etc.; acc.
sg. medo-ful manig, 1016; dat. sg. m. þegne monegum, 1342, 1420; dat. sg.
f. manigre mÇ£gðe, 75; acc. pl. manige men, 337; dat. pl. manegum mÄðmum,
2104; monegum mǣgðum, 5; gen. pl. manigra mēda, 1179.--2) substantively:
nom. sg. manig, 1861; monig, 858; dat. sg. manegum, 349, 1888; nom. pl.
manige, 1024; monige, 2983; acc. pl. monige, 1599; gen. pl. manigra,
2092.--3) with depend. gen. pl.: dat. manegum mǣgða, 1772; monegum fīra,
2002; hæleða monegum bold-Ägendra, 3112; acc. pl. rinca manige, 729;
(mÄðm)-Ç£hta monige, 1614.
manig-oft, adv., _very often, frequently_, 171 [if manig and oft are to be
connected].
man-līce, adv., _man-like, manly_, 1047.
man-þwǣre, adj., _kind, gentle toward men, philanthropic_: nom. sg. superl.
mon-þwǣrust, 3183.
mÄ, contracted compar., _more_: with partitive gen., 504, 736, 1056.
mÄðum, mÄððum, st. m., _gift, jewel, object of value_: acc. sg. mÄððum,
169, 1053, 2056, 3017; dat. instr. sg. mÄðme, 1529, 1903; nom. pl. mÄðmas,
1861; acc. pl. mÄdmas, 385, 472, 1028, 1483, 1757, 1868, etc.; dat. instr.
pl. mÄðmum, mÄdmum, 1049, 1899, 2104, 2789; gen. pl. mÄðma, 1785, 2144,
2167, etc.; mÄdma, 36, 41.--Comp.: dryht-, gold-, hord-, ofer-, sinc-,
wundor-mÄðum.
mÄðm-Ç£ht, st. f., _treasure in jewels, costly objects_: gen. pl. mÄðm-Ç£hta,
1614, 2834.
mÄððum-fæt, st. n., _treasure-casket_ or _cup, costly vessel_: nom. sg.,
2406.
mÄðm-gestrÄ“on, st. n., _precious jewel_: gen. pl. mÄðm-gestrÄ“ona, 1932.
mÄðum-gifu, st. f., _gift of valuable objects, largess of treasure_: dat.
sg. æfter mÄððum-gife, 1302.
mÄðum-sigl, st. n., _costly, sun-shaped ornament, valuable decoration_:
gen. pl. mÄððum-sigla, 2758.
mÄðum-sweord, st. n., _costly sword_ (inlaid with gold and jewels): acc.
sg., 1024.
mÄðum-wela, w. m., _wealth of jewels, valuables_:: dat. sg.
æfter-mÄððum-welan (_after the sight of the wealth of jewels_), 2751.
mÄgas. See mÇ£g.
mÄge, w. f., _female relative_: gen. sg. Grendles mÄgan (_mother_), 1392.
mÄn, st. n., _crime, misdeed_: instr. sg. mÄne, 110, 979; adv.,
_criminally_, 1056.
mÄn-for-dÇ£dla, w. m., _evil-doer, criminal_: nom. pl. mÄn-for-dÇ£dlan, 563.
mÄn-scaða, w. m., _mischievous, hurtful foe, hostis nefastus_: nom. sg.
713, 738, 1340; mÄn-sceaða, 2515.
mÄra (comp. of micel), adj., _greater, stronger, mightier_: nom. sg. m.
mÄra, 1354, 2556; neut. mÄre, 1561; acc. sg. m. mÄran, 2017; mund-gripe
mÄran (_a mightier hand-grip_), 754; with following gen. pl. mÄran ...
eorla (_a more powerful earl_), 247; fem. mÄran, 533, 1012; neut. mÄre,
518; with gen. pl. morð-beala mÄre _(more, greater, deeds of murder_), 136;
gen. sg. f. mÄran, 1824.
mÇ£st (superl. of micel, mÄra), _greatest, strongest_: nom. sg. neut. (with
partitive gen.), mǣst, 78, 193; fem. mǣst, 2329; acc. sg. fem. fǣhðe mǣste,
459; mǣste ... worolde wynne (_the highest earthly pleasure_), 1080; neut.
n. (with partitive gen.) mǣst mǣrða, 2646; hond-wundra mǣst, 2769;
bǣl-fȳra mǣst, 3144; instr. sg. m. mǣste cræfte, 2182.
mæcg. See mecg.
mægð, st. f., _wife, maid, woman_: nom. sg., 3017; gen. pl. mægða hÅse
(_accompanied by her maids of honor_), 925; mægða, 944, 1284.
mægen, st. n.: 1) _might, bodily strength, heroic power_: acc. sg. mægen,
518, 1707; instr. sg. mægene, 780(?), 2668; gen. sg. mægenes, 418, 1271,
1535, 1717, etc.; mægnes, 671, 1762; mægenes strang, strengest (_great in
strength_), 1845, 196; mægenes rÅf (id.), 2085.--2) _prime, flower_ (of a
nation), _forces available in war_: acc. sg. swÄ hÄ“ oft (i.e. etan) dyde
mægen Hrēðmanna (_the best of the Hreðmen_), 445; gen. sg. wið manna hwone
mægenes Deniga (_from(?) any of the men of the Danes_), 155.--Comp.
ofer-mægen.
mægen-Ägend, pres. part., _having great strength, valiant_: gen. pl.
-Ägendra, 2838.
mægen-byrðen, st. f., _huge burthen_: acc. sg. mægen-byrðenne, 3092; dat.
(instr.) sg., 1626.
mægen-cræft, st. m., _great, hero-like, strength_: acc. sg., 380.
mægen-ellen, st. n. (the same), acc. sg., 660.
mægen-fultum, st. m., _material aid_: gen. pl. næs þæt þonne mǣtost
mægen-fultuma (_that was not the least of strong helps_, i.e. the sword
Hrunting), 1456.
mægen-rǣs, st. m., _mighty attack, onslaught_: acc. sg., 1520.
mægen-strengo, st. f., _main strength, heroic power_: acc. sg., 2679.
mægen-wudu, st. m., _might-wood_, i.e. the spear, lance: acc. sg., 236.
mæst, st. m., _mast_: nom. sg., 1899; dat. sg. be mæste (_beside the
mast_), 36; _to the mast_, 1906.
mǣðum. See mÄðum, hyge-mǣðum.
mǣg, st. m., _kinsman by blood_: nom. sg. mǣg, 408, 738, 759, 814, 915,
1531, 1945, etc; (_brother_), 468, 2605? acc. sg. mǣg (_son_), 1340;
(_brother_), 2440, 2485, 2983; dat. sg. mǣge, 1979; gen. sg. mǣges, 2629,
2676, 2699, 2880; nom. pl. mÄgas, 1016; acc. pl. mÄgas, 2816; dat. pl.
mÄgum, 1179, 2615, 3066; (_to brothers_), 1168; mÇ£gum, 2354; gen. pl. mÄga,
247, 1080, 1854, 2007, 2743.--Comp.: fæderen-, hēafod-, wine-mǣg.
mǣg-burh, st. f., _borough of blood-kinsmen, entire population united by
ties of blood_; (in wider sense) _race, people, nation_: gen. sg.
lond-rihtes ... þǣre mǣg-burge (_of land possessions among the people_,
i.e. of the GÄ“atas), 2888.
mǣgð, st. f., _race, people_: acc. sg. mǣgðe, 1012; dat. sg. mǣgðe, 75;
dat. pl. mǣgðum, 5; gen. pl. mǣgða, 25, 1772.
mǣg-wine, st. m., _blood kinsman, friend_, 2480 (nom. pl.).
mÇ£l, st. n.: l) _time, point of time_: nom. sg. 316; Ã¾Ä wæs sÇ£l and mÇ£l
(_there was_ [appropriate] _chance and time_), 1009; acc. sg. mǣl, 2634;
instr. pl. ǣrran mǣlum, 908, 2238, 3036; gen. pl. mǣla, 1250; sǣla and
mǣla, 1612; mǣla gehwylce (_each time, without intermission_), 2058.--2)
_sword, weapon_: nom. sg. brÅden (brogden) mÇ£l (_the drawn sword_), 1617,
1668 (cf. Grimm, Andreas and Elene, p. 156).--3) _mole, spot,
mark_.--Comp.: grǣg-, hring-, sceaðen-, wunden-mǣl.
mǣl-cearu, st. f., _long-continued sorrow, grief_: acc. sg. mǣl-ceare, 189.
mÇ£l-gesceaft, st. f., _fate, appointed time_: acc. pl. ie on earde bÄd
mǣl-gesceafta (_awaited the time allotted for me by fate_), 2738.
mǣnan, w. v., with acc. in the sense of (1) _to remember, mention,
proclaim_: inf. mǣnan, 1068; pret. part. þǣr wæs Bēowulfes mǣrðo mǣned,
858.--2) _to mention sorrowfully, mourn_: inf. 3173; pret. sg. giohðo mǣnde
(_mourned sorrowfully_), 2268; pret. pl. mǣndon, 1150, 3150.
ge-mÇ£nan (see mÄn), w. v. with acc., _to injure maliciously, break_: subj.
pret. pl. ge-mǣnden, 1102.
ge-mǣne, adj., _common, in common_: nom. sg. gemǣne, 2474; þǣr unc hwīle
wæs hand gemÇ£ne (i.e. in battle), 2138; sceal Å«rum þæt sweord and helm bÄm
gemÇ£ne (i.e. wesan), 2661; nom. pl. gemÇ£ne, 1861; dat. pl. þæt þÄm folcum
sceal ... sib gemǣnum (attraction for gemǣne, i.e. wesan), 1858; gen. pl.
unc sceal (i.e. wesan) fela mÄðma gemÇ£nra (_we two shall share many
treasures together_), 1785.
mǣrðu, st. f.: 1) _glory, a heroes fame_: nom. sg. 858; acc. sg. mǣrðo,
660, 688; acc. pl. mǣrða, 2997; instr. pl. mǣrðum (_gloriously_), 2515:
gen. pl. mǣrða, 504, 1531.--2) _deed of glory, heroism_: acc. sg. mǣrðo,
2135; gen. pl. mǣrða, 408, 2646.--Comp. ellen-mǣrðu.
mǣre, adj., _memorable; celebrated, noble; well known, notorious_: nom. sg.
m. mǣre, 103, 129, 1716, 1762; se mǣra, 763, 2012, 2588; also as vocative
m. se mǣra, 1475; nom. fem. mǣru, 2017; mǣre, 1953; neut. mǣre, 2406; acc.
sg. m. mǣrne, 36, 201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2789, 3099; neut. mǣre, 1024;
dat. sg. mǣrum, 345, 1302, 1993, 2080, 2573; tŠþǣm mǣran, 270; gen. sg.
mǣres, 798; mǣran, 1730; nom. pl. mǣre, 3071; superl. mǣrost, 899,--Comp.:
fore-, heaðo-mǣre.
mÇ£st. See mÄra.
mǣte, adj., _moderate, small_: superl. nom. sg. mǣtost, 1456.
mecg, mæcg, st. m., _son, youth, man_. in comp. hilde-, Året-mecg,
wræc-mæcg.
medla. See on-medla.
medu, st. m., _mead_: acc. sg. medu, 2634; dat. sg. tÅ medo, 605.
medo-ærn, st. n., _mead-hall_: acc. sg. medo-ærn (Heorot), 69.
medu-benc, st. f., _mead-bench, bench in the mead-hall_: nom. sg.
medu-benc, 777; dat. sg. medu-bence, 1053; medo-bence, 1068, 2186;
meodu-bence, 1903.
medu-drēam, st. m., _mead-joy, joyous carousing during mead-drinking_: acc.
sg. 2017.
medo-ful, st. n., _mead-cup_: acc. sg. 625, 1016.
medo-heal, st. f., _mead-hall_: nom. sg., 484; dat. sg. meodu-healle, 639.
medu-scenc, st. m., _mead-can, vessel_: instr. pl. meodu-scencum, 1981.
medu-seld, st. n., _mead-seat, mead-house_: acc. sg., 3066.
medo-setl, st. n., _mead-seat upon which one sits mead-drinking_: gen. pl.
meodo-setla, 5.
medo-stīg, st. f., _mead-road, road to the mead-hall_: acc. sg. medo-stīg,
925.
medo-wang, st. m., _mead-field_ (where the mead-hall stood): acc. pl.
medo-wongas, 1644.
meðel, st. n., _assembly, council_: dat. sg. on meðle, 1877.
meðel-stede, st. m., (properly _place of speech, judgment-seat_), here
_meeting-place, battle-field_ (so, also 425, the battle is conceived under
the figure of a parliament or convention): dat. sg. on þǣm meðel-stede,
1083.
meðel-word, st. n., _words called forth at a discussion; address_: instr.
pl. meðel-wordum, 236.
melda, w. m., _finder, informer, betrayer_: gen. sg. þæs meldan, 2406.
meltan, st. v. intrans., _to consume by fire, melt or waste away_: inf.,
3012; pret. sg. mealt, 2327; pl. multon, 1121.
ge-meltan, the same: pret. sg. gemealt, 898, 1609, 1616; ne gemealt him se
mÅd-sefa (_his courage did not desert him_), 2629.
men. See man.
mene, st. m., _neck ornament, necklace, collar_: acc. sg., 1200.
mengan, w. v., _to mingle, unite, with_, w. acc. of thing: inf. sē þe
mere-grundas mengan scolde, 1450.
ge-mengan, _to mix with, commingle_: pret. part. 849, 1594.
menigu, st. f., _multitude, many_: nom. and acc. sg. mÄðma menigeo
(_multitude of treasures, presents_), 2144; so, mænigo, 41.
mercels, st. m., _mark, aim_: gen. sg. mercelses, 2440.
mere, st. m., _sea, ocean_: nom. sg. se mere, 1363; acc. sg. on mere, 1131,
1604; on nicera mere, 846; dat. sg. fram mere, 856.
mere-dēor, st. n., _sea-beast_: acc. sg., 558.
mere-fara, w. m., _seafarer_: gen. sg. mere-faran, 502.
mere-fix, st. m., _sea-fish_: gen. pl. mere-fixa (_the whale_, cf. 540,
549.
mere-grund, st. m., _sea-bottom_: acc. sg., 2101; acc. pl. mere-grundas,
1450.
mere-hrægl, st. n., _-sea-garment_, i.e., sail: gen. pl. mere-hrægla sum,
1906.
mere-līðend, pres. part., _moving on the sea, sailor_: nom. pl.
mere-līðende, 255.
mere-strǣt, st. f., _sea-street, way over the sea_: acc. pl. mere-strǣta
514.
mere-strengo, st. f., _sea-power, strength in the sea_: acc. sg., 533.
mere-wīf, st. n., _sea-woman, mer-woman_: acc. sg. (of Grendel's mother),
1520.
mergen. See morgen.
met, st. n., _thought, intention_ (cf. metian = meditari): acc. pl. onsǣl
meoto, 489 (meaning doubtful; see Bugge, Journal 8, 292; Dietrich, Haupt's
Zeits. 11, 411; Körner, Eng. Stud. 2, 251).
ge-met, st. n., _an apportioned share; might, power, ability _: nom. sg.
nis þæt ... gemet mannes nefne mÄ«n Änes (_nobody, myself excepted, can do
that_), 2534; acc. sg. ofer mīn gemet (_beyond my power_), 2880; dat. sg.
mid gemete, 780.
ge-met, adj., _well-measured, meet, good_: nom. sg. swÄ him gemet þince
(þūhte), (_as seemed meet to him_), 688, 3058. See un-gemete, adv.
metan, st. v., _to measure, pass over_ or _along_: pret. pl. fealwe strǣte
mēarum mǣton (_measured the yellow road with their horses_), 918; so, 514,
1634.
ge-metan, the same: pret. sg. medu-stīg gemæt.(_measured, walked over, the
road to the mead-hall_), 925.
metod, st. m. (the measuring, arranging) _Creator, God_: nom. sg., 110,
707, 968, 1058, 2528; scÄ«r metod, 980; sÅð metod, 1612; acc. sg. metod,
180; dat. sg. metode, 169, 1779; gen. sg. metodes, 671.--Comp. eald-metod.
metod-sceaft, st. f.: 1) _the Creator's determination, divine purpose,
fate_: acc. sg. -sceaft, 1078.--2) _the Creators glory_: acc. sg.
metod-sceaft sēon (i.e. die), 1181; dat. sg. tŠmetod-sceafte, 2816.
mÄ“ce, st. m., _sword_: nom. sg., 1939; acc. sg. mÄ“ce, 2048; brÄdne mÄ“ce,
2979; gen. sg. mēces, 1766, 1813, 2615, 2940; dat. pl. instr. mēcum, 565;
gen. pl. mēca, 2686.--Comp.: beado-, hæft-, hilde-mēce.
mēd, st. f., _meed, reward_: acc. sg. mēde, 2135; dat. sg. mēde, 2147; gen.
pl. mēda, 1179.
ge-mēde, st. n., _approval, permission_ (Grein): acc. pl. ge-mēdu, 247.
mēðe, adj., _tired, exhausted, dejected_: in comp. hyge-, sǣ-mēðe.
mētan, w. v., _to meet, find, fall in with_: with acc., pret. pl. syððan
Æscheres ... hafelan mētton, 1422; subj. pret. sg. þæt hē ne mētte ... on
elran man mundgripe mÄran (_that he never met, in any other man, with a
mightier hand-grip_), 752.
ge-mÄ“tan, with acc., the same: pret. sg. gemÄ“tte, 758, 2786; pl. næs þÄ
long tŠþon, þæt Ã¾Ä ÄglÇ£cean hyÌ„ eft gemÄ“tton (_it was not long after that
the warriors again met each other_), 2593.
ge-mēting, st. f., _meeting, hostile coming together_: nom. sg., 2002.
mēagol, adj., _mighty, immense; formal, solemn_: instr. pl. mēaglum wordum,
1981.
mearc, st. f., _frontier, limit, end_: dat. sg. tÅ mearce (_the end of
life_), 2385.--Comp. Weder-mearc, 298.
ge-mearc, st. n., _measure, distance_: comp. fÅt-, mÄ«l-ge-mearc.
mearcian, w. v., _to mark, stain_: pres. ind. sg. mearcað mÅrhopu (_will
stain, mark, the moor with the blood of the corpse_), 450.
ge-mearcian, the same: pret. part. (Cain) morðre gemearcod (_murder-marked_
[cf. 1 Book Mos. IV. 15]), 1265; swÄ wæs on þǣm scennum ... gemearcod ...
hwÄm þæt sweord geworht wÇ£re (_engraved for whom the sword had been
wrought_), 1696.
mearc-stapa, w. m., _march-strider, frontier-haunter_ (applied to Grendel
and his mother): nom. sg., 103; acc. pl. mearc-stapan, 1349.
mearh, st. m., _horse, steed_: nom. pl. mēaras, 2164; acc. pl. mēaras, 866,
1036; dat. pl. inst. mÄ“arum, 856, 918; mÄ“arum and mÄðmum, 1049, 1899; gen.
pl. mÄ“ara and mÄðma, 2167.
mearn. See murnan.
meodu. See medu.
meoto. See met.
meotud. See metod.
meowle, w. f., _maiden_: comp. geÅ-meowle.
micel, adj., _great, huge, long_ (of time): nom. sg. m., 129, 502; fem.,
67, 146, 170; neut., 772; acc. sg. m. micelne, 3099; fem, micle, 1779,
3092; neut. micel, 270, 1168. The comp. mÄre must be supplied before þone
in: medo-ærn micel ... (mÄre) þone yldo beam Ç£fre ge-frÅ«non, 69; instr. sg.
ge-trume micle, 923; micle (_by much, much_); micle lēofre (_far dearer_),
2652; efne swÄ micle (lÇ£ssa), (_[less] even by so much_), 1284; oftor micle
(_much oftener_), 1580; dat. sg, weak form miclan, 2850; gen. sg. miclan,
979. The gen. sg. micles is an adv. = _much, very_: micles wyrðne gedÅn
(_deem worthy of much_, i.e. honor very highly), 2186; tÅ fela micles (_far
too much, many_), 695; acc. pl. micle, 1349. Compar., see mÄra.
mid, I. prep. w. dat., instr., and acc., signifying preëminently _union,
community, with_, hence: 1) w. dat.: a) _with, in company, community,
with_; mid Finne, 1129; mid HrÅðgÄre, 1593; mid scip-herge, 243; mid
gesīðum (_with his comrades_), 1314; so, 1318, 1964, 2950, etc.; mid his
frÄ“o-drihtne, 2628; mid þǣm lÄcum (_with the gifts_), 1869; so, 2789, 125;
mid hÇ£le (_with good luck!_), 1218; mid bÇ£le fÅr (_sped off amid fire_),
2309. The prep. postponed: him mid (_with him, in his company_), 41; _with
him_, 1626; ne wæs him Fitela mid (_was not with him_), 890. b) _with,
among_: mid GÄ“atum (_among the GÄ“atas_), 195, 2193, 2624; mid Scyldingum,
274; mid Eotenum, 903; mid yldum (eldum), 77, 2612; mid him (_with, among,
one another_), 2949. In temporal sense: mid ǣr-dæge (_at dawn_), 126.--2)
_with, with the help of, through_, w. dat.: mid Är-stafum (_through his
grace_), 317; so, 2379; mid grÄpe (_with the fist_), 438; so, 1462, 2721;
mid his hete-þoncum (_through his hatred_), 475; mid sweorde, 574; so,
1660, 2877; mid gemete (_through, by, his power_), 780; so, 1220, 2536,
2918; mid gÅde (_with benefits_), 1185; mid hearme (_with harm, insult_),
1893; mid þǣre sorge (_with [through?] this sorrow_), 2469; mid rihte (_by
rights_), 2057. With instr.: mid þȳ wīfe (_through [marriage with] the
woman_), 2029.--3) w. acc., _with, in community, company, with_: mid his
eorla gedriht, 357; so, 634, 663, 1673; mid hine, 880; mid mīnne
gold-gyfan, 2653.
II. adv., mid, _thereamong, in the company_, 1643; _at the same time,
likewise_, 1650.
middan-geard, st. m., _globe, earth_: acc. sg., 75, 1772; dat. sg. on
middan-gearde, 2997; gen. sg. middan-geardes, 504, 752.
midde, w. f., _middle = medius_: dat. sg. on middan (_through the middle,
in two_), 2706; gen. sg. (adv.) tÅ-middes (_in the midst_), 3142.
middel-niht, st. f., _midnight_: dat. pl. middel-nihtum, 2783, 2834.
miht, st. f., _might, power, authority_: acc. sg. þurh drihtnes miht
(_through the Lord's help, power_), 941; instr. pl. selfes mihtum, 701.
mihtig, adj.: 1) _physically strong, powerful_: acc. sg. mihtig mere-dēor,
558; mere-wīf mihtig, 1520.--2) _possessing authority, mighty_: nom. sg.
mihtig god, 702, 1717, 1726; dat. sg. mihtigan drihtne, 1399.--Comp.: æl-,
fore-mihtig.
milde, adj., _kind, gracious, generous_: nom. sg. mÅdes milde
(_kind-hearted_), 1230; instr. pl. mildum wordum (_graciously_), 1173.
Superl. nom. sg. worold-cyning mannum mildust (_a king most liberal to
men_), 3183.
milts, st. f., _kindness, benevolence_: nom. sg., 2922.
missan, w. v. with gen., _to miss, err in_: pret. sg. miste mercelses
(_missed the mark_), 2440.
missēre, st. n., _space of a semester, half a year_: gen. pl. hund missēra
(_fifty winters_), 2734, 2210; generally, _a long period of time, season_,
1499, 1770; fela missēra, 153, 2621.
mist-hlið, st. n., _misty cliff, cloud-capped slope_: dat. pl. under
mist-hleoðum, 711.
mistig, adj., _misty_: acc. pl. mistige mÅras, 162.
mīl-gemearc, st. n., _measure by miles_: gen. sg. mīl-gemearces, 1363.
mÄ«n: 1) poss. pron., _my, mine_, 255, 345, etc.; HygelÄc mÄ«n (_my lord_, or
_king, H._), 2435.--2) gen. sg. of pers. pron. ic, _of me_, 2085, 2534,
etc.
molde, w. f., _dust; earth, field_: in comp. græs-molde.
mon. See man.
ge-mong. See ge-mang.
morð-bealu, st. n., _murder, deadly hale_ or _deed of murder_: gen. pl.
morð-beala, 136.
morðor, st. n., _deed of violence, murder_: dat. instr. sg. morðre, 893,
1265, 2783; gen. sg. morðres, 2056; morðres scyldig (_guilty of murder_),
1684.
morðor-bed, st. n., _bed of death, murder-bed_: acc. sg. wæs þÄm yldestan
... morðor-bed strēd (_a bed of death was spread for the eldest_, i.e.
through murder his death-bed was prepared), 2437.
morðor-bealu, st. n., _death-bale, destruction by murder_: acc. sg.
morðor-bealo, 1080, 2743.
morðor-hete, st. m., _murderous hate_: gen. sg. þæs morðor-hetes, 1106.
morgen, morn, mergen, st. m., _morning, forenoon_; also _morrow_: nom. sg.
morgen, 1785, 2125; (_morrow_), 2104; acc. sg. on morgen (_in the
morning_), 838; dat. sg. on morgne, 2485; on mergenne, 565, 2940; gen. pl.
morna gehwylce (_every morning_), 2451.
morgen-ceald, adj., _morning-cold, dawn-cold_: nom. sg. gÄr morgen-ceald
(_spear chilled by the early air of morn_), 3023.
morgen-lang, adj., _lasting through the morning_: acc. sg. morgen-longne
dæg (_the whole forenoon_), 2895.
morgen-lēoht, st. n., _morning-light_: nom. sg., 605, 918.
morgen-swēg, st. m., _morning-cry, cry at morn_: nom. sg., 129.
morgen-tīd, st. f., _morning-tide_: acc. sg. on morgen-tīde, 484, 818(?)
morn. See morgen.
mÅd, st. n.: 1) _heart, soul, spirit, mood, mind, manner of thinking_: nom.
sg., 50, 731; wÇ£fre mÅd (_the flicker ing spirit, the fading breath_),
1151; acc. sg. on mÅd (_into his mind_), 67; dat. instr. sg. mÅde geþungen
(_of mature, lofty spirit_), 625; on mÅde (_in heart, mind_), 754, 1845,
2282? 2528; on hrÄ“oum mÅde (_fierce of spirit_), 2582; gen. sg. modes, 171,
811, 1707; modes blīðe (_gracious-minded, kindly disposed_), 436; so, mÅdes
milde, 1230; mÅdes sÄ“oce (_depressed in mind_), 1604.--2) _boldness,
courage_: nom. and acc. sg., 1058, 1168. 3) _passion, fierceness_: nom.
sg., 549.--Comp. form adj.: galg-, geÅmor-, glæd-, gūð-, hrÄ“oh-, sÄrig-,
stīð-, swīð-, wÄ“rig-, yrre-mÅd.
mÅd-cearu, st. f., _grief of heart_: acc. sg. mÅd-ceare, 1993, 3150.
mÅd-gehygd, st. f ., _thought of the heart; mind_: instr. pl. mÅd-gehygdum,
233
mÅd-ge-þanc, st. n., _mood-thought, meditation_: acc. sg. mÅd-ge-þonc,
1730.
mÅd-giÅmor, adj., _grieved at heart, dejected_: nom. sg., 2895.
mÅdig, adj., _courageous_: nom. sg., 605, 1644, 1813, 2758; hÄ“ þæs (þǣm,
MS.) mÅdig wæs (_had the courage for it_), 1509; se mÅdega, 814; dat. sg.
mid þÄm mÅdigan, 3012; gen. sg. mÅdges, 502; mÅdiges, 2699; GÄ“ata lÄ“od
georne truwode mÅdgan mægnes (_trusted firmly in his bold strength_), 671;
nom. pl. mÅdge, 856; mÅdige, 1877; gen. pl. mÅdigra, 312, 1889.--Comp,
fela-mÅdig.
mÅdig-lÄ«c, adj., _of bold appearance_: compar. acc. pl. mÅdiglÄ«cran, 337.
mÅd-lufe, w. f., _hearts affection, love_: gen. sg. þīnre mÅd-lufan, 1824.
mÅd-sefa, w. m., _thought of the heart; brave, bold temper; courage_: nom.
sg., 349, 1854, 2629; acc. sg. mÅd-sefan, 2013; dat. sg. mÅd-sefan, 180.
mÅd-þracu, st. f., _boldness, courage, strength of mind_: dat. sg. for his
mÅd-þræce, 385.
mÅdor, f., _mother_: nom. sg., 1259, 1277, 1283, 1684, 2119; acc. sg.
mÅdor, 1539, 2140, 2933.
mÅna, w. m., _moon_: gen. sg. mÅnan, 94.
mÅr, st. m., _moor, morass, swamp_: acc. sg. ofer myrcan mÅr, 1406; dat.
sg. of mÅre, 711; acc. pl. mÅras, 103, 162, 1349.
mÅr-hop, st. n., _place of refuge in the moor, hiding-place in the swamp_:
acc. pl. mÅr-hopu, 450.
ge-mÅt, st. n., _meeting_: in comp. hand-, torn-ge-mÅt.
mÅtan, pret.-pres. v.: 1) _power_ or _permission to have something, to be
permitted; may, can_: pres. sg. I., III. mÅt, 186, 442, 604; II. mÅst,
1672; pl. mÅton, 347, 365, 395; pres. subj. ic mÅte, 431; III. sÄ“ þe mÅte,
1388; pret sg. mÅste, 168, 707, 736, 895, 1488, 1999, 2242, 2505, etc.; pl.
mÅston, 1629, 1876, 2039, 2125, 2248; pres. subj. sg. II. þæt þū hine
selfne gesÄ“on mÅste (_mightest see_), 962.--2) _shall, must, be obliged_:
pres. sg. mÅt, 2887; pret. sg. mÅste, 1940; þǣr hÄ“ þyÌ„ fyrste forman dÅgore
wealdan mÅste, swÄ him Wyrd ne gescrÄf, hrēð æt hilde (_if he must for the
first time that day be victorious, as Fate had denied him victory_, cf.
2681, 2683 seqq.), 2575.
ge-munan, pret.-pres. v., _to have in mind, be mindful; remember, think
of_, w. acc.: pres. sg. hine gearwe geman witena wēl-hwylc (_each of the
knowing ones still remembers him well_), 265; ic þē þæs lēan geman (_I
shall not forget thy reward for this_), 1221; ic þæt eall gemon (_I
remember all that_), 2428; so, 1702, 2043; gif hē þæt eall gemon hwæt ...
(_if he is mindful of all that which_ ...), 1186; ic þæt mǣl gemon hwǣr...
(_I remember the time when_...), 2634; pret. sg. w. gemunde... ǣfen-sprǣce
(_recalled his evening speech_), 759; so, 871, 1130, 1260, 1271, 1291,
2115, 2432, 2607, 2679; sē þæs lēod-hryres lēan ge-munde (_was mindful of
reward for the fall of the ruler_), 2392; þæt hē Eotena bearn inne gemunde
(_that he in this should remember, take vengeance on, the children of the
Eotens_), 1142; so, hond gemunde fÇ£hðo genÅge (_his hand remembered strife
enough_), 2490; ne ge-munde mago EcglÄfes þæt ... (_remembered not that
which_ ...), 1466; pret. pl. helle gemundon in mÅd-sefan (_their thoughts_
[as heathens] _fixed themselves on, remembered, hell_), 179.
on-munan, w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, _to admonish, exhort_: pret. sg.
onmunde ūsic mǣrða (_exhorted us to deeds of glory_), 2641.
mund, st. f., _hand_: instr. pl. mundum, mid mundum, 236, 514, 1462, 3023,
3092.
mund-bora, w. m., _protector, guardian, preserver_: nom. sg., 1481, 2780.
mund-gripe, st. m., _hand-grip, seizure_: acc. sg. mund-gripe, 754; dat.
sg. mund-gripe, 380, 1535; æfter mund-gripe (_after having seized the
criminal_), 1939.
murnan, st. v., _to shrink from, be afraid of, avoid_: pret. sg. nÅ mearn
fore fǣhðe and fyrene, 136; so, 1538; nalles for ealdre mearn (_was not
apprehensive for his life_), 1443.--2) _to mourn, grieve_: pres. part. him
wæs ... murnende mÅd, 50; pres. subj., þonne hÄ“ fela murne (_than that he
should mourn much_), 1386.
be-murnan, be-meornan, with acc., _to mourn over_: pret. be-mearn, 908,
1078.
murn-līce. See un-murn-līce.
mūð-bana, w. m., _mouth-destroyer_: dat. sg. tŠmūð-bonan (of Grendel
because he bit his victim to death), 2080.
mūða, w. m., _mouth, entrance_: acc. sg. recedes mūðan (_mouth of the
house, door_), 725.
ge-mynd, st. f., _memory, memorial, remembrance_: dat. pl. tÅ gemyndum,
2805, 3017. See weorð-mynd.
myhdgian, w. v., _to call to mind, remember_: pres. sg. myndgað, 2058;
pres. part. w. gen. gif þonne Frēsna hwylc ... þæs morðor-hetes myndgiend
wǣre (_were to call to mind the bloody feud_), 1106.
ge-myndgian, w. v. w. acc., _to remember_: bið gemyndgad ... eaforan
ellor-sīð (_is reminded of his son's decease_), 2451.
ge-myndig, adj., _mindful_: nom. sg. w. gen., 614, 869, 1174, 1531, 2083,
etc.
myne, st. m.: 1) _mind, wish_: nom. sg., 2573.--2) _love_(?): nē his myne
wisse (_whose_ [God's] _love he knew not_), 169.
ge-mynian, w. v. w. acc., _to be mindful of_: imper. sg. gemyne mǣrðo! 660.
myntan, w. v., _to intend, think of, resolve_: pret. sg. mynte ... manna
cynnes sumne besyrwan (_meant to entrap all_(?) [see sum], _some one of
(?), the men_), 713; mynte þæt hē gedǣlde ... (_thought to sever_), 732;
mynte se mÇ£ra, þǣr hÄ“ meahte swÄ, wÄ«dre gewindan (_intended to flee_), 763.
myrce, adj., _murky, dark_: acc. sg. ofer myrcan mÅr, 1406.
myrð, st. f., _joy, mirth_: dat. (instr.) sg. mÅdes myrðe, 8n.
N
naca, w. m., _vessel, ship_: acc. sg. nacan, 295; gen. sg. nacan,
214.--Comp.: hring-, ȳð-naca.
nacod, adj., _naked_: nom. and acc. sg. swurd, gūð-bill nacod, 539, 2586;
nacod nīð-draca, 2274.
nalas, nales, nallas. See nealles.
nama, w. m., _name_: nom. sg. Bēowulf is mīn nama, 343; wæs þǣm hæft-mēce
Hrunting nama, 1458; acc. sg. scÅp him Heort naman (_gave it the name
Hart_), 78.
nÄ (from ne-Ä), strength, negative, _never, not all_, 445, 567, 1537.
nÄh, from ne-Äh. See Ägan.
nÄn (from ne-Än), indef. pron., _none, no_: with gen. pl. gūð-billa nÄn,
804; adjectively, nÄn ... Ä«ren Ç£rgÅd, 990.
nÄt, from ne-wÄt: _I know not=nescio_. See witan.
nÄt-hwylc (nescio quis, ne-wÄt-hwylc, _know not who, which_, etc.), indef.
pron., _any, a certain one, some or other_: 1) w. partitive gen.: nom. sg.
gumena nÄt-hwylc, 2234;. gen. sg. nÄt-hwylces (þÄra banena), 2054; niða
nÄt-hwylces(?), 2216; nÄt-hwylces hæleða bearna, 2225.--2) adjectively:
dat. sg. in nið-sele nÄt-hwylcum, 1514.
næbben, from ne-hæbben (subj. pres.). See habban.
næfne. See nefne.
nægel, st. m., _nail_: gen. pl. nægla (of the finger-nails), 986.
nægled, part., _nailed?, nail-like?, buckled?_: acc. sg. neut. nægled (MS.
gled) sinc, 2024.
næs, st. m., _naze, rock projecting into the sea, cliff, promontory_: acc.
sg. næs, 1440, 1601, 2899; dat. sg. næsse, 2244, 2418; acc. pl. windige
næssas, 1412; gen. pl. næssa, 1361.
næs, from ne-wæs (_was not_). See wesan.
næs, neg. adv., _not, not at all_, 562, 2263.
næs-hlið, st. n., _declivity, slope of a promontory that sinks downward to
the sea_: dat. pl. on næs-hleoðum, 1428.
nǣfre, adv., _never_, 247, 583, 592, 656, 719, 1042, 1049, etc.; also
strengthened by ne: nǣfre ne, 1461.
ge-nǣgan, w. v. w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, _to attack, press_; pret.
pl. nīða genǣgdan nefan Hererīces (_in combats pressed hard upon H.'s
nephew_), 2207; pret. part. wearð ... nīða genǣged, 1440.
nǣnig (from ne-ǣnig), pron., _not any, none, no_: 1) substantively w. gen.
pl.: nom. sg., 157, 242, 692; dat. sg. nǣnegum, 599; gen. pl. nǣnigra,
950.--2) adjectively: nom. sg. Åðer nÇ£nig, 860; nÇ£nig wæter, 1515; nÇ£nig
... dÄ“or, 1934; acc. sg. nÇ£nigne ... hord-mÄððum, 1199.
nǣre, from ne-wǣre (_were not, would not be_). See wesan.
ne, simple neg., _not_, 38, 50, 80, 83, 109, etc.; before imper. ne sorga!
1385; ne gȳm! 1761, etc. Doubled =_certainly not, not even that_: nē gē
... gearwe ne wisson (_ye certainly have not known_, etc.), 245; so, 863;
ne ic ... wihte ne wēne (_nor do I at all in the least expect_), 2923; so,
182. Strengthened by other neg.: nÅðer ... ne, 2125; swÄ hÄ“ ne mihte nÅ ...
(_so that he absolutely could not_), 1509.
nē ... nē, _not ... and not, nor; neither ... nor_, 154-157, 511,
1083-1085, etc. Another neg. may supply the place of the first ne: so, nÅ
... ne, 575-577, 1026-1028, 1393-1395, etc.; nǣfre ... ne, 583-584; nalles
... nē, 3016-3017. The neg. may be omitted the first time: ǣr nē siððan
(_neither before nor after, before nor since_), 719; sūð nē norð (_south
nor north_), 859; Ädl nÄ“ yldo (_neither illness nor old age_), 1737; wordum
nē worcum (_neither by word nor deed_), 1101; wiston and ne wēndon (_knew
not and weened not_), 1605.
nefa, w. m., _nephew, grandson_: nom. sg. nefa (_grandson_), 1204; so,
1963; (_nephew_), 2171; acc. sg. nefan (_nephew_), 2207; dat. sg. nefan
(_nephew_), 882.
nefne, næfne, nemne (orig. from ne-gif-ne): 1) subj.: a) with depend.
clause = _unless_: nefne him wÄ«tig god wyrd forstÅde (_if fate, the wise
God, had not prevented him_), 1057; nefne god sylfa ... sealde (_unless God
himself_, etc.), 3055; næfne him his wlite lēoge (MS. nǣfre) (_unless his
face belie him_), 250; næfne hÄ“ wæs mÄra (_except that he was huger_),
1354; nemne him heaðo-byrne helpe ge-fremede, 1553; so, 2655.--b) w.
follow. substantive = _except, save, only_: nefne sin-frēa (_except the
husband_), 1935; ic lyÌ„t hafo hÄ“afod-mÄga nefne HygelÄc þec (_have no near
kin but thee_), 2152; nis þæt Ä“ower (gen. pl.) sīð ... nefne mÄ«n Änes,
2534.--2) Prep. with dat., _except_: nemne fÄ“aum Änum, 1082.
ge-nehost. See ge-neahhe.
nelle, from ne-wille (_I will not_). See willan.
nemnan, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to name, call_: pres. pl. þone yldestan
Året-mecgas BÄ“owulf nemnað (_the warriors call the most distinguished one
BÄ“owulf_), 364; so inf. nemnan, 2024; pret. pl. nemdon, 1355.--2) _to
address_, as in
be-nemnan, _to pronounce solemnly, put under a spell_: pret. sg. Fin
Hengeste ... Äðum be-nemde þæt (_asserted, promised under oath that_ ...),
1098; pret. pl. swÄ hit oð dÅmes dæg dÄ«ope benemdon þēodnas mÇ£re (_put
under a curse_), 3070.
nemne. See nefne.
nerian, ge-nerian, w. v., _to save, rescue, liberate_: pres. sg. Wyrd oft
nereð unfÇ£gne eorl, 573; pret. part. hæfde ... sele HrÅðgÄres ge-nered wið
nīðe (_saved from hostility_), 828.
ge-nesan, st. v.: 1) intrans., _to remain over, be preserved_: pret. sg.
hrÅf Äna genæs ealles ansund (_the roof alone was quite sound_), 1000.--2)
w. acc., _to endure successfully, survive, escape from_: pret. sg. sÄ“ þÄ
sæcce ge-næs, 1978; fela ic ... gūð-rÇ£sa ge-næs, 2427; pret. part. swÄ hÄ“
nīða gehwane genesen hæfde, 2398.
net, st. n., _net_: in comp. brēost-, here-, hring-, inwit-, searo-net.
nēdla, w. m., _dire necessity, distress_: in comp. þrēa-nēdla.
nēðan (G. nanþjan), w. v., _to venture, undertake boldly_: pres. part.
nearo nēðende (_encountering peril_), 2351; pret. pl. þǣr git ... on dēop
water aldrum nēðdon (_where ye two risked your lives in the deep water_),
510; so, 538.
ge-nēðan, the same: inf. ne dorste under ȳða gewin aldre ge-nēðan, 1470.
With depend. clause: nǣnig þæt dorste genēðan þæt (_none durst undertake
to_ ...), 1934; pret. sg. hÄ“ under hÄrne stÄn Äna genēðde frÄ“cne dÇ£de (_he
risked alone the bold deed, venturing under the grey rock_), 889; (ic)
wigge under wætere weorc genēðde earfoð-līce (_I with difficulty stood the
work under the water in battle_, i.e. could hardly win the victory), 1657;
ic genēðde fela gūða (_ventured on, risked, many contests_), 2512; pres.
pl. (of majesty) wē ... frēcne genēðdon eafoð uncūðes (_we have boldly
risked, dared, the monster's power_), 961.
nēh. See nēah.
ge-neahhe, adv., _enough, sufficiently_, 784, 3153; superl. genehost brægd
eorl BÄ“owulfes ealde lÄfe (_many an earl of B.'s_), 795.
nealles (from ne-ealles), adv., _omnino non, not at all, by no means_:
nealles, 2146, 2168, 2180, 2223, 2597, etc.; nallas, 1720, 1750; nalles,
338, 1019, 1077, 1443, 2504, etc.; nalas, 43, 1494, 1530, 1538; nales,
1812.
nearo, st. n., _strait, danger, distress_: acc. sg. nearo, 2351, 2595.
nearo, adj., _narrow_: acc. pl. f. nearwe, 1410.
nearwe, adv., _narrowly_, 977.
nearo-cræft, st. m., _art of rendering difficult of access?,
inaccessibility_ (see 2214 seqq.): instr. pl. nearo-cræftum, 2244.
nearo-fÄh, m., _foe that causes distress, war-foe_: gen. sg. nearo-fÄges,
2318.
nearo-þearf, st. f., _dire need, distress_: acc. sg. nearo-þearfe, 422.
ge-nearwian, w. v., _to drive into a corner, press upon_: pret. part.
genearwod, 1439.
nēah, nēh: 1) adj., _near, nigh_: nom. sg. nēah, 1744, 2729. In superl.
also = _last_: instr. sg. nȳhstan sīðe (_for the last time_), 1204;
nīehstan sīðe, 2512.
2) adv., _near_: feor and (oððe) nēah, 1222, 2871; 3) prep, sǣ-grunde nēah,
564; so, 1925, 2243; holm-wylme nēh, 2412. Compar. nēar, 746.
nēan, adv., _near by, (from) close at hand_, 528; (neon, MS.), 3105;
feorran and nēan, 840; nēan and feorran, 1175, 2318.
ge-nēat, st. m., _comrade, companion_: in comp. bēod-, heorð-genēat.
nioðor. See niðer.
neowol, adj., _steep, precipitous_: acc. pl. neowle, 1412.
nēod, st. f., _polite intercourse regulated by etiquette?, hall-joy?_: acc.
sg. nīode, 2117; inst. (= _joy_), 2216.
nēod-laðu, st. f., _polite invitation; wish_: dat. sg. æfter nēod-laðu
(_according to his wishes_), 1321.
nēosan, nēosian, w. v. w. gen., _to seek out, look for; to attack_: inf.
nēosan, 125, 1787, 1792, 1807, 2075; nīosan, 2389, 2672; nēosian, 115,
1126; nīosian, 3046; pret. sg. nīosade, 2487.
nēotan, st. v., _to take, accept_, w. gen.; _to use, enjoy_: imper. sg.
nēot, 1218.
be-nēotan, w. dat., _to rob, deprive of_: inf. hine aldre be-nēotan, 681;
pret. sg. cyning ealdre bi-nēat (_deprived the king of life_), 2397.
nicor, st. m., _sea-horse, walrus, sea-monster_ (cf. Bugge in Zacher's
Journal, 4, 197): acc. pl. niceras, 422, 575; nicras, 1428; gen. pl.
nicera, 846.
nicor-hūs, st. n., _house_ or _den of sea-monsters_: gen. pl. nicor-hūsa,
1412.
nið st. m., _man, human being_: gen. pl. niðða, 1006; niða? (passage
corrupt), 2216.
niðer, nyðer, neoðor, adv., _down, downward_: niðer, 1361; nioðor, 2700;
nyðer, 3045.
nið-sele, st. m., _hall, room, in the deep_ (Grein): dat. sg. [in] nið-sele
nÄt-hwylcum, 1514.
nigen, num., _nine_: acc. nigene, 575.
niht, st. f. _night_: nom. sg., 115, 547. 650, 1321, 2117; acc. sg. niht,
135, 737, 2939; gystran niht (_yester-night_), 1335; dat. sg. on niht, 575,
684; on wanre niht, 703; gen. sg. nihtes hwīlum (_sometimes at night, in
the hours of the night_), 3045; as adv. = _of a night, by night_, G.
nachts, 422, 2274; dæges and nihtes, 2270; acc. pl. seofon niht
(_se'nnight, seven days_, cf. Tac. Germ, 11), 517; dat. pl. sweartum
nihtum, 167; deorcum nihtum, 275, 221; gen. pl. nihta, 545, 1366.--Comp.:
middel-, sin-niht.
niht-bealu, st. n., _night-bale, destruction by night_: gen. pl.
niht-bealwa, 193.
niht-helm, st. m., _veil_ or _canopy of night_: nom. sg., 1790.
niht-long, adj., _lasting through the night_: acc. sg. m. niht-longne fyrst
(_space of a night_), 528.
niht-weorc, st. n., _night-work, deed done at night_: instr. sg.
niht-weorce, 828.
niman, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to take, hold, seize, undertake_: pret. sg. nam
Ã¾Ä mid handa hige-þīhtigne rinc, 747; pret. pl. wÄ“ . . . nÄ«ode nÄman,
2117.--2) _to take, take away, deprive of_: pres. sg. sē þe hine dēað nimeð
(_he whom death carrieth off_), 441; so, 447; nymeð, 1847; nymeð nyÌ„d-bÄde,
599; subj. pres. gif mec hild nime, 452, 1482; pret. sg. ind. nam on
Ongenþīo Ä«ren-byrnan, 2987; ne nom hÄ“ ... mÄðm-Ç£hta mÄ (_he took no more of
the rich treasures_), 1613; pret. part. Ã¾Ä wæs ... sÄ“o cwÄ“n numen (_the
queen carried off_), 1154.
be-niman, _to deprive of_: pret. sg. oð þæt hine yldo benam mægenes wynnum
(_till age bereft him of joy in his strength_), 1887.
for-niman, _to carry off_: pres. sg. þē Ã¾Ä dÄ“að for-nam (_whom death
carried off_), 488; so, 557, 696, 1081, 1124, 1206, 1437, etc. Also, dat.
for acc.: pret. pl. him Ä«renna ecge fornÄmon, 2829.
ge-niman: 1) _to take, seize_: pret. sg. (hine) be healse ge-nam (_clasped
him around the neck, embraced him_), 1873.--2) _to take, take away_: pret.
on reste genam þrītig þegna, 122; hēo under heolfre genam cūðe folme, 1303;
segn Ä“ac genom, 2777; Ã¾Ä mec sinca baldor ... æt mÄ«num fæder genam (_took
me at my father's hands, adopted me_), 2430; pret. part. genumen, 3167.
ge-nip, st. n., _darkness, mist, cloud_: acc. pl. under næssa genipu, 1361;
ofer flÅda genipu, 2809.
nis, from ne-is (_is not_): see wesan.
nÄ«we, nÄ«owe, adj., _new, novel; unheard-of_: nom. sg. swÄ“g up Ä-stÄg nÄ«we
geneahhe (_a monstrous hubbub arose_), 784; beorh ... nīwe (_a
newly-raised(?) grave-mound_), 2244; acc. sg. nīwe sibbe (_the new
kinship_), 950; instr. sg. nÄ«wan stefne (properly, novÄ voce; here = de
novo, iterum, _again_), 2595; nīowan stefne (_again_), 1790; gen. pl. nīwra
spella (_new tidings_), 2899.
ge-nīwian, w. v., _to renew_: pret. part. ge-nīwod, 1304, 1323; genīwad,
2288.
nīw-tyrwed, pret. part., _newly-tarred_: acc. sg. nīw-tyrwedne (-tyrwydne,
MS.) nacan, 295.
nīð, st. m., properly only _zeal, endeavor_; then _hostile endeavor,
hostility, battle, war_: nom. sg., 2318; acc. sg. nīð, 184, 276; Wedera nīð
(_enmity against the W., the sorrows of the Weders_), 423; dat. sg. wið
(æt) nīðe, 828, 2586; instr. nīðe, 2681; gen. pl. nīða, 883, 2351, 2398,
etc.; also instr. = _by, in, battle_, 846, 1440, 1963, 2171, 2207.--Comp.:
bealo-, fǣr-, here-, hete-, inwit-, searo-, wæl-nīð.
nīð-draca, w. m., _battle-dragon_: nom. sg., 2274.
nīð-gast, st. m., _hostile alien, fell demon_: acc. sg. þone nīð-gæst (_the
dragon_), 2700.
nīð-geweorc, st. n., _work of enmity, deed of evil_: gen. pl. -geweorca,
684.
nīð-grim, adj., _furious in battle, savage_: nom. sg., 193.
nīð-heard, adj., _valiant in war_: nom. sg., 2418.
nīð-hȳdig, adj., _eager for battle, valorous_: nom. pl. nīð-hȳdige men,
3167.
ge-nīðla, w. m., _foe, persecutor, waylayer_: in comp. ferhð-,
feorh-genīðla.
nīð-wundor, st. n., _hostile wonder, strange marvel of evil_: acc. sg.,
1366.
nīpan, st. v., _to veil, cover over, obscure_; pres. part. nīpende niht,
547, 650.
nolde, from ne-wolde (_would not_); see willan.
norð, adv., _northward_, 859.
norðan, adv., _from the north_, 547.
nose, w. f., _projection, cliff, cape_: dat. sg. of hlīðes nosan, 1893; æt
brimes nosan, 2804.
nÅ (strengthened neg.), _not, not at all, by no means_, 136, 244, 587, 755,
842, 969, 1736, etc.; strengthened by following ne, 459(?), 1509; nÅ ... nÅ
(_neither ... nor_), 541-543; so, nÅ ... ne, 168. See ne.
nÅðer (from nÄ-hwæðer), neg., _and not, nor_, 2125.
ge-nÅh, adj., _sufficient, enough_: acc. sg. fÇ£hðo genÅge, 2490; acc. pl.
genÅge ... bÄ“agas, 3105.
nÅn, st. f., [Eng. _noon_], _ninth hour of the day, three o'clock in the
afternoon of our reckoning_ (the day was reckoned from six o'clock in the
morning; cf. Bouterwek ScrÄ“adunga, 24 _2_: wÄ“ hÄtað Ç£nne dæg fram sunnan
upgange oð Ç£fen): nom. sg. nÅn, 1601.
nū, adv.: l) _now, at present_, 251, 254, 375, 395, 424, 426, 489, etc.: nū
gȳt (_up to now, hitherto_), 957; nū gēn (_now still, yet_), 2860; (_now
yet, still_), 3169.--2) conj., _since, inasmuch as_: nū þū lungre geong ...
nū se wyrm ligeð (_go now quickly, since the dragon lieth dead_), 2746; so,
2248; þæt þū mÄ“ ne forwyrne ... nÅ« ic þus feorran cÅm (_that do not thou
refuse me, since I am come so far_), 430; so, 1476; nÅ« ic on mÄðma hord
mÄ«ne bebohte frÅde feorh-lege, fremmað gÄ“ nÅ« (_as I now..., so do ye_),
2800; so, 3021.
nymðe, conj. w. subj., _if not, unless_, 782; nymðe mec god scylde (_if God
had not shielded me_), 1659.
nyt, st. f., _duty, service, office, employment_: acc. sg. þegn nytte
behēold (_did his duty_), 494; so, 3119.--Comp.: sund-, sundor-nyt.
nyt, adj., _useful_: acc. pl. m. nytte, 795; comp. un-nyt.
ge-nyttian, w. v., _to make use of, enjoy_: pret. part. hæfde eorð-scrafa
ende ge-nyttod (_had enjoyed, made use of_), 3047.
nȳd, st. f., _force, necessity, need, pain_: acc. sg. þurh dēaðes nȳd,
2455; instr. sg. nȳde, 1006. In comp. (like nȳd-maga, consanguineus, in
AEthelred's Laws, VI. 12, Schmid, p. 228; nēd-maga, in Cnut's Laws, I. 7,
ibid., p. 258); also, _tie of blood._--Comp. þrēa-nȳd.
ge-nȳdan, w. v.: 1) _to force, compel_: pret. part. nīðe ge-nȳded
(_forced by hostile power_), 2681.--2) _to force upon_: pret. part. acc.
sg. f. nyÌ„de genyÌ„dde ... gearwe stÅwe (_the inevitable place prepared for
each_, i.e. the bed of death), 1006.
nyÌ„d-bÄd, st. f., _forced pledge, pledge demanded by force_: acc. pl.
nyÌ„d-bÄde, 599.
nȳd-gestealla, w. m., _comrade in need_ or _united by ties of blood_: nom.
pl. nȳd-gesteallan, 883.
nȳd-gripe, st. m., _compelling grip_: dat. sg. in nȳd-gripe (mid-gripe,
MS.), 977.
nȳd-wracu, st. f., _distressful persecution, great distress_: nom. sg.,
193.
nȳhst. See nēah.
O
oððe, conj.: 1) _or; otherwise_, 283, 437, 636, 638, 694, 1492, 1765,
etc.--2) _and_(?), _till_(?), 650, 2476, 3007.
of, prep. w. dat., _from, off from_: 1) _from some point of view_: ge-seah
of wealle (_from the wall_), 229; so, 786; of hefene scīneð (_shineth from
heaven_), 1572; of hlīðes nosan gæstas grētte (_from the cliff's
projection_), 1893; of þÄm lÄ“oma stÅd (_from which light streamed_), 2770;
þǣr wæs mÄðma fela of feorwegum ... gelÇ£ded (_from distant lands_), 37; þÄ
cÅm of mÅre (_from the moor_), 711, 922.--2) _forth from, out of_: hwearf
of earde (_wandered from his home, died_), 56; so, 265, 855, 2472; Ã¾Ä ic of
searwum cÅm (_when I had escaped from the persecutions of the foe_), 419;
Ã¾Ä him HrÅðgÄr gewÄt ... Å«t of healle (_out of the hall_), 664; so, 2558,
2516; 1139, 2084, 2744; wudu-rÄ“c Ä-stÄh sweart of (ofer) swioðole (_black
wood-reek ascended from the smoking fire_), 3145; (icge gold) Ä-hæfen of
horde (_lifted from the hoard_), 1109; lÄ“t Ã¾Ä of brÄ“ostum ... word Å«t faran
(_from his breast_), 2551; dyde ... helm of hafelan (_doffed his helmet_),
673; so, 1130; sealdon wīn of wunder-fatum (_presented wine from wondrous
vessels_), 1163; siððan hyne Hæðcyn of horn-bogan ... flÄne geswencte
(_with an arrow shot from the horned bow_), 2438; so, 1434. Prep.
postponed: Ã¾Ä hÄ“ him of dyde Ä«sern-byrnan (_doffed his iron corselet_),
672.
ofer, prep. w. dat. and acc., _over, above_: 1) w. dat, _over_ (rest,
locality): WÄ«glÄf siteð ofer BÄ«owulfe, 2908; ofer æðelinge, 1245; ofer
eorðan, 248, 803, 2008; ofer wer-þēode (_over the earth, among mankind_),
900; ofer ȳðum, 1908; ofer hron-rÄde (_over the sea_), 10; so, 304, 1287,
1290, etc.; ofer ealowǣge (_over the beer-cup, drinking_), 481.--2) w. acc.
of motion: a) _over_ (local): ofer ȳðe (_over the waves_), 46, 1910; ofer
swan-rÄde (_over the swan-road, the sea_), 200; ofer wÇ£gholm, 217; ofer
geofenes be-gang, 362; so, 239, 240, 297, 393, 464, 471, etc.; ofer bolcan
(_over the gangway_), 231; ofer landa fela (_over many lands_), 311; so,
1405, 1406; ofer hÄ“ahne hrÅf (_along upon (under?) the high roof_), 984;
ofer eormen-grund (_over the whole earth_), 860; ofer ealle (_over all, on
all sides_), 2900, 650; so, 1718;--606, 900, 1706; ofer borda gebræc
(_over, above, the crashing of shields_), 2260; ofer bord-(scild) weall,
2981, 3119. Temporal: ofer Ã¾Ä niht (_through the night, by night_), 737. b)
w. verbs of saying, speaking, _about, of, concerning_: hē ofer benne spræc,
2725. c) _beyond, over_: ofer mīn ge-met (_beyond my power_), 2880;--hence,
_against, contrary to_: hē ofer willan gīong (_went against his will_),
2410; ofer ealde riht (_against the ancient laws_, i.e. the ten
commandments), 2331;--also, _without_: wīg ofer wǣpen (_war sans,
dispensing with, weapons_), 686;--temporal = _after_: ofer eald-gewin
(_after long, ancient, suffering_), 1782.
ofer-hygd, st. n., _arrogance, pride, conceit_: gen. pl. ofer-hygda, 1741;
ofer-hȳda, 1761.
ofer-mÄðum, st. m., _very rich treasure_: dat. pl. ofer-mÄðmum, 2994.
ofer-mægen, st. n., _over-might, superior numbers_: dat. sg. mid
ofer-mægene, 2918.
ofer-þearf, st. f., _dire distress, need_: dat. sg. [for ofer] þea[rfe],
2227.
oft, adv., _often_, 4, 165, 444, 572, 858, 908, 1066, 1239, etc.; oft [nÅ]
seldan, 2030; oft nalles ǣne, 3020; so, 1248, 1888. Compar. oftor, 1580.
Superl. oftost, 1664.
om-, on-. see am-, an-.
ombiht. See ambiht.
oncer. See ancer.
ond. See and.
onsȳn. See ansȳn.
on, prep. w. dat. and acc., signifying primarily _touching on, contact
with_: I. local, w. dat.: a) _on, upon, in at_ (of exterior surface): on
hēah-stede (_in the high place_), 285; on mīnre ēðel-tyrf (_in my native
place_), 410; on þǣm meðel-stede, 1083; so, 2004; on þÄm holmclife, 1422;
so, 1428; on foldan (_on earth_), 1197; so, 1533, 2997; on þǣre medu-bence
(_on the mead-bench_), 1053; beornas on blancum (_the heroes on the
dapple-greys_), 857, etc.; on ræste (_in bed_), 1299; on stapole (_at,
near, the pillar_), 927; on wealle, 892; on wÄge (_on the wall_), 1663; on
þǣm wæl-stenge (_on the battle-lance_), 1639; on eaxle (_on his shoulder_),
817, 1548; on bearme, 40; on brēostum, 552; on hafelan, 1522; on handa (_in
his hand_), 495, 540; so, 555, 766; on him byrne scÄn (_on him shone the
corselet_), 405; on Åre (_at the front_), 1042; on corðre (_at the head of,
among, his troop_), 1154; scip on ancre (_the ship at anchor_), 303; þæt hē
on heoðe ge-stÅd (_until he stood in the hall_), 404; on fæder stÇ£le (_in a
father's place_), 1480; on ȳðum (_on the waves, in the water_), 210, 421,
534, 1438; on holme, 543; on Ä“g-strÄ“amum, 577; on segl-rÄde, 1438, etc.; on
flÅde, 1367. The prep. postponed: FrÄ“slondum on, 2358.--b) _in, inside of_
(of inside surface): secg on searwum (_a champion in armor_), 249; so, 963;
on wÄ«g-geatwum, 368; (reced) on þǣm se rÄ«ca bÄd (_in which the mighty one
abode_), 310; on Heorote (_in Heorot_), 475, 497, 594, 1303; on bēor-sele,
492, 1095; on healle, 615, 643; so, 639, 1017, 1026, etc.; on burgum (_in
the cities, boroughs_), 53; on helle, 101; on sefan mīnum (_in my mind_),
473; on mÅde, 754; so, 755, 949, 1343, 1719, etc.; on aldre (_in his
vitals_), 1435; on middan (in medio), 2706.--c) _among, amid_: on searwum
(_among the arms_), 1558; on gemonge (_among the troop_), 1644; on þÄm
lēod-scipe (_among the people_), 2198; nymðe līges fæðm swulge on swaðule
(_unless the embracing flame should swallow it in smoke_), 783;--_in, with,
touched by, possessing something_: Ã¾Ä wæs on sÄlum sinces brytta (_then was
the dispenser of treasure in joy_), 608; so, 644, 2015; wæs on hrÄ“on mÅde,
1308; on sweofote (_in sleep_), 1582, 2296; hēo wæs on ofste (_she was in
haste_), 1293; so, 1736, 1870; Ã¾Ä wæs on blÅde brim weallende (_there was
the flood billowing in, with, blood_), 848; (hē) wæs on sunde (_was
a-swimming_), 1619; wæs tŠfore-mihtig fēond on fēðe (_too powerful in
speed_), 971; þǣr wæs swīgra secg ... on gylpsprǣce (_there was the
champion more silent in his boasting speech_), 982;--_in; full of,
representing, something_: on weres wæstmum (_in man's form_), 1353.--d)
_attaching to_, hence _proceeding from; from something_: ge-hȳrde on
BÄ“owulfe fæst-rÇ£dne ge-þÅht (_heard in, from, B. the fixed resolve_), 610;
þæt hÄ“ ne mÄ“tte ... on elran men mund-gripe mÄran, 753;--hence, with verbs
of taking: on ræste genam (_took from his bed_), 122; so, 748, 2987; hit ǣr
on þē gÅde be-geÄton (_took it before from thee_), 2249.--e) _with_: swÄ
hit lungre wearð on hyra sinc-gifan sÄre ge-endod (_as it, too, soon
painfully came to an end with the dispenser of treasure_), 2312.--f) _by_:
mæg þonne on þǣm golde ongitan Gēata dryhten (_the lord of the Geatas may
perceive by the gold_), 1485.--g) _to_, after weorðan: þæt hē on fylle
wearð (_that he came to a fall_), 1545.
With acc.: a) w. verbs of moving, doing, giving, seeing, etc., _up to, on,
upon, in_: Ä-lÄ“don Ã¾Ä lÄ“ofne þēoden ... on bearm scipes, 35; on stefn (on
wang) stigon, 212, 225; Ã¾Ä him mid scoldon on flÅdes Ç£ht feor ge-wÄ«tan, 42;
sē þe wið Brecan wunne on sīdne sǣ (_who strovest in a swimming-match with
B. on the broad sea_), 507, cf. 516; þæt ic on holma ge-þring eorlscipe
efnde (_that I should venture on the sea to do valiant deeds_), 2133; on
fÄ“onda geweald sīðian, 809; þÄra þe on swylc starað, 997; so, 1781; on
lufan lǣteð hworfan (_lets him turn his thoughts to love?, to
possessions?_), 1729; him on mÅd bearn (_came into his mind, occurred to
him_), 67; rÇ£sde on þone rÅfan (_rushed on the powerful one_), 2691; (cwÅm)
on worðig (_came into the palace_), 1973; so, 27, 242, 253, 512, 539, 580,
677, 726, etc.; on weg (_away_), 764, 845, 1383, 1431, 2097.--b) _towards,
on_: gÅde gewyrcean ... on fæder wine (pl.), 21.--c) aim or object, _to,
for the object, for, as, in, on_: on þearfe (_in his need, in his strait_),
1457; so, on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan þearfe, 2850; wrÄðum on andan (_as a
terror to the foe_), 709; HrÅðgÄr maðelode him on andsware (_said to him in
reply_), 1841; betst beado-rinca wæs on bǣl gearu (_on the pyre ready_),
1110; wīg-heafolan bær frēan on fultum (_for help_), 2663; wearð on bīd
wrecen (_forced to wait_), 2963.--d) ground, reason, _according to, in
conformity with_: rodera rǣdend hit on ryht gescēd (_decided it in
accordance with right_), 1556; nÄ“ mÄ“ swÅr fela Äða on unriht (_swore no
oaths unjustly, falsely_), 2740; on spēd (_skilfully_), 874; nallas on gylp
seleð fǣtte bēagas (_giveth no gold-wrought rings as he promised_), 1750;
on sÄ«nne selfes dÅm (_boastingly, at his own will_), 2148; him eal worold
wendeð on willan (_according to his will_), 1740.--e) w. verbs of buying,
_for, in exchange for_: mÄ“ ic on mÄðma hord mÄ«ne be-bohte frÅde feorh-lege
(_for the hoard of jewels_), 2800.--f) _of, as to_: ic on HigelÄce wÄt,
GÄ“ata dryhten (_I know with respect to, as to, of, H._), 1831; so, 2651;
þæt hÄ“o on Ç£nigne eorl ge-lyÌ„fde fyrena frÅfre (_that she should rely on
any earl for help out of trouble_), 628; Ã¾Ä hÄ«e ge-truwedon on twÄ healfa
(_on both sides, mutually_), 1096; so, 2064; þæt þū him ondrǣdan ne þearft
... on Ã¾Ä healfe (_from, on this side_), 1676.--g) after superlatives or
virtual superlatives = _among_: næs ... sinc-mÄððum sÄ“lra (= þæt wæs
sinc-mÄðma sÄ“lest) on sweordes hÄd (_there was no better jewel in sword's
shape_, i.e. among all swords there was none better), 2194; sÄ“ wæs HrÅðgÄre
hæleða lÄ“ofost on ge-sīðes hÄd (_dearest of men as, in the character of,
follower_, etc.), 1298.
II. Of time: a) w. dat., _in, inside of, during, at_: on fyrste (_in time,
within the time appointed_), 76; on Å«htan (_at dawn_), 126; on mergenne
(_at morn, on the morrow_), 565, 2940; on niht, 575; on wanre niht, 703; on
tȳn dagum, 3161; so, 197, 719, 791, 1063, etc.; on geogoðe (_in youth_),
409, 466; on geogoð-fēore, 537; so, 1844; on orlege (_in, during, battle_),
1327; hÅ« lomp Ä“ow on lÄde (_on the way_), 1988; on gange (_in going, en
route_), 1885; on sweofote (_in sleep_), 1582.--b) w. acc., _towards,
about_: on undern-mǣl (_in the morning, about midday_), 1429; on
morgen-tīd, 484, 518; on morgen, 838; on ende-stæf (_toward the end, at
last_), 1754; oftor micle þonne on ǣnne sīð (_far oftener than once_),
1580.
III. With particles: him on efn (_beside, alongside of, him_), 2904; on
innan (_inside, within_), 71, 1741, 1969, 2453, 2716; þǣr on innan (_in
there_), 2090, 2215, 2245. With the relative þē often separated from its
case: þē ic hēr on starie (_that I here look on, at_), 2797; þē gē þǣr on
standað (_that ye there stand in_), 2867.
on-cȳð (cf. Dietrich in Haupt's Zeits. XI., 412), st. f., _pain,
suffering_: nom. sg., 1421; acc. sg. or pl. on-cȳððe, 831.
on-drysne, adj., _frightful, terrible_: acc. sg. firen on-drysne, 1933.
Ånettan (for anettan, from root an-, Goth. inf. anan, _to breathe, pant_),
w. v., _to hasten_: pret. pl. Ånetton, 306, 1804.
on-līcnes, st. f., _likeness, form, figure_: nom. sg., 1352.
on-mēdla, w. m., _pride, arrogance_: dat. sg. for on-mēdlan, 2927. Cf.
Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 218 seqq.
on-sÇ£ge, adj., _tending to fall, fatal_: nom. sg. Ã¾Ä wæs HondscÄ«o (dat.)
hild on-sǣge, 2077; Hæðcynne wearð ... gūð on-sǣge, 2484.
on-weald, st. m., _power, authority_: acc. sg. (him) bēga ge-hwæðres ...
onweald ge-tēah (_gave him power over, possession of, both_), 1044.
open, adj., _open_: acc. sg. hord-wynne fond ... opene standan, 2272.
openian, w. v., _to open_, w. acc.: inf. openian, 3057.
orc (O.S. orc, Goth. aúrkei-s), st. m., _crock, vessel, can _: nom. pl.
orcas, 3048; acc. pl. orcas, 2761.
orcnē, st. m., _sea-monster_: nom. pl. orcnēas, 112.
ord, st. n. _point_: nom. sg. oð þæt wordes ord brēost-hord þurh-bræc
(_till the word-point broke through his breast-hoard, came to utterance_),
2792; acc. sg. ord (_sword-point_), 1550; dat. instr. orde (id.), 556; on
orde (_at the head of, in front_ [of a troop]), 2499, 3126.
ord-fruma, w. m., _head lord, high prince_: nom. sg., 263.
Året-mecg, st. m., _champion, warrior, military retainer_: nom. pl.
Året-mecgas, 363, 481; acc. pl. Året-mecgas, 332.
Åretta, w. m., _champion, fighter, hero_: nom. sg., 1533, 2539.
or-leg, st. n., _war, battle_: dat. sg. on orlege, 1327; gen. sg. or-leges,
2408.
or-leg-hwīl, st. f., _time of battle, war-time_: nom. sg. [or-leg]-hwīl,
2003; gen. sg. orleg-hwīle, 2912; gen. pl orleg-hwīla, 2428.
or-leahtre, adj., _blameless_: nom. sg 1887.
or-þanc (cf. Gloss. Aldhelm. mid or-þance = argumento in Haupt XI., 436;
orþancum = machinamentis, _ibid._ 477; or-þanc-scipe = mechanica, 479, st.
m., _mechanical art, skill_: instr. pl. or-þoncum, 2088; smiðes or-þancum,
406.
or-wēna, adj. (weak form), _hopeless, despairing_, w. gen.: aldres or-wēna
(_hopeless of life_), 1003, 1566.
or-wearde, adj., _unguarded, without watch_ or _guard_: adv., 3128.
oruð, st. n., _breath, snorting_: nom. sg., 2558; dat. oreðe, 2840.
Ō
oð (Goth. und, O.H.G. unt, unz): 1) prep. w. acc., _to, till, up to_, only
temporal: oð þone Änne dæg, 2400; oð dÅmes dæg, 3070; Å woruld-ende,
3084.--2) oð þæt, conj. w. depend, indicative clause, _till, until_, 9, 56,
66, 100, 145. 219, 296, 307, etc.
Åðer (Goth. anþar), num.: 1) _one or other of two, a second_, = alter: nom.
sg. subs.: se Åðer, 2062; Åðer(_one_ i.e. of my blood-relations, Hæðcyn and
HygelÄc), 2482; Åðer ... Åðer (_the one ... the other_), 1350-1352. Adj.:
Åðer ... mihtig mÄn-sceaða (_the second mighty, fell foe_, referring to
1350, 1339; se Åðer ... hæle, 1816; fem. niht Åðer, 2118; neut. Åðer geÄr
(_the next, second, year_), 1134; acc. sg. m. Åðerne, 653, 1861, 2441,
2485; þenden rÄ“afode rinc Åðerne(_whilst one warrior robbed the other_,
i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenþēow), 2986; neut. Åðer swylc(_another such, an
equal number_), 1584; instr. sg. Åðre sīðe (_for the second time, again_),
2671, 3102; dat. sg. Åðrum, 815, 1030, 1166, 1229, 1472, 2168, 2172, etc.;
gen. sg. m. Åðres dÅgores, 219, 606; neut. Åðres, 1875.--2) _another, a
different one_, = alius: nom. sg., subs. Åðer, 1756; Åðer nÇ£nig (_no
other_), 860. Adj.: Ç£nig Åðer man, 503, 534; so, 1561; Åðer in (_a
different house_ or _room_), 1301; acc. sg. Åðer flet, 1087; gen. sg. Åðres
... yrfe-weardes, 2452; acc. pl. ealo drincende Åðer sÇ£dan (_ale drinkers
said other things_), 1946; acc. pl. neut. word Åðer, 871.
Åfer, st. m., _shore_: dat. sg. on Åfre, 1372.
ofost, st. f., _haste_: nom. sg. ofost is sēlest tŠgecȳðanne (_haste is
best to make known, best to say at once_), 256; so, 3008; dat. sg. bēo þū
on ofeste (ofoste) (_be in haste, hasten_), 386, 2748; on ofste, 1293; on
ofoste, 2784, 3091.
ofost-līce, adv., _in haste, speedily_, 3131.
Å-hwÇ£r, adv., _anywhere_, 1738, 2871.
Åmig, adj., _rusty_: nom. sg., 2764; nom. pl. Åmige, 3050.
År, st. n., _beginning, origin; front_: nom. sg., 1689; acc. sg., 2408;
dat. sg. on Åre, 1042.
Å-wiht, _anything, aught_: instr. sg. Å-wihte (_in any way_), 1823, 2433.
P
pÄd, st. f., _dress_; in comp. here-pÄd.
pæð, st. m., _path, road, way_; in comp. Än-pæð.
plega, w. m., _play, emulous contest_; lind-plega, 1074.
R
raðe, adv., _quickly, immediately_, 725, Cf. hrÄðe.
rand, rond, st. m., _shield_: acc. sg, rand, 683; rond, 657, 2567, 2610;
dat. ronde (rond, MS.), 2674; under rande, 1210; bī ronde, 2539; acc. pl.
randas, 231; rondas, 326, 2654.--Comp.: bord-, hilde-, sīd-rand.
rand-hæbbend, pres. part., _shield-bearer_, i.e. _man at arms, warrior_:
gen. pl. rond-hæbbendra, 862.
rand-wiga, w. m., _shield-warrior, shield-bearing warrior_: nom. sg., 1299;
acc. sg. rand-wigan, 1794.
rÄd, st. f., _road, street_; in comp. hran-, segl-, swan-rÄd.
ge-rÄd, adj., _clever, skilful, ready_: acc. pl. neut. ge-rÄde, 874.
rÄp, st. m., _rope, bond, fetter_: in comp. wæl-rÄp.
rÄsian, w. v., _to find, discover_: pret. part. Ã¾Ä wæs hord rÄsod, 2284.
ræst. See rest.
rǣcan, w. v., _to reach, reach after_: pret. sg. rǣhte ongēan fēond mid
folme (_reached out his hand toward the foe_), 748.
ge-rǣcan, _to attain, strike, attack_: pret. sg. hyne ... wǣpne ge-rǣhte
(_struck him with his sword_), 2966; so, 556.
rǣd, st. m.: 1) _advice, counsel, resolution; good counsel, help_: nom. sg.
nÅ« is rÇ£d gelong eft æt þē Änum (_now is help to be found with thee
alone_), 1377; acc. sg. rǣd, 172, 278, 3081.--2) _advantage, gain, use_:
acc. sg. þæt rǣd talað (_counts that a gain_), 2028; ēcne rǣd (_the eternal
gain, everlasting life_), 1202; acc. pl. ēce rǣdas, 1761.--Comp.: folc-rǣd,
and adj., Än-, fæst-rÇ£d.
rǣdan, st. v., _to rule; reign; to possess_: pres. part. rodera rǣdend
(_the ruler of the heavens_), 1556; inf. þone þe þū mid rihte rǣdan
sceoldest (_that thou shouldst possess by rights_), 2057; wolde dÅm godes
dǣdum rǣdan gumena gehwylcum (_God's doom would rule over, dispose of,
every man in deeds_), 2859. See sele-rǣdend.
rǣd-bora, w. m. _counsellor, adviser_: nom. sg., 1326.
rǣden, st. f., _order, arrangement, law_: see Note on 1143; comp.
worold-rǣden(?).
Ä-rÇ£ran, w. v.: 1) _to raise, lift up_: pret. pl. Ã¾Ä wÇ£ron monige þē his
mÇ£g ... ricone Ä-rÇ£rdon (_there were many that lifted up his brother
quickly_), 2984.--2) figuratively, _to spread, disseminate_: pret. part.
blÇ£d is Ä-rÇ£red (_thy renown is far-spread_), 1704.
rǣs, st. m., _on-rush, attack, storm_: acc. sg. gūðe rǣs (_the storm of
battle, attack_), 2627; instr. pl. gūðe rǣsum, 2357.--Comp.: gūð-, hand-,
heaðo-, mægen-, wæl-rǣs.
(ge-)rÇ£san, w. v., _to rush (upon)_: pret. sg. rÇ£sde on þone rÅfan, 2691,
2840.
rǣswa, w. m., _prince, ruler_: dat. sg. weoroda rǣswan, 60.
reccan, w. v., _to explicate, recount, narrate_: inf. frum-sceaft fīra
feorran reccan (_recount the origin of man from ancient times_), 91;
gerund, tŠlang is tŠreccenne, hū ic ... (_too long to tell how I_...),
2094; pret. sg. syllīc spell rehte (_told a wondrous tale_), 2111; so
intrans. feorran rehte (_told of olden times_), 2107.
reced, st. n., _building, house; hall_ (complete in itself): nom. sg., 412,
771, 1800; acc. sg., 1238; dat. sg. recede, 721, 729, 1573; gen. sg.
recedes, 326, 725, 3089; gen. pl. receda, 310.--Comp.: eorð-, heal-, horn-,
win-reced.
regn-heard, adj., _immensely strong, firm_: acc. pl. rondas regn-hearde,
326.
regnian, rēnian, w. v., _to prepare, bring on_ or _about_: inf. dēað
rēn[ian] hond-gesteallan (_prepare death for his comrade_), 2169.
ge-regnian, _to prepare, deck out, adorn_: pret. part. medu-benc monig ...
golde ge-regnad, 778.
regn-, rēn-weard, st. m., _mighty guardian_: nom. pl. rēn-weardas (of
BÄ“owulf and Grendel contending for the possession of the hall), 771.
rest, ræst, st. f.: 1) _bed, resting-place_: acc. sg. ræste, 139; dat. sg.
on ræste (genam) (_from his resting-place_), 1299, 1586; tŠræste (_to
bed_), 1238. Comp.: flet-ræst, sele-rest, wæl-rest.--2) _repose, rest_; in
comp. ǣfen-ræst.
ge-reste (M.H.G. reste), f., _resting-place_: in comp. wind-gereste.
restan, w. v.: 1) _to rest_: inf. restan, 1794; pret. sg. reflex. reste
hine Ã¾Ä rÅ«m-heort, 1800.--2) _to rest, cease_: inf., 1858.
rēc (O.H.G. rouh), st. m., _reek, smoke_: instr. sg. rēce, 3157.--Comp.:
wæl-, wudu-rēc.
rēcan (O.H.G. ruohjan), w. v. w. gen., _to reck, care about something, be
anxious_: pres. sg. III. wǣpna ne rēceð (_recketh not for weapons, weapons
cannot hurt him_), 434.
rēðe, adj., _wroth, furious_: nom. sg., 122, 1586; nom. pl. rēðe, 771.
Also, of things, _wild, rough, fierce_: gen. sg. rēðes and-hÄttres
(_fierce, penetrating heat_), 2524.
rēaf, st. n., _booty, plunder in war; clothing, garments_ (as taken by the
victor from the vanquished): in comp. heaðo-, wæl-rēaf.
rēafian, w. v., _to plunder, rob_, w. acc.: inf. hord rēafian, 2774; pret.
sg. þenden rÄ“afode rinc Åðerne, 2986; wæl rÄ“afode, 3028; pret. pl. wæl
rēafedon, 1213.
be-rēafian, w. instr., _to bereave, rob of_: pret. part. since be-rēafod,
2747; golde be-rēafod, 3019.
reord, st. f., _speech, language; tone of voice_: acc. sg. on-cnīow mannes
reorde (_knew, heard, a human voice_), 2556.
reordian, w. v., _to speak, talk_: inf. fela reordian _(speak much_), 3026.
ge-reordian, _to entertain, to prepare for_: pret. part. Ã¾Ä wæs eft swÄ Ç£r
... flet-sittendum fægere ge-reorded (_again, as before, the guests were
hospitably entertained_), 1789
rēot, st. m.?, f.?, _noise, tumult_? (_grave_?): instr. sg. rēote, 2458.
Bugge, in Zachers Zeits. 4, 215, takes rēote as dat. from rēot (_rest,
repose_).
rēoc, adj., _savage, furious_: nom. sg., 122.
be-rēofan, st. v., _to rob of, bereave_: pret. part. w. instr. acc. sg.
fem. golde berofene, 2932; instr. sg. rēote berofene, 2458.
rÄ“on. See rÅwan.
rēotan, st. v., _to weep_: pres. pl. oð þæt ... roderas rēotað, 1377.
rÄ“ow, adj., _excited, fierce, wild_: in comp. blÅd-, gūð-, wæl-rÄ“ow. See
hrēow.
ricone, _hastily, quickly, immediately_, 2984.
riht, st. n., _right_ or _privilege; the_ (abstract) _right_: acc. sg. on
ryht (_according to right_), 1556; sÅð and riht (_truth and right_), 1701;
dat. sg. wið rihte, 144; æfter rihte (_in accordance with right_), 1050;
syllīc spell rehte æfter rihte _(told a wondrous tale truthfully_), 2111;
mid rihte, 2057; acc. pl. ealde riht (_the ten commandments_), 2331;
--Comp. in ēðel-, folc-, land-, un-, word-riht.
riht, adj., _straight, right_: in comp. up-riht.
rihte, adv., _rightly, correctly_, 1696. See æt-rihte.
rinc, st. m., _man, warrior, hero_: nom. sg., 399, 2986; also of Grendel,
721; acc. sg. rinc, 742, 748; dat. sg. rince, 953; of HrÅðgÄr, 1678; gen.
pl. rinca, 412, 729.--Comp. in beado-, gūð-, here-, heaðo-, hilde-, mago-,
sǣ-rinc.
ge-risne, ge-rysne, adj., _appropriate, proper_: nom. sg. n. ge-rysne,
2654.
rīce, st. n.: 1) _realm, land ruled over_: nom. sg., 2200, 2208; acc. sg.
rīce, 913, 1734, 1854, 3005; gen. sg. rīces, 862, 1391, 1860, 2028, 3081.
Comp. Swīo-rīce.--2) _council of chiefs, the king with his chosen
advisers_(?): nom. sg. oft gesæt rīce tŠrūne, 172.
rÄ«ce, adj., _mighty, powerful_: nom. sg. (of HrÅðgÄr), 1238; (of HygelÄc),
1210; (of Æsc-here), 1299; weak form, se rÄ«ca (HrÅðgÄr), 310; (BÄ“owulf),
399; (HygelÄc), 1976.--Comp. gimme-rÄ«ce.
rīcsian, rīxian, w. v. intrans., _to rule, reign_: inf. rīcsian, 2212;
pret. sg. rīxode, 144.
rīdan, st. v., _to ride_: subj. pres. þæt his byre rīde giong on galgan,
2446; pres. part. nom. pl. rīdend, 2458; inf. wicge rīdan, 234; mēarum
rÄ«dan, 856; pret. sg. sÇ£-genga ... sÄ“ þe on ancre rÄd, 1884; him tÅ-gÄ“anes
rÄd (_rode to meet them_), 1894; pret. pl. ymbe hlÇ£w riodan (_rode round
the grave-mound_), 3171.
ge-rÄ«dan, w. acc., _to ride over_: pret. sg. sÄ“ þe næs ge-rÄd (_who rode
over the promontory_), 2899.
rīm, st. n., _series, number_: in comp. dæg-, un-rīm.
ge-rÄ«m, st. n., _series, number_: in comp. dÅgor-ge-rim.
ge-rīman, w. v., _to count together, enumerate in all_: pret. part. in
comp. forð-gerīmed.
Ä-rÄ«san, st. v., _to arise, rise_: imper. sg. Ä-rÄ«s, 1391; pret. sg. Ä-rÄs
Ã¾Ä se rÄ«ca, 399; so, 652, 1791, 3031; Ä-rÄs Ã¾Ä bÄ« ronde (_arose by his
shield_), 2539; hwanan sÄ«o fÇ£hð Ä-rÄs (_whence the feud arose_), 2404.
rodor, st. m., _ether, firmament, sky_ (from _radius_?, Bugge): gen. sg.
rodores candel, 1573; nom. pl. roderas, 1377; dat. pl. under roderum, 310;
gen. pl. rodera, 1556.
rÅf, adj., _fierce, of fierce, heroic, strength, strong_: nom. sg., 2539;
also with gen. mægenes rÅf (_strong in might_), 2085; so, þēah þe hÄ“ rÅf
sÄ«e nīð-geweorca, 683; acc. sg. rÅfne, 1794; on þone rÅfan, 2691.--Comp.:
beadu-, brego-, ellen-, heaðo-, hyge-, sige-rÅf.
rÅt, adj., _glad, joyous_: in comp. un-rÅt.
rÅwan, st. v., _to row_ (with the arms), _swim_: pret. pl. rÄ“on (for
rēowon), 512, 539.
rūm, st. m., _space, room_: nom. sg., 2691.
rūm, adj.: 1) _roomy, spacious_: nom. sg. þūhte him eall tŠrūm, wongas and
wīc-stede (_fields and dwelling seemed to him all too broad_, i.e. could
not hide his shame at the unavenged death of his murdered son), 2462.--2)
in moral sense, _great, magnanimous, noble-hearted_: acc. sg. þurh rūmne
sefan, 278.
rūm-heort, adj., _big-hearted, noble-spirited_: nom. sg., 1800, 2111.
ge-rūm-līc, adj., _commodious, comfortable_: compar. ge-rūm-līcor, 139.
rūn, st. f., _secrecy, secret discussion, deliberation_ or _council_: dat.
sg. ge-sæt rīce tŠrūne, 172.--Comp. beado-rūn.
rūn-stæf, st. m., _rune-stave, runic letter_: acc. pl. þurh rūn-stafas,
1696.
rūn-wita, w. m., _rune-wit, privy councillor, trusted adviser_: nom. sg.,
1326.
ge-rysne. See ge-risne.
ge-rȳman, w. v.: 1) _to make room for, prepare, provide room_: pret. pl.
þæt hÄ«e him Åðer flet eal ge-ryÌ„mdon, 1087; pret. part. Ã¾Ä wæs GÄ“at-mæcgum
... benc gerȳmed, 492; so, 1976.--2) _to allow, grant, admit_: pret. part.
Ã¾Ä mÄ“ ge-ryÌ„med wæs (sīð) (_as access was permitted me_), 3089; Ã¾Ä him
geryÌ„med wearð, þæt hÄ«e wæl-stÅwe wealdan mÅston, 2984.
S
ge-saca, w. m., _opponent, antagonist, foe_: acc. sg. ge-sacan, 1774.
sacan, st. v., _to strive, contend_: inf. ymb feorh sacan, 439.
ge-sacan, _to attain, gain by contending_ (Grein): inf. gesacan sceal
sÄwl-berendra ... gearwe stÅwe _(gain the place prepared_, i.e. the
death-bed), 1005.
on-sacan: 1) (originally in a lawsuit), _to withdraw, take away, deprive
of_: pres. subj. þætte freoðuwebbe fēores on-sæce ... lēofne mannan,
1943.--2) _to contest, dispute, withstand_: inf. þæt hē sǣmannum on-sacan
mihte (i.e. hord, bearn, and brȳde), 2955.
sacu, st. f., _strife, hostility, feud_: nom. sg., 1858, 2473; acc. sg.
sæce, 154; sæcce, 1978, 1990, 2348, 2500, 2563; dat. sg. æt (tÅ) sæcce,
954, 1619, 1666, 2613, 2660, 2682, 2687; gen. sg. secce, 601; gen. pl.
sæcca, 2030.
ge-sacu, st. f., _strife, enmity_: nom. sg., 1738.
sadol, st. m., _saddle_: nom. sg., 1039.
sadol-beorht, adj., _with bright saddles_ (?): acc. pl. sadol-beorht, 2176.
ge-saga. See secgan.
samne, somne, adv., _together, united_; in æt-somne, _together, united_,
307, 402, 491, 544, 2848.
tÅ-somne (_together_), 3123; Ã¾Ä se wyrm ge-bÄ“ah snÅ«de tÅ-somne (_when the
dragon quickly coiled together_), 2569.
samod, somod: I. adv., _simultaneously, at the same time_: somod, 1212,
1615, 2175, 2988; samod, 2197; samod æt-gædere, 387, 730, 1064.--II. prep.
w. dat., _with, at the same time with_: samod ǣr-dæge (_with the break of
day_), 1312; somod ǣr-dæge, 2943.
sand, st. n., _sand, sandy shore_: dat. sg. on sande, 295, 1897, 3043(?);
æfter sande (_along the shore_), 1965; wið sande, 213.
sang, st. m., _song, cry, noise_: nom. sg. sang, 1064; swutol sang scopes,
90; acc. sg. sige-lÄ“asne sang (Grendel's cry of woe), 788; sÄrigne sang
(Hrēðel's dirge for Herebeald), 2448.
sÄl, st. m., _rope_: dat. sg. sÄle, 1907; on sÄle (sole, MS.), 302.
sÄl. See sÇ£l.
sÄr, st. n., _wound, pain_ (physical or spiritual): nom. sg. sÄr, 976; sÄ«o
sÄr, 2469; acc. sg. sÄr, 788; sÄre, 2296; dat. (instr.) sg. sÄre, 1252,
2312, 2747.--Comp. lÄ«c-sÄr.
sÄr, adj., _sore, painful_: instr. pl. sÄrum wordum, 2059.
sÄre, adv., _sorely, heavily, ill_, graviter: sÄ“ þe him [sÄ]re gesceÅd
(_who injured him sorely_), 2224.
sÄrig, adj., _painful, woeful_: acc. sg. sÄrigne sang, 2448.
sÄrig-ferð, adj., _sore-hearted, grieved_: nom. sg. sÄrig-ferð (WÄ«glÄf),
2864.
sÄrig-mÅd, adj., _sorrowful-minded, saddened_: dat. pl. sÄrig-mÅdum, 2943.
sÄr-lÄ«c, adj., _painful_: nom. sg., 843; acc. sg. neut., 2110.
sÄwol, sÄwl, st. f., _soul_ (the immortal principle as contrasted with lÄ«f,
the physical life): nom. sg. sÄwol, 2821; acc. sg. sÄwle, 184, 802; hǣðene
sÄwle, 853; gen. sg. sÄwele, 1743; sÄwle, 2423.
sÄwl-berend, pres. part., _endowed with a soul, human being_: gen. pl.
sÄwl-berendra, 1005.
sÄwul-drÄ“or, st. n., (blood gushing from the seat of the soul), _soul-gore,
heart's blood, life's blood_: instr. sg. sÄwul-drÄ«ore, 2694.
sÄwul-lÄ“as, adj., _soulless, lifeless_: acc. sg. sÄwol-lÄ“asne, 1407;
sÄwul-lÄ“asne, 3034.
sæce, sæcce. See sacu.
sæd, adj., _satiated, wearied_: in comp. hilde-sæd.
sæl, st. n., _habitable space, house_, _hall_: dat. sg. sel, 167; sæl, 307,
2076, 2265.
sæld, st. n., _hall, king's hall_ or _palace_: acc. sg. geond þæt sæld
(Heorot), 1281.
sǣ, st. m. and f., _sea, ocean_: nom. sg., 579, 1224; acc. sg. on sīdne sǣ,
507; ofer sǣ, 2381; ofer sǣ sīde, 2395; dat. sg. tŠsǣ, 318; on sǣ, 544;
dat. pl. be sǣm tweonum, 859, 1298, 1686, 1957.
sÇ£-bÄt, st. m., _sea-boat_: acc. sg., 634, 896.
sǣ-cyning, st. m., _sea-king, king ruling the sea_: gen. pl. sǣ-cyninga,
2383.
sǣ-dēor, st. n., _sea-beast, sea-monster_: nom. sg., 1511.
sǣ-draca, w. m., _sea-dragon_: acc. pl. sǣ-dracan, 1427.
ge-sǣgan, w. v., _to fell, slay_: pret. part. hæfdon eal-fela eotena cynnes
sweordum ge-sǣged (_felled with the sword_), 885.
sǣge. See on-sǣge.
sǣ-genga, w. m., _sea-goer_, i.e. sea-going ship: nom. sg., 1883, 1909.
sǣ-gēap, adj., _spacious_ (broad enough for the sea): nom. sg. sǣ-gēap
naca, 1897.
sǣ-grund, st. m., _sea-bottom, ocean-bottom_: dat. sg. sǣ-grunde, 564.
sÇ£l, sÄl, sÄ“l, st. f.: 1) _favorable opportunity, good_ or _fit time_: nom.
sg. sǣl, 623, 1666, 2059; sǣl and mǣl, 1009; acc. sg. sēle, 1136; gen. pl.
sǣla and mǣla, 1612.--2) _Fate_(?): see Note on l. 51.--3) _happiness,
joy_: dat. pl. on sÄlum, 608; sÇ£lum, 644, 1171, 1323. See sÄ“l, adj.
ge-sǣlan, w. v., _to turn out favorably, succeed_: pret. sg. him ge-sǣlde
þæt ...(_he was fortunate enough to_, etc.), 891; so, 574; efne swylce
mǣla, swylce hira man-dryhtne þearf ge-sǣlde (_at such times as need
disposed it for their lord_), 1251.
sÇ£lan (see sÄl), w. v., _to tie, bind_: pret. sg. sÇ£lde ... sīð-fæðme scip,
1918; pl. sǣ-wudu sǣldon, 226.
ge-sǣlan, _to bind together, weave, interweave_: pret. part. earm-bēaga
fela searwum ge-sǣled (_many curiously interwoven armlets_, i.e. made of
metal wire: see Guide to Scandinavian Antiquities, p. 48), 2765.
on-sǣlan, with acc., _to unbind, unloose, open_: on-sǣl meoto, sige-hrēð
secgum (_disclose thy views to the men, thy victor's courage_; or, _thy
presage of victory_?), 489.
sÇ£-lÄc, st. n., _sea-gift, sea-booty_: instr. sg. sÇ£-lÄce, 1625; acc. pl.
þÄs sÇ£-lÄc, 1653.
sÇ£-lÄd, st. f., _sea-way, sea-journey_: dat. sg. sÇ£-lÄde, 1140, 1158.
sǣ-līðend, pres. part., _seafarer_: nom. pl. sǣ-līðend, 411, 1819, 2807;
sǣ-līðende, 377.
sǣ-man, m., _sea-man, sea-warrior_: dat. pl. sǣ-mannum, 2955; gen. pl.
sǣ-manna, 329 (both times said of the Gēatas).
sǣmra, weak adj. compar., _the worse, the weaker_: nom. sg. sǣmra, 2881;
dat. sg. sǣmran, 954.
sǣ-mēðe, adj., _sea-weary, exhausted by sea-travel_: nom. pl. sǣ-mēðe, 325.
sǣ-næs, st. m., _sea-promontory, cape, naze_: acc. pl. sǣ-næssas, 223, 571.
sǣne, adj., _careless, slow_: compar. sg. nom. hē on holme wæs sundes þē
sǣnra, þē hyne swylt fornam (_was the slower in swimming in the sea, whom
death took away_), 1437.
sǣ-rinc, st. m., _sea-warrior_ or _hero_: nom. sg., 691.
sǣ-sīð, st. m., _sea-way, path, journey_: dat. sg. æfter sǣ-sīðe, 1150.
sǣ-wang, st. m., _sea-shore_ or _beach_: acc. sg. sǣ-wong, 1965.
sǣ-weal, st. m., _(sea-wall), seashore_: dat. sg. sǣ-wealle, 1925.
sǣ-wudu, st. m., _(sea-wood), vessel, ship_: acc. sg. sǣ-wudu, 226.
sǣ-wylm, st. m., _sea-surf, billow_: acc. pl. ofer sǣ-wylmas, 393.
scacan, sceacan, st. v., properly, _to shake one's self_; hence, _to go,
glide, pass along_ or _away_: pres. sg. þonne mīn sceaceð līf of līce,
2743; inf. Ã¾Ä cÅm beorht [sunne] scacan [ofer grundas], (_the bright sun
came gliding over the fields_), 1804; pret. sg. duguð ellor scÅc _(the
chiefs are gone elsewhither_, i.e. have died), 2255; þonne strǣla storm ...
scÅc ofer scild-weall (_when the storm of arrows leapt over the wall of
shields_), 3119; pret. part. wæs hira blǣd scacen (_their bravest men had
passed away_), 1125; Ã¾Ä wæs winter scacen (_the winter was past_), 1137;
so, sceacen, 2307, 2728.
scadu, sceadu, st. f., _shadow, concealing veil of night_: acc. sg. under
sceadu bregdan (i.e. kill), 708.
scadu-genga, w. m., _shadow-goer, twilight-stalker_ (of Grendel): nom. sg.
sceadu-genga, 704.
scadu-helm, st. m., _shadow-helm, veil of darkness_: gen. pl. scadu-helma
ge-sceapu (_shapes of the shadow, evil spirits wandering by night_), 651.
scalu, st. f., _retinue, band_ (part of an armed force); in comp.
hand-scalu: mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), 1318, 1964.
scamian, w. v., _to be ashamed_: pres. part. nom. pl. scamiende, 2851; nÅ
hē þǣre feoh-gyfte ... scamigan þorfte (_needed not be ashamed of his
treasure-giving_), 1027.
scawa (see scēawlan), w. m., _observer, visitor_: nom. pl. scawan, 1896.
ge-scÄd, st. n., _difference, distinction_: acc. sg. Ç£g-hwæðres gescÄd,
worda and worca (_difference between, of, both words and deeds_), 288.
ge-scÄdan, st. v., _to decide, adjudge_: pret. sg. rodera rÇ£dend hit on
ryht gescēd (_decided it in accordance with right_), 1556.
scÄnan? See scÄ«nan, pret. pl. scionon, 303; the imaginary scÄnan having
been abandoned.
ge-scæp-hwīle, st. f., _fated hour, hour of death (appointed rest?)_: dat.
sg. tŠgescæp-hwīle (_at the fated hour_), 26.
sceððan, w. v., _to scathe, injure_: inf. w. dat. pers., 1034; aldre
sceððan (_hurt her life_), 1525; þæt on land Dena lÄðra nÇ£nig mid scipherge
sceððan ne meahte (_injure through robber incursions_), 243; pret. sg. þǣr
him nǣnig wæter wihte ne sceðede, 1515.
ge-sceððan, the same: inf. þæt him ... ne mihte eorres inwit-feng aldre
gesceððan, 1448.
scenc, st. m., _vessel, can_: in comp. medu-scenc.
scencan, w. v., _to hand drink, pour out_: pret. sg. scencte scīr wered,
496 (cf. skinker = cup-bearer).
scenne, w. f.?, _sword-guard?_: dat. pl. on þǣm scennum scīran goldes,
1695.
sceran, st. v., _to shear off, cleave, hew to pieces_: pres. sg. þonne
heoru bunden ... swīn ofer helme andweard scireð (_hews off the boar-head
on the helm_), 1288.
ge-sceran, _to divide, hew in two_: pret. sg. helm oft ge-scær (_often
clove the helm in two_), 1527; so, gescer, 2974.
scerwen, st. f.?, in comp. ealu-scerwen (_ale-scare_ or _panic_?), 770.
scēt. See scēotan.
sceadu. See scadu.
sceaða, w. m.: 1) _scather, foe_: gen. pl. sceaðena, 4.--2) _fighter,
warrior_: nom. pl. scaðan, 1804.--Comp.: attor-, dol-, fēond-, gūð-,
hearm-, lÄ“od-, mÄn-, sin-, þēod-, Å«ht-sceaða.
sceaðan, st. v. w. dat., _to scathe, injure, crush_: pret. sg. sē þe oft
manegum scÅd (_which has oft oppressed many_), 1888.
ge-sceaðan, w. dat., the same: pret. sg. swÄ him Ç£r gescÅd hild æt Heorote,
1588; sÄ“ þe him sÄre ge-sceÅd (_who injured him sorely_), 2224; nŠþyÌ„ Ç£r
in gescÅd hÄlan lÄ«ce, 1503; bill Ç£r gescÅd eald-hlÄfordes þÄm þÄra mÄðma
mund-bora wæs (_the weapon of the ancient chieftain had before laid low the
dragon, the guardian of the treasure_), 2778 (or, _sheathed in brass_?, if
Ç£r and gescÅd form compound).
sceaðen-mǣl, st. n., _deadly weapon, hostile sword_: nom. sg., 1940.
sceaft, st. m., _shaft, spear, missile_: nom. sg. sceft, 3119.--Comp.:
here-, wæl-sceaft.
ge-sceaft, st. f.: 1) _creation, earth, earthly existence_: acc. sg. þÄs
lǣnan ge-sceaft, 1623.--2) _fate, destiny_: in comp. forð-, līf-,
mǣl-gesceaft.
scealc, st. m., _servant, military retainer_: nom. sg., 919; (of BÄ“owulf),
940.--Comp bēor-scealc.
ge-sceap, st. n.: 1) _shape, creature_: nom. pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu,
651.--2) _fate, providence_: acc. sg. hēah ge-sceap (_heavy fate_), 3085.
sceapan, sceppan, scyppan, st. v., _to shape, create, order, arrange,
establish_: pres. part. scyppend (_the Creator_), 106; pret. sg. scÅp him
Heort naman (_shaped, gave, it the name Heorot_), 78; pres. part. wæs sīo
wrÅht scepen heard wið HÅ«gas, syððan HygelÄc cwÅm (_the contest with the
HÅ«gas became sharp after H. had come_), 2915.
ge-sceapan, _to shape, create_: pret. sg. lÄ«f ge-sceÅp cynna gehwylcum, 97.
scear, st. m., _massacre_: in comp. gūð-, inwit-scear, 2429, etc.
scearp, adj., _sharp, able, brave_: nom. sg. scearp scyld-wiga,
288.--Comp.: beadu-, heaðo-scearp.
scearu, st. f., _division, body, troop_: in comp. folc-scearu; _that is
decided_ or _determined_, in gūð-scearu (_overthrow_?), 1214.
sceat, st. m., _money_; also _unit of value in appraising_ (cf. Rieger in
Zacher's Zeits. 3, 415): acc. pl. sceattas, 1687. When numbers are given,
sceat appears to be left out, cf. 2196, 2995 (see þūsend).--Comp.
gif-sceat.
scēat, st. m., _region, field_: acc. pl. gefrætwade foldan scēatas leomum
and lēafum, 96;--_top, surface, part_: gen. pl. eorðan scēata, 753.
scēawere, st. m., _observer, spy_: nom. pl. scēaweras, 253.
scēawian, w. v. w. acc., _to see, look at, observe_: inf. scēawian, 841,
1414, 2403, 2745, 3009, 3033; scÄ“awigan, 1392; pres. sg. II. þæt gÄ“ genÅge
nÄ“an scÄ“awiað bÄ“agas and brÄd gold, 3105; subj. pres. þæt ic ... scÄ“awige
swegle searo-gimmas, 2749; pret. sg. scēawode, 1688, 2286, 2794; sg. for
pl., 844; pret. pl. scēawedon, 132, 204, 984, 1441.
ge-scēawian, _to see, behold, observe_: pret. part. ge-scēawod, 3076, 3085.
sceorp, st. n., _garment_: in comp. hilde-sceorp.
scÄ“otan, st. v., _to shoot, hurl missiles_: pres. sg. sÄ“ þe of flÄn-bogan
fyrenum scēoteð, 1745; pres. part. nom. pl. scēotend (_the warriors,
bowmen_), 704, 1155; dat. pl. for scēotendum (MS. scotenum), 1027.
ge-scēotan, w. acc., _to shoot off, hurry_: pret. sg. hord eft gescēat
(_the dragon darted again back to the treasure_), 2320.
of-scÄ“otan, _to kill by shooting_: pret. sg. his mÇ£g of-scÄ“t ... blÅdigan
gÄre _(killed his brother with bloody dart_), 2440.
scild, scyld, st. m., _shield_: nom. sg. scyld, 2571; acc. sg. scyld, 437,
2076; acc. pl. scyldas, 325, 333, 2851.
scildan, scyldan, w. v., _to shield, protect_: pret. subj. nymðe mec god
scylde (_if God had not shielded me_), 1659.
scild-freca, w. m., _shield-warrior_ (warrior armed with a shield): nom.
sg. scyld-freca, 1034.
scild-weall, st. m., _wall of shields_: acc. sg. scild-weall, 3119.
scild-wiga, w. m., _shield-warrior_: nom. sg. scyld-wiga, 288.
scinna, w. m., _apparition, evil spirit_: dat. pl. scynnum, 940.
scip, st. n., _vessel, ship_: nom. sg., 302; acc. sg., 1918; dat. sg. tÅ
scipe, 1896; gen. sg. scipes, 35, 897; dat pl. tÅ scypum (scypon, MS.),
1155.
scip-here, st. m., (exercitus navalis) _armada, fleet_: dat. sg. mid
scip-herge, 243.
ge-scīfe (for ge-scȳfe), adj., _advancing_ (of the dragon's movement),
2571; = G. _schief_?
scīnan, st. v., _to shine, flash_: pres. sg. sunne ... sūðan scīneð, 607;
so, 1572; inf. geseah blÄcne lÄ“oman beorhte scÄ«nan, 1518; pret. sg.
(gūð-byrne, woruld--candel) scÄn, 321, 1966; on him byrne scÄn, 405; pret.
pl. gold-fÄg scinon web æfter wÄgum, 995; scionon, 303.
scīr, adj., _sheer, pure, shining_: nom. sg. hring-īren scīr, 322; scīr
metod, 980; acc. sg. n. scīr wered, 496; gen. sg. scīran goldes, 1695.
scīr-ham, adj., _bright-armored, clad in bright mail_: nom. pl. scīr-hame,
1896.
scoten. See scēoten.
ge-scÅd, pret. part., _shod_ (calceatus), _covered_: in comp.
Ç£r-ge-scÅd(?). See ge-sceaðan, and Note.
scop, st. m., _singer, shaper, poet_: nom. sg., 496, 1067; gen. sg. scopes,
90.
scræf, st. n., _hole in the earth, cavern_: in comp. eorð-scræf.
scrīðan, st. v., _to stride, go_: pres. pl. scrīðað, 163; inf. scrīðan,
651, 704; scrīðan tÅ, 2570.
scrīfan, st. v., _to prescribe, impose_ (punishment): inf. hū him (Grendel)
scīr metod scrīfan wille, 980.
for-scrīfan, w. dat. pers., _to proscribe, condemn_: pret. part. siððan him
scyppend for-scrifen hæfde, 106.
ge-scrÄ«fan, _to permit, prescribe_: pret. sg. swÄ him Wyrd ne ge-scrÄf (_as
Weird did not permit him_), 2575.
scrūd, st. m., _clothing, covering; ornament_: in comp. beadu-,
byrdu-scrūd.
scucca, w. m., _shadowy sprite, demon_: dat. pl. scuccum, 940.
sculan, aux. v. w. inf.: 1) _shall, must_ (obligation): pres. sg. I., III.
sceal, 20, 24, 183, 251, 271, 287, 440, 978, 1005, 1173, 1387, 1535, etc.;
scel, 455, 2805, 3011; II. scealt, 589, 2667; subj. pres. scyle, 2658;
scile, 3178; pret. ind. sg. I., III. scolde, 10, 806, 820, 966, 1071, 1444,
1450, etc.; sceolde, 2342, 2409, 2443, 2590, 2964; II. sceoldest, 2057; pl.
scoldon, 41, 833, 1306, 1638; subj. pret. scolde, 1329, 1478; sceolde,
2709.--2) w. inf. following it expresses futurity, = _shall, will_: pres.
sg. I., III. sceal bēodan (_shall offer_), 384; so, 424, 438, 602, 637,
1061, 1707, 1856, 1863, 2070; sceall, 2499, 2509, etc.; II. scealt, 1708;
pl. wit sculon, 684; subj. pret. scolde, 280, 692, 911; sceolde, 3069.--3)
sculan sometimes forms a periphrastic phrase or circumlocution for a simple
tense, usually with a slight feeling of obligation or necessity: pres. sg.
hē ge-wunian sceall (_he inhabits; is said to inhabit?_), 2276; pret. sg.
sē þe wæter-egesan wunian scolde, 1261; wæcnan scolde (_was to awake_), 85;
sē þone gomelan grētan sceolde (_was to, should, approach_), 2422; þæt se
byrn-wiga būgan sceolde (_the corseleted warrior had to bow, fell_), 2919;
pl. Ã¾Ä Ã¾e beado-grÄ«man byÌ„wan sceoldon (_they that had to polish or deck
the battle-masks_), 2258; so, 230, 705, 1068.--4) w. omitted inf., such as
wesan, gangan: unc sceal worn fela mÄðma ge-mÇ£nra (i.e. wesan). 1784; so,
2660; sceal se hearda helm ... fǣtum befeallen (i.e. wesan), 2256; ic him
æfter sceal (i.e. gangan), 2817; subj. þonne þū forð scyle (i.e. gangan),
1180. A verb or inf. expressed in an antecedent clause is not again
expressed with a subsequent sceal: gǣð Ä Wyrd swÄ hÄ«o scel (_Weird goeth
ever as it shall_ [go]), 455; gūð-bill ge-swÄc swÄ hit nÅ sceolde (i.e.
ge-swīcan), 2586.
scūa, w. m., _shadowy demon_: in comp. dēað-scūa.
scÅ«fan, st. v.: 1) intrans., _to move forward, hasten_: pret. part. Ã¾Ä wæs
morgen-lēoht scofen and scynded, 919.--2) w. acc., _to shove, push_: pret.
pl. guman Å«t scufon ... wudu bundenne (_pushed the vessel from the land_),
215; dracan scufun ... ofer weall-clif (_pushed the dragon over the
wall-like cliff_), 3132. See wīd-scofen(?)
be-scÅ«fan, w. acc., _to push, thrust down, in_: inf. wÄ bið þǣm þe sceal
... sÄwle be-scÅ«fan in fyÌ„res fæðm (_woe to him that shall thrust his soul
into fire's embrace_), 184.
scūr, st. m., _shower, battle-shower_: in comp. īsern-scūr.
scūr-heard, adj., _fight-hardened? (file-hardened?_): nom. pl. scūr-heard,
1034.
scyld, scyldan. See scild, scildan.
scyldig, adj., _under obligations_ or _bound for; guilty of_, w. gen. and
instr.: ealdres (morðres) scyldig, 1339, 1684, 2062; synnum scyldig
(_guilty of evil deeds_), 3072.
scyndan, w. v., _to hasten_: inf. scyndan, 2571; pret. part, scynded, 919
scynna. See scinna.
scyppend. See sceapan.
scȳran, w. v., _to arrange, decide_: inf. þæt hit sceaðen-mǣl scȳran
mÅste (_that the sword must decide it_), 1940. O.N. skora, _to score,
decide_.
scȳne, adj., _sheen, well-formed, beautiful_: nom. sg. mægð scȳne, 3017.
sē, se, pron. dem. and article, _the_: m. nom., 79, 84, 86, 87, 90, 92,
102, etc.; fem, sēo, 66, 146, etc.; neut. þæt;--relative: sē (_who_), 1611,
2866; sē þe (_he who_), 2293; sēo þe (_she who_), 1446; sē þe (for sēo þe),
1345, 1888, 2686; cf. 1261, 1498; (Grendel's mother, as a wild, demonic
creature, is conceived now as man, now as woman: woman, as having borne a
son; man, as the incarnation of savage cunning and power); se for sēo,
2422; dat. sg. þÄm (for þÄm þe), 2780.
secce. See sacu.
secg, st. m., _man, warrior, hero, spokesman_ (secgan?): nom. sg., 208,
872, 2228, 2407, etc.; (BÄ“owulf), 249, 948, 1312, 1570, 1760, etc.;
(WulfgÄr), 402; (Hunferð), 981; (WÄ«glÄf), 2864; acc. sg. sinnigne secg
(Grendel's mother, cf. se), 1380; dat. sg. secge, 2020; nom. pl. secgas,
213, 2531, 3129; dat. pl. secgum, 490; gen. pl. secga, 634, 843, 997, 1673.
secg, st. f., _sword_ (sedge?): acc. sg. secge, 685.
secgan, w. v., _to say, speak_: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. gode ic þanc secge,
1998; so, 2796; pres. part. swÄ se secg hwata secgende wæs lÄðra spella
(partitive gen.), 3029; inf. secgan, 582, 876, 881, 1050; pret. sg. sægde
him þæs lēanes þanc, 1810; pret. sg. II. hwæt þū worn fela ... sægdest from
his sīðe, 532.--2) without acc inf. swÄ wÄ“ sÅðlÄ«ce secgan hyÌ„rdon, 273;
pret. sg. sægde, 2633, 2900--3) w. depend. clause: pres. sg. ic secge, 591;
pl. III. secgað, 411; inf. secgan, 51, 391, 943, 1347, 1701, 1819, 2865,
3027; gerund. tŠsecganne, 473, 1725; pret. sg. sægde, 90, 1176; pl.
sægdon, 377, 2188; sǣdan, 1946.
Ä-secgan (edicere), _to say out, deliver_: inf. wille ic Ä-secgan suna
Healfdenes ... mīn ǣrende, 344.
ge-secgan, _to say, relate_: imper. sg. II. ge-saga, 388; þæt ic his ǣrest
þē eft ge-sægde (_that I should, after, tell thee its origin_), 2158; pret.
part. gesægd, 141; gesǣd, 1697.
sefa, w. m., _heart, mind, soul, spirit_: nom. sg., 49, 490, 595, 2044,
2181, 2420, 2601, 2633; acc. sg. sefan, 278, 1727, 1843; dat. sg. sefan,
473, 1343, 1738.--Comp. mÅd-sefa.
ge-segen, st. f., _legend, tale_: in comp. eald-ge-segen.
segl, st. n., _sail_: nom. sg., 1907.
segl-rÄd, st. f., _sail-road_, i.e. sea: dat. sg. on segl-rÄde, 1430.
segn, st. n., _banner_, vexillum: nom. sg., 2768, 2959; acc. sg. segen, 47,
1022; segn, 2777; dat. sg. under segne, 1205.--Comp. hēafod-segn.
sel, st. n., _hall, palace_. See sæl.
seld, st. n., _dwelling, house_: in comp. medu-seld.
ge-selda, w. m., contubernalis, _companion_: acc. sg. geseldan, 1985.
seldan, adv., _seldom_: oft [nÅ] seldan, 2030.
seld-guma, w. m., _house-man, home-stayer(?); common man?, house-carl?_:
nom. sg., 249.
sele, st. m. and n., _building consisting of one apartment; apartment,
room_: nom. sg., 81, 411; acc. sg. sele, 827, 2353; dat. sg. tÅ sele, 323,
1641; in (on, tÅ) sele þÄm hÄ“an, 714, 920, 1017, 1985; on sele (_in the den
of the dragon_), 3129.--Comp.: bēah-, bēor-, dryht-, eorð-, gest-, gold-,
grund-, gūð-, hÄ“ah-, hring-, hrÅf-, nið-, win-sele.
sele-drÄ“am, st. m., _hall-glee, joy in the hall_: acc. sg. þÄra þe þis lÄ«f
ofgeaf, gesÄwon sele-drÄ“am (referring to the joy of heaven?), 2253.
sele-ful, st. n., _hall-goblet_: acc. sg., 620.
sele-gyst, st. m., _hall-guest, stranger in hall_ or _house_: acc. sg. þone
sele-gyst, 1546.
sele-rǣdend, pres. part., _hall-ruler, possessor of the hall_: nom. pl.,
51; acc. lēode mīne sele-rǣdende, 1347.
sele-rest, st. f., _bed in the hall_: acc. sg. sele-reste, 691.
sele-þegn, st. m., _retainer, hall-thane, chamberlain_: nom. sg., 1795.
sele-weard, st. m., _hall-ward, guardian of the hall_: acc. sg., 668.
self, sylf, pron., _self_: nom. sg. strong form, self, 1314, 1925 (?
selfa); þū self, 595; þū þē self, 954; self cyning (_the king himself, the
king too_), 921, 1011; sylf, 1965; in weak form, selfa, 1469; hē selfa, 29,
1734; þǣm þe him selfa dēah (_that can rely upon, trust to, himself_),
1840; seolfa, 3068; hē sylfa, 505; god sylfa, 3055; acc. sg. m. selfne,
1606; hine selfne (_himself_), 962; hyne selfne (_himself_, reflex.), 2876;
wið sylfne (_beside_), 1978; gen. sg. m. selfes, 701, 896; his selfes,
1148; on sÄ«nne sylfes dÅm (_at his own will_), 2148; sylfes, 2224, 2361,
2640, 2711, 2777, 3014; his sylfes, 2014, 2326; fem. hire selfre, 1116;
nom. pl. selfe, 419; Sūð-Dene sylfe, 1997.
ge-sella, w. m., _house-companion, comrade_: in comp. hand-gesella.
sellan, syllan, w. v.: 1) w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., _to give,
deliver; permit, grant, present_: pres. sg. III. seleð him on ēðle eorðan
wynne, 1731; inf. syllan, 2161, 2730; pret. sg. sealde, 72, 673, 1272,
1694, 1752, 2025, 2156, 2183, 2491, 2995; nefne god sylfa sealde þÄm þe hÄ“
wolde hord openian (_unless God himself gave to whom he would to open the
hoard_), 3056; pret. sg. II. sealdest, 1483.--2) _to give, give up_ (only
w. acc. of thing): ǣr hē feorh seleð (_he prefers to give up his life_),
1371; nallas on gylp seleð fǣtte bēagas (_giveth out gold-wrought rings_,
etc.), 1750; pret. sg. sinc-fato sealde, 623; pl. byrelas sealdon wīn of
wunder-fatum, 1162.
ge-sellan, w. acc. and dat. of pers., _to give, deliver; grant, present_:
inf. ge-sellan, 1030; pret. sg. ge-sealde, 616, 1053, 1867, 1902, 2143,
etc.
sel-lÄ«c, syl-lÄ«c (from seld-lÄ«c), adj., _strange, wondrous_: nom. sg. glÅf
... syllīc, 2087; acc. sg. n. syllīc spell, 2110; acc. pl. sellīce
sǣ-dracan, 1427. Compar. acc. sg. syllīcran wiht (the dragon), 3039.
semninga, adv., _straightway, at once_ 645, 1641, 1768.
sendan, w. v. w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers., _to send_: pret. sg. þone
god sende folce tÅ frÅfre (_whom God sent as a comfort to the people_), 13;
so, 471, 1843.
for-sendan, _to send away, drive off_ pret. part. hē wearð on fēonda
geweald ... snūde for-sended, 905.
on-sendan, _to send forth, away_, w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers.:
imper. sg. on-send, 452, 1484; pret. sg. on-sende, 382; pl. þē hine ...
forð on-sendon ǣnne ofer ȳðe (_who sent him forth alone over the sea_),
45; pret. part. bealo-cwealm hafað fela feorh-cynna feorr on-sended, 2267.
sendan (cf. Gl. Aldhelm, sanda = ferculorum, epularum, in Haupt IX. 444),
w. v., _to feast, banquet_: pres. sg. III. sendeð, 601.--Leo.
serce, syrce, w. f., _sark, shirt of mail_: nom. sg. syrce, 1112; nom. pl.
syrcan, 226; acc. pl. grǣge syrcan, 334.--Comp.: beadu-, heoro-serce;
here-, leoðo-, līc-syrce.
sess, st. m., _seat, place for sitting_: dat. sg. sesse, 2718; Ã¾Ä hÄ“ bÄ«
sesse gēong (_by the seat_, i.e. before the dragon's lair), 2757.
setl, st. n., _seat, settle_: acc. sg., 2014; dat. sg. setle, 1233, 1783,
2020; gen. sg. setles, 1787; dat. pl. setlum, 1290.--Comp.: hēah-, hilde-,
meodu-setl.
settan, w. v., _to set_: pret. sg. setton sǣ-mēðe sīde scyldas ... wið þæs
recedes weall (_the sea-wearied ones set their broad shields against the
wall of the hall_), 325; so, 1243.
Ä-settan, _to set, place, appoint_: pret. pl. hÄ«e him Ä-setton segen
[gyl]-denne hēah ofer hēafod, 47; pret. part. hæfde kyninga wuldor Grendle
tÅ-gÄ“anes ... sele-weard Ä-seted, 668.
be-settan, _to set with, surround_: pret. sg. (helm) besette swīn-līcum
(_set the helm with swine-bodies_), 1454.
ge-settan: 1) _to set, set down_: pret. part. swÄ wæs ...þurh rÅ«n-stafas
rihte ge-mearcod, ge-seted and ge-sǣd (_thus was ... in rune-staves rightly
marked, set down and said_), 1697.--2) _to set, ordain, create_: pret. sg.
ge-sette ... sunnan and mÅnan lÄ“oman tÅ lÄ“ohte land-bÅ«endum, 94.--3) =
componere, _to lay aside, smooth over, appease_: pret. sg. þæt hē mid þȳ
wīfe wæl-fǣhða ... dǣl ... ge-sette, 2030.
sēcan, w. v., _to follow after_, hence: 1) _to seek, strive for_, w. acc.:
pret. sg. sinc-fæt sÅhte _(sought the costly cup_), 2301; ne sÅhte
searo-nīðas, 2739; so, 3068. Without acc.: þonne his myne sÅhte (_than his
wish demanded_), 2573; hord-weard sÅhte georne æfter grunde (_the
hoard-warden sought eagerly along the ground_), 2294.--2) _to look for,
come_ or _go some whither, attain something_, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. sē þe
... biorgas sēceð, 2273; subj. þēah þe hǣð-stapa holt-wudu sēce, 1370;
imper. sēc gif þū dyrre (_look for her_, i.e. Grendel's mother, _if thou
dare_), 1380; inf. sēcean, 200, 268, 646, 1598, 1870, 1990, 2514(?), 3103,
etc.; sēcan, 665, 1451; drihten sēcean (_seek, go to, the Lord_), 187;
sēcean wyn-lēas wīc (_Grendel was to seek a joyless place_, i.e. Hell),
822; so, sÄ“can dÄ“ofla gedræg, 757; sÄwle sÄ“can (_seek the life, kill_),
802; so, sÄ“cean sÄwle hord, 2423; gerund. sæcce tÅ sÄ“ceanne, 2563; pret.
sg. I., III. sÅhte, 139, 208, 376, 417, 2224; II. sÅhtest, 458; pl. sÅhton,
339.--3) _to seek, attack_: þē ūs sēceað tŠSwēona lēode, 3002; pret. pl.
hine wræc-mæcgas ofer sÇ£ sÅhtan, 2381.
ge-sēcan: 1) _to seek_, w. acc.: inf. gif hē gesēcean dear wīg ofer wǣpen,
685.--2) _to look for, come_ or _go to attain_, w. acc.: inf. ge-sēcean,
693; gerund, tÅ ge-sÄ“canne, 1923; pret. sg. ge-sÅhte, 463, 520, 718, 1952;
pret. part. nom. pl. feor-cȳððe bÄ“oð sÄ“lran ge-sÅhte þÄm þe hine selfa
dēah, 1840.--3) _to seek with hostile intent, to attack_: pres. sg.
ge-sÄ“ceð 2516; pret. sg. ge-sÅhte, 2347; pl. ge-sÅhton, 2927; ge-sÅhtan,
2205.
ofer-sēcan, w. acc., _to surpass, outdo_ (in an attack): pres. sg. wæs sīo
hond tÅ strong, sÄ“ þe mÄ“ca gehwane ... swenge ofer-sÅhte, þonne hÄ“ tÅ sæcce
bær wǣpen wundrum heard (_too strong was the hand, that surpassed every
sword in stroke, when he_ [BÄ“owulf] _bore the wondrous weapon to battle_,
i.e. the hand was too strong for any sword; its strength made it useless in
battle), 2687.
sēl, st. f. See sǣl.
sēl, sǣl, adj., _good, excellent, fit_, only in compar.: nom. sg. m. sēlra,
861, 2194; þǣm þǣr sēlra wæs (_to the one that was the better_, i.e.
HygelÄc), 2200; dÄ“að bið sÄ“lla þonne edwÄ«t-lÄ«f, 2891; neut. sÄ“lre, 1385;
acc. sg. m. sēlran þē (_a better than thee_), 1851; sēlran, 1198; neut. þæt
sēlre, 1760; dat. sg. m. sēlran sweord-frecan, 1469; nom. pl. fem. sēlran,
1840. Superl., strong form: nom. sg. neut. sēlest, 173, 1060; hūsa sēlest,
146, 285, 936; ofost is sēlest, 256; bolda sēlest, 2327; acc. sg. neut.
hrægla sēlest, 454; hūsa sēlest, 659; billa sēlest, 1145;--weak form: nom.
sg. m. reced sēlesta, 412; acc. sg. m. þone sēlestan, 1407, 2383; (þæs,
MS.), 1957; dat. sg. m. þǣm sēlestan, 1686; nom. pl. sēlestan, 416; acc.
pl. Ã¾Ä sÄ“lestan, 3123.
sēl, compar. adv., _better, fitter, more excellent_, 1013, 2531; ne byð him
wihte þē sēl (_he shall be nought the better for it_), 2278; so, 2688.
sealma (Frisian selma, in bed-selma), w. m., _bed-chamber, sleeping-place_:
acc. sg. on sealman, 2461.
sealt, adj., _salty_: acc. sg. neut. ofer sealt wæter (_the sea_), 1990.
searo (G. sarwa, pl.), st. n.: 1) _armor, accoutrements, war-gear_: nom.
pl. sǣ-manna searo, 329; dat. pl. secg on searwum (_a man, warrior, in
panoply_), 249, 2701; in (on) searwum, 323, 1558; 2531, 2569; instr. pl.
searwum, 1814.--2) _insidiae, ambuscade, waylaying, deception, battle_: þÄ
ic of searwum cwÅm, fÄh from fÄ“ondum, 419.--3) _cunning, art, skill_:
instr. pl. sadol searwum fÄh (_saddle cunningly ornamented_), 1039;
earmbēaga fela, searwum ge-sǣled (_many cunningly-linked armlets_),
2765.--Comp. fyrd-, gūð-, inwit-searo.
searo-bend, st. f., _band, bond, of curious workmanship_: instr. pl.
searo-bendum fæst, 2087.
searo-fÄh, adj., _cunningly inlaid, ornamented, with gold_: nom. sg.
here-byrne hondum ge-brÅden, sÄ«d and searo-fÄh, 1445.
searo-ge-þræc, st. n., _heap of treasure-objects_: acc. sg., 3103.
searo-gim, st. m., _cunningly set gem, rich jewel_: acc. pl. searo-gimmas,
2750; gen. pl. searo-gimma, 1158.
searo-grim, adj., _cunning and fierce_: nom. sg., 595.
searo-hæbbend, pres. part. as subst., _arms-bearing, warrior with his
trappings_: gen. pl. searo-hæbbendra, 237.
searo-net, st. n., _armor-net, shirt of mail, corselet_: nom. sg., 406.
searo-nīð, st. m.: 1) _cunning hostility, plot, wiles_: acc. pl.
searo-nīðas, 1201, 2739.--2) also, only _hostility, feud, contest_: acc.
pl. searo-nīðas, 3068; gen. pl. searo-nīða, 582.
searo-þanc, st. m., _ingenuity_: instr. pl. searo-þoncum, 776.
searo-wundor, st. n., _rare wonder_: acc. sg., 921.
seax, st. n., _shortsword, hip-knife; dagger_: instr. sg. seaxe,
1546.--Comp. wæl-seax.
seax-ben, st. f., _dagger-wound_: instr. pl. siex-bennum, 2905.
seofon, num., _seven_, 517; seofan, 2196; decl. acc. syfone, 3123.
seomian, w. v.: 1) intrans., _to be tied; lie at rest_: inf. siomian, 2768;
pret. sg. seomode, 302.--2) w. acc., _to put in bonds, entrap, catch_:
pret. sg. duguðe and geogoðe seomade (cf. 2086-2092, 161.
seonu, st. f., _sinew_: nom. pl. seonowe, 818.
sēoc, adj., _feeble, weak; fatally ill_: nom. sg. feorh-bennum sēoc (of
Bēowulf, _sick unto death_), 2741; siex-bennum sēoc (of the dead dragon),
2905; nom. pl. mÅdes sÄ“oce (_sick of soul_), 1604.--Comp.: ellen-, feorh-,
heaðo-sēoc.
sēoðan, st. v. w. acc., _to seethe, boil_; figuratively, _be excited over,
brood_: pret. sg. ic þæs mÅd-ceare sorh-wylmum sÄ“að (_I pined in
heart-grief for that_), 1994; so, 190.
seoloð, st. m.?, _bight, bay_ (cf. Dietrich in Haupt XI. 416): gen. pl.
sioleða bi-gong (_the realm of bights_ = the [surface of the] sea?), 2368.
sēon, sȳn, st. f., _aspect, sight_: in comp. wlite-, wundor-sēon, an-sȳn.
sēon, st. v., _to see_: a) w. acc.: inf. searo-wunder sēon, 921; so, 387,
1181, 1276, 3103; þǣr mæg nihta ge-hwǣm nīð-wundor sēon (_there may every
night be seen a repulsive marvel_), 1366; pret. sg. ne seah ic ...
heal-sittendra medudrÄ“am mÄran, 2015.--b) w. acc. and predicate adj.: ne
seah ic elþēodige þus manige men mÅdiglÄ«cran, 336.--c) w. prep. or adv.:
pret. sg. seah on enta ge-weorc, 2718; seah on un-lÄ“ofe, 2864; pl. folc tÅ
sǣgon (_looked on_), 1423.
ge-sēon, _to see, behold_: a) w. acc.: pres. sg. III. sē þe bēah ge-syhð,
2042; inf. ge-sēon, 396, 571, 649, 962, 1079, etc.; pret. sg. geseah, 247,
927, 1558, 1614; pl. ge-sÄwon, 1606, 2253.--b) w. acc. and predicate adj.,
pres. sg. III. ge-syhð ... on his suna būre win-sele wēstne (_sees in his
son's house the wine-hall empty_; or, _hall of friends_?), 2456.--c) w.
inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah ... beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas (_saw shining
shields borne over the gang-plank_), 229; pret. pl. mÇ£re mÄððum-sweord
monige ge-sÄwon beforan beorn beran, 1024.--d) w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg.
ge-seah, 729, 1517, 1586, 1663, 2543, 2605, etc.; pl. ge-sÄwon, 221, 1348,
1426; ge-sēgan, 3039; ge-sēgon, 3129.--e) w. depend, clause: inf. mæg þonne
... gesēon sunu Hrēðles, þæt ic (_may the son of H. see that I..._), 1486;
pret. pl. ge-sÄwon, 1592.
geond-sēon, _to see, look through, over_, w. acc.: pret. sg. (ic) þæt eall
geond-seh, 3088.
ofer-sÄ“on, _to see clearly, plainly_: pret. pl. ofer-sÄwon, 419.
on-sÄ“on, _to look on, at_, w. acc.: pret. pl. on-sÄwon, 1651.
sēowian, w. v., _to sew, put together, link_: pret. part. searo-net sēowed
smiðes or-þancum (_the corselet woven by the smith's craft_), 406.
sib, st. f., _peace, friendship, relationship_: nom. sg., 1165, 1858; sibb,
2601; acc. sibbe, 950, 2432, 2923; instr. sg. sibbe (_in peace_?),
154.--Comp.: dryht-, friðo-sib.
sib-æðeling, st. m., _nobilis consanguineus, kindred prince_ or _nobleman_:
nom. pl. -æðelingas, 2709.
sibbe-gedryht, st. f., _body of allied_ or _related warriors_: acc. sg.
sibbe-gedriht (the Danes), 387; (the GÄ“atas), 730.
siððan, syððan: 1) adv.: a) _since, after, from now on, further_, 142, 149,
283, 567, 1903, 2052, 2065, 2176, 2703, 2807, 2921; seoððan, 1876.--b)
_then, thereupon, after_, 470, 686, 1454, 1557, 1690, 2208; seoððan, 1938;
ǣr nē siððan (_neither before nor after_), 719.
2) Conj.: a) w. ind. pres., _as soon as, when_, 413, 605, 1785, 2889,
2912.--b) w. ind. pret., _when, whilst_, 835, 851, 1205, 1207, 1421,
1590, 2357, 2961, 2971, 3128; seoððan, 1776;--_since_, 649, 657, 983,
1199, 1254, 1309, 2202;--_after_, either with pluperf.: siððan him
scyppend forscrifen hæfde (_after the Creator had proscribed him_), 106;
so, 1473; or with pret. = pluperf.: syððan niht becÅm (_after night had
come on_), 115; so, 6, 132, 723, 887, 902, 1078, 1149, 1236, 1262, 1282,
1979, 2013, 2125; or pret. and pluperf. together, 2104-2105.
siex. See seax.
sige-dryhten, st. m., _lord of victory, victorious lord_: nom. sg.
sige-drihten, 391.
sige-Ä“adig, adj., _blest with victory, victorious_: acc. sg. neut.
sige-Ä“adig bil, 1558.
sige-folc, st. n., _victorious people, troop_: gen. pl. sige-folca, 645.
sige-hrēð, st. f., _confidence of victory_(?): acc. sg., 490. See Note.
sige-hrēðig, adj., _victorious_: nom. sg., 94, 1598, 2757.
sige-hwīl, st. f., _hour_ or _day of victory_: gen. sg. sige-hwīle, 2711.
sige-lēas, adj., _devoid of victory, defeated_: acc. sg. sige-lēasne sang,
788.
sige-rÅf, adj., _victorious_: nom. sg., 620.
sige-þēod, st. f., _victorious warrior troop_: dat. sg. on sige-þēode,
2205.
sige-wǣpen, st. n., _victor-weapon, sword_: dat. pl. sige-wǣpnum, 805.
sigl, st. n.: 1) _sun_: nom. sg. sigel, 1967.--2) _sun-shaped ornament_:
acc. pl. siglu, 3165; sigle (bracteates of a necklace), 1201; gen. pl.
sigla, 1158.--Comp. mÄððum-sigl.
sigor, st. m., _victory_: gen. sg. sigores, 1022; gen. pl. sigora, 2876,
3056.--Comp.: hrēð-, wīg-sigor.
sigor-Ä“adig, adj., _victorious_: nom. sg. sigor-Ä“adig secg (of BÄ“owulf),
1312, 2353.
sin. See syn.
sinc, st. n., _treasure, jewel, property_: nom. sg., 2765; acc. sg. sinc,
81, 1205, 1486, 2384, 2432; instr. sg. since, 1039, 1451, 1616, 1883, 2218,
2747; gen. sg. sinces, 608, 1171, 1923, 2072; gen. pl. sinca, 2429.
sinc-fÄh, adj., _treasure-decked_: acc. sg. neut. weak form, sinc-fÄge sel,
167.
sinc-fæt, st. n., _costly vessel_: acc. sg., 2232, 2301;--_a costly
object_: acc. sg., 1201 (i.e. mene); acc. pl. sinc-fato, 623.
sinc-ge-strēon, st. n., _precious treasure, jewel of value _: instr. pl.
-gestrēonum, 1093; gen. pl. -gestrēona, 1227.
sinc-gifa, w. m., _jewel-giver, treasure-giver = prince, ruler_: acc. sg.
sinc-gyfan, 1013; dat. sg. sinc-gifan (of Bēowulf), 2312; (of Æschere),
1343.
sinc-mÄððum, st. m., _treasure_: nom. sg., 2194.
sinc-þego, f., _acceptance, taking, of jewels_: nom. sg., 2885.
sin-dolh, st. n., _perpetual_, i.e. incurable, _wound_: nom. sg. syn-dolh,
818.
sin-frēa, w. m., _wedded lord, husband_: nom. sg., 1935.
sin-gÄl, adj., _continual, lasting_: acc. sg. fem, sin-gÄle sæce, 154.
sin-gÄles, adv. gen. sg., _continually, ever_, 1778; syngales, 1136.
singÄla, adv. gen. pl., the same, 190.
singan, st. v., _to sound, ring, sing_: pret. sg. hring-īren scīr song in
searwum (_the ringed iron rang in the armor_), 323; horn stundum song
fūs-līc f[yrd]-lēoð (_at times the horn rang forth a ready battle-song_),
1424; scop hwīlum sang (_the singer sang at whiles_), 496.
Ä-singan, _to sing out, sing to an end_: pret. part. lÄ“oð wæs Ä-sungen,
1160.
sin-here, st. m., (_army without end_?), _strong army, host_: instr. sg.
sin-herge, 2937.
sin-niht, st. f., _perpetual night, night after night_: acc. pl. sin-nihte
(_night after night_), 161.
sin-sceaða, w. m., _irreconcilable foe_: nom. sg. syn-scaða, 708; acc. sg.
syn-scaðan, 802.
sin-snǣd, st. f., (_continuous biting_) _bite after bite_: dat. pl.
syn-snǣdum swealh (_swallowed bite after bite, in great bites_), 744.
sittan, st. v.: 1) _to sit_: pres. sg. WÄ«glÄf siteð ofer BÄ«owulfe, 2907;
imper. sg. site nū tŠsymle, 489; inf. þǣr swið-ferhðe sittan ēodon
(_whither the strong-minded went and sat_), 493; ēode ... tŠhire frēan
sittan (_went to sit by her lord_), 642; pret. sg. on wicge sæt (_sat on
the horse_), 286; æt fÅtum sæt (_sat at the feet_), 500, 1167; þǣr HrÅðgÄr
sæt (_where H. sat_), 356; so, 1191, 2895; hē gewērgad sæt ... frēan eaxlum
nēah, 2854; pret. pl. sǣton, 1165; gistas sētan (MS. sēcan) ... and on mere
staredon (_the strangers sat and stared on the sea_), 1603.--2) _to be in a
certain state_ or _condition_ (_quasi_ copula): pret. sg. mǣre þēoden ...
unblīðe sæt, 130.--Comp.: flet-, heal-sittend.
be-sittan, obsidere, _to surround, besiege_, w. acc.: besæt Ã¾Ä sin-herge
sweorda lÄfe wundum wÄ“rge (_then besieged he with a host the leavings of
the sword, wound-weary_), 2937.
for-sittan, obstrui, _to pass away, fail_: pres. sg. Ä“agena bearhtm
for-siteð (_the light of the eyes passeth away_), 1768.
ge-sittan: 1) _to sit, sit together_: pret. sg. monig-oft ge-sæt rīce to
rūne (_very often sat the king deliberating with his council_ (see rīce),
171; wið earm ge-sæt (_supported himself upon his arm, sat on his arm_?),
750; fēða eal ge-sæt (_the whole troop sat down_), 1425; ge-sæt Ã¾Ä wið
sylfne (_sat there beside, near to, him_, i.e. HygelÄc), 1978;
ge-sæt Ã¾Ä on næsse, 2418; so, 2718; pret. part. (syððan) ... wÄ“ tÅ symble
ge-seten hæfdon, 2105.--2) w. acc., _to seat one's self upon_ or _in
something, to board_: pret. sg. Ã¾Ä ic ... sÇ£-bÄt ge-sæt, 634.
of-sittan, w. acc., _to sit over_ or _upon_: pret. sg. of-sæt Ã¾Ä Ã¾one
sele-gyst, 1546.
ofer-sittan, w. acc., _to dispense with, refrain from_ (cf. ofer, 2 [c]):
pres. sg. I. þæt ic wið þone gūð-flogan gylp ofer-sitte, 2529; inf. secge
ofer-sittan, 685.
on-sittan (O.H.G. int-sizzan, _to start from one's seat, to be startled_),
w. acc., _to fear_: inf. Ã¾Ä fÇ£hðe, atole ecg-þræce Ä“ower lÄ“ode sÄ«wðe
onsittan _to dread the hostility, the fierce contest, of your people_, 598.
ymb-sittan, _to sit around_, w. acc.: pret. pl. (þæt hīe) ... symbel
ymb-sǣton (_sat round the feast_), 564. See ymb-sittend.
sÄ«d, adj.: 1) _wide, broad, spacious, large_: nom. sg. (here-byrne, glÅf)
sīd, 1445, 2087; acc. sg. m. sīdne scyld, 437; on sīdne sǣ, 507; fem.
byrnan sīde (of a corselet extending over the legs), 1292; ofer sǣ sīde,
2395; neut. sīde rīce, 1734, 2200; instr. sg. sīdan herge, 2348; acc. pl.
sīde sǣ-næssas, 223; sīde scyldas, 325; gen. pl. sīdra sorga (_of great
sorrows_), 149.--2) in moral sense, _great, noble_: acc. sg. þurh sīdne
sefan, 1727.
side, adv., _far and wide, afar_, 1224.
sīd-fæðme, adj., _broad-bosomed_: acc. sg. sīd-fæðme scip, 1918.
sīd-fæðmed, _quasi_ pret. part., the same: nom. sg. sīd-fæðmed scip, 302.
sīd-rand, st. m., _broad shield_: nom. sg., 1290.
sīð (G. seþu-s), adj., _late_: superl. nom. sg. sīðast sige-hwīle (_the
last hour, day, of victory_), 2711; dat. sg. æt sīðestan (_in the end, at
last_), 3014.
sīð, adv. compar., _later_: ǣr and sīð (_sooner and later, early and
late_), 2501.
sīð (G. sinþ-s), st. m.: l) _road, way, journey, expedition_; esp., _road
to battle_: nom. sg., 501, 3059, 3090; næs þæt ēðe sīð (_that was no easy
road, task_), 2587; so, þæt wæs gēocor sīð, 766; acc. sg. sīð, 353, 512,
909, 1279, 1430, 1967; instr. dat. sīðe, 532, 1952, 1994; gen. sg. sīðes,
579, 1476, 1795, 1909. Also, _return_: nom. sg., 1972.--2) _undertaking,
enterprise_; esp., _battle-work_: nom. sg. nis þæt ēower sīð, 2533; ne bið
swylc earges sīð (_such is no coward's enterprise_), 2542; acc. sg. sīð,
873. In pl.= _adventures_: nom. sīðas, 1987; acc. sīðas, 878; gen. sīða,
318.--3) time (as iterative): nom. sg. næs þæt forma sīð (_that was not the
first time_), 717, 1464; so, 1528, 2626; acc. sg. oftor micle þonne on ǣnne
sīð, 1580; instr. sg. (forman, Åðre, þriddan) sīðe, 741, 1204, 2050, 2287,
2512, 2518, 2671, 2689, 3102.--Comp.: cear-, eft-, ellor-, gryre-, sǣ-,
wil-, wrǣc-sīð.
ge-sīð, st. m., _comrade, follower_: gen. sg. ge-sīðes, 1298; nom. pl.
ge-sīðas, 29; acc. pl. ge-sīðas, 2041, 2519; dat. pl. ge-sīðum, 1314, 1925,
2633; gen. pl. ge-sīða, 1935.--Comp.: eald-, wil-gesīð.
sīð-fæt, st. m., _way, journey_: acc. sg. þone sīð-fæt, 202; dat. sg.
sīð-fate, 2640.
sīð-fram, -from, adj., _ready for the journey_: nom. pl. sīð-frome, 1814.
sīðian, w. v., _to journey, march_: inf., 721, 809; pret. sg. sīðode, 2120.
for-sīðian, _iter fatale inire_ (Grein): pret. sg. hæfde Ã¾Ä for-sīðod sunu
Ecg-þēowes under gynne grund _(would have found his death_, etc.), 1551.
sīe, sȳ. See wesan.
sīgan, st. v., _to descend, sink, incline_: pret. pl. sigon æt-somne
(_descended together_), 307; sigon Ã¾Ä tÅ slÇ£pe _(they sank to sleep_),
1252.
ge-sīgan, _to sink, fall_: inf. ge-sīgan æt sæcce (_fall in battle_), 2660.
sīn, poss. pron., _his_: acc. sg. m. sīnne, 1961, 1985, 2284, 2790; dat.
sg. sīnum, 1508.
slǣp, st. m., _sleep_: nom. sg., 1743; dat. sg. tŠslǣpe, 1252.
slǣpan, st. v., _to sleep_: pres. part. nom. sg. slǣpende, 2220; acc. sg.
hē gefēng ... slǣpendne rinc (_seized a sleeping warrior]_, 742; acc. pl.
slǣpende fræt folces Denigea fīftȳne men _(devoured, sleeping, fifteen of
the people of the Danes_), 1582.
slēac, adj., _slack, lazy_: nom. sg., 2188.
sleahan, slēan: 1) _to strike, strike at_: a) intrans.: pres. subj. sg. þæt
hē mē ongēan slēa (_that he should strike at me_), 682; pret. sg. yrringa
slÅh (_struck angrily_), 1566; so, slÅh hilde-bille, 2680. b) trans.: pret.
sg. þæt hÄ“ þone nīð-gæst nioðor hwÄ“ne slÅh _(that he struck the dragon
somewhat lower_, etc.), 2700.--2) w. acc.: _to slay, kill_: pret. sg. þæs
þe hÄ“ Ä€bel slÅg (_because he slew A._), 108; so, slÅg, 421, 2180; slÅh,
1582, 2356; pl. slÅgon, 2051; pret. part. Ã¾Ä wæs Fin slægen, 1153.
ge-slÄ“an, w. acc.: 1) _to fight a battle_: pret. sg. ge-slÅh þīn fæder
fÇ£hðe mÇ£ste, 459.--2) _to gain by fighting_: syððan hÄ«e Ã¾Ä mÇ£rða ge-slÅgon,
2997.
of-slÄ“an, _to ofslay, kill_, w. acc.: pret. sg. of-slÅh, 574, 1666, 3061.
slīðe (G. sleiþ-s), adj., _savage, fierce, dangerous_: acc. sg. þurh slīðne
nīð, 184; gen. pl. slīðra ge-slyhta, 2399.
slīðen, adj., _furious, savage, deadly_ nom. sg. sweord-bealo slīðen, 1148.
slÄ«tan, st. v., _to slit, tear to pieces_, w. acc.: pret. sg. slÄt
(slǣpendne rinc), 742.
slyht, st. m., _blow_: in comp. and-slyht.
ge-slyht, st. n. (collective), _battle, conflict_: gen. pl. slīðra
ge-slyhta, 2399.
smið, st. m., _smith, armorer_: nom. sg. wǣpna smið, 1453; gen. sg. smiðes,
406.--Comp. wundor-smið.
be-smiðian, w. v., _to surround with iron-work, bands_, etc.: pret. part.
hē (the hall Heorot) þæs fæste wæs innan and ūtan īren-bendum searo-þoncum
besmiðod (i.e. the beams out of which the hall was built were held together
skilfully, within and without, by iron clamps), 776.
snell, adj., _fresh, vigorous, lively; of martial temper_: nom. sg. se
snella, 2972.
snellīc, adj., the same: nom. sg., 691.
snotor, snottor, adj., _clever, wise, intelligent_: nom. sg. snotor, 190,
827, 909, 1385; in weak form, (se) snottra, 1314, 1476, 1787; snotra, 2157,
3121; nom. pl. snotere, 202, 416; snottre, 1592.--Comp. fore-snotor.
snotor-līce, adv., _intelligently, wisely_: compar. snotor-līcor, 1483.
snūde, adv., _hastily, quickly, soon_, 905, 1870, 1972, 2326, 2569, 2753.
be-snyðian, w. v., _to rob, deprive of_: pret. sg. þætte Ongenþīo ealdre
be-snyðede Hæðcyn, 2925.
snyrian, w. v., _to hasten, hurry_: pret. pl. snyredon æt-somne (_hurried
forward together_), 402.
snyttru, f., _intelligence, wisdom_: acc. sg. snyttru, 1727; dat. pl. mid
mÅdes snyttrum, 1707; þē wÄ“ ealle Ç£r ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan (_a deed
which all of us together could not accomplish before with all our wisdom_),
943. Adv., _wisely_, 873.
somne. See samne.
sorgian, w. v.: 1) _to be grieved, sorrow_: imper. sg. II. ne sorga!
1385.--2) _to care for, trouble one's self about_: inf. nŠþū ymb mīnes ne
þearft līces feorme leng sorgian (_thou needst not care longer about my
life's [body's] sustenance_), 451.
sorh, st. f., _grief, pain, sorrow_: nom. sg., 1323; sorh is mē tŠsecganne
(_pains me to say_), 473; acc. sg. sorge, 119, 2464; dat. instr. sg. mid
þǣre sorge, 2469; sorge (_in sorrow, grieved_), 1150; gen. sg. worna fela
... sorge, 2005; dat. pl. sorgum, 2601; gen. pl. sorga, 149.--Comp.: hyge-,
inwit-, þegn-sorh.
sorh-cearig, adj., _curis sollicitus, heart-broken_: nom. sg., 2456.
sorh-ful, adj., _sorrowful, troublesome, difficult_: nom. sg., 2120; acc.
sg. sorh-fullne (sorh-fulne) sīð, 512, 1279, 1430.
sorh-lēas, adj., _free from sorrow_ or _grief_: nom. sg., 1673.
sorh-leoð, st. n., _dirge, song of sorrow_: acc. sg., 2461.
sorh-wylm, st. m., _wave of sorrow_ nom. pl. sorh-wylmas, 905.
sÅcn, st. f., _persecution, hostile pursuit_ or _attack_ (see sÄ“can): dat,
(instr.) þǣre sÅcne (by reason of Grendel's persecution), 1778.
sÅð, st. n., _sooth, truth_:: acc. sg. sÅð, 532, 701, 1050, 1701, 2865;
dat. sg. tÅ sÅðe (_in truth_), 51, 591, 2326.
sÅð, adj., _true, genuine_: nom. sg, þæt is sÅð metod, 1612; acc. sg. n.
gyd Äwræc sÅð and sÄr-lÄ«c, 2110.
sÅðe, adv., _truly, correctly, accurately_, 524; sÅðe gebunden (of
alliterative verse: _accurately put together_), 872.
sÅð-cyning, st. m., _true king_: nom. sg. sigora sÅð-cyning (_God_), 3056.
sÅð-fæst, adj., _soothfast, established in truth, orthodox_ (here used of
the Christian martyrs): gen. pl. sÅð-fæstra dÅm (_glory, realm, of the
saints_), 2821.
sÅð-lÄ«ce, adv., _in truth, truly, truthfully_, 141, 273, 2900.
sÅfte, adv., _gently, softly_: compar. þyÌ„ sÄ“ft (_the more easily_),
2750.--Comp. un-sÅfte.
sÅna, adv., _soon, immediately_, 121, 722, 744, 751, 1281, 1498, 1592,
1619, 1763, etc.
on-spannan, st. v., _to un-span, unloose_: pret. sg. his helm on-spēon
(_loosed his helm_), 2724.
spel, st. n., _narrative, speech_: acc. sg. spell, 2110; acc. pl. spel,
874; gen. pl. spella, 2899, 3030.--Comp. wēa-spel.
spēd, st. f.: 1) _luck, success_: in comp. here-, wīg-spēd.--2) _skill,
facility_: acc. sg. on spēd (_skilfully_), 874.
spīwan, st. v., _to spit, spew_, w. instr.: inf. glēdum spīwan (_spit
fire_), 2313
spor, st. n., _spur_: in comp. hand-spor.
spÅwan, st. v., _to speed well, help, avail_: pret. sg. him wiht ne spÄ“ow
(_availed him naught_), 2855; hū him æt ǣte spēow (_how he sped in the
eating_), 3027.
sprǣc, st. f., _speech, language_: instr. sg. frēcnan sprǣce (_through
bold, challenging, discourse_), 1105.--Comp.: ǣfen-, gylp-sprǣc.
sprecan, st. v., _to speak_: inf. ic sceal forð sprecan gēn ymbe Grendel
_(I shall go on speaking about G._), 2070; w. acc. sÄ“ þe wyle sÅð sprecan
(_he who will speak the truth_), 2865; imper. tŠGēatum sprec (sprǣc, MS.),
1172; pret. sg. III. spræc, 1169, 1699, 2511, 2725; word æfter spræc, 341;
nÅ ymbe Ã¾Ä fÇ£hðe spræc, 2619; II. hwæt þū worn fela ... ymb Brecan sprÇ£ce
(_how much thou hast spoken of Breca!_), 531; pl. hwæt wit geŠsprǣcon
(_what we two spoke of before_), 1477; gomele ymb gÅdne on-geador sprÇ£con,
þæt big ... _(the graybeards spoke together about the valiant one, that
they ..._), 1596; swÄ wit furðum sprÇ£con (_as we two spoke, engaged,
before_), 1708; pret. part. Ã¾Ä wæs ... þrȳð-word sprecen, 644.
ge-sprecan, w. acc., _to speak_: pret. sg. ge-spræc, 676, 1399, 1467, 3095.
sprēot, st. m., _pole; spear, pike_: in comp. eofor-sprēot.
springan, st. v., _to jump, leap; flash_: pret. sg. hrÄ wÄ«de sprong _(the
body bounded far_), 1589; swÄt Ç£drum sprong forð under fexe (_the blood
burst out in streams from under his hair_), 2967; pl. wīde sprungon
hilde-lēoman (_flashed afar_), 2583. Also figuratively: blǣd wīde sprang
(_his repute spread afar_), 18.
ge-springan, _to spring forth_: pret. sg. swÄ Ã¾Ã¦t blÅd ge-sprang (_as the
blood burst forth_), 1668. Figuratively, _to arise, originate_: pret. sg.
Sigemunde gesprong æfter dÄ“að-dæge dÅm un-lyÌ„tel, 885.
on-springan, _to burst in two, spring asunder_: pret. pl. seonowe
onsprungon, burston bÄnlocan 818.
standan, st. v.: 1) absolutely or with prep., _to stand_: pres. III. pl.
ēored-geatwe þē gē þǣr on standað (_the warlike accoutrements wherein ye
there stand_), 2867; inf. ge-seah ... orcas stondan (_saw vessels
standing_), 2761; pret. sg. æt hȳðe stÅd hringed-stefna (_in the harbor
stood the curved-prowed?, metal-covered?, ship_), 32; stÅd on stapole
(_stood near the [middle] column_), 927; so, 1914, 2546; þæt him on aldre
stÅd here-strÇ£l hearda (_that the sharp war-arrow stood in his vitals_),
1435; so, 2680; pl. gÄras stÅdon ... samod æt-gædere (_the spears stood
together_), 328; him big stÅdan bunan and orcas (_by him stood cans and
pots_), 3048. Also of still water: pres. sg. III. nis þæt feor heonon ...
þæt se mere standeð, 1363.--2) with predicate adj., _to stand, continue in
a certain state_: subj. pres. þæt þes sele stande ... rinca ge-hwylcum īdel
and unnyt (_that this hall stands empty and useless for every warrior_),
411; inf. hord-wynne fand eald ūht-sceaða opene standan, 2272; pret. sg. oð
þæt Ä«del stÅd hÅ«sa sÄ“lest, 145; so, 936; wæter under stÅd drÄ“orig and
ge-drēfed, 1418--3) _to belong_ or _attach to; issue_: pret. sg. Norð-Denum
stÅd atelÄ«c egesa (_great terror clung to, overcame, the North Danes_),
784; þÄra Änum stÅd sadol searwum fÄh (_on one of the steeds lay an
ingeniously-inlaid saddle_), 1038; byrne-lēoma eldum on andan (_burning
light stood forth, a horror to men_), 2314; lÄ“oht inne stÅd (_a light stood
in it_, i.e. the sword), 1571; him of Ä“agum stÅd ... lÄ“oht unfÇ£ger (_an
uncanny light issued from his eyes_), 727; so, þæt [fram] þÄm gyste
[gryre-] brÅga stÅd, 2229.
Ä-standan, _to stand up, arise_: pret. sg. Ä-stÅd, 760, 1557, 2093.
æt-standan, _to stand at, near_, or _in_: pret. sg. þæt hit (i.e. þæt
swurd) on wealle æt-stÅd, 892.
for-standan, _to stand against_ or _before_, hence: 1) _to hinder,
prevent_: pret. sg. (brÄ“ost-net) wið ord and wið ecge in-gang for-stÅd
(_the shirt of mail prevented point or edge from entering_), 1550; subj.
nefne him wÄ«tig god wyrd for-stÅde (_if the wise God had not warded off
such a fate from them_, i.e. the men threatened by Grendel), 1057.--2)
_defend_, w. dat. of person against whom: inf. þæt hē ... mihte
hēaðo-līðendum hord for-standan, bearn and brȳde (_that he might protect
his treasure, his children, and his spouse from the sea-farers_), 2956.
ge-standan, intrans., _to stand_: pret. sg. ge-stÅd, 358, 404, 2567; pl.
nealles him on hÄ“ape hand-gesteallan ... ymbe gestÅdon (_not at all did his
boon-companions stand serried around him_), 2597.
stapa, w. m., _stepper, strider_: in comp. hǣð-, mearc-stapa.
stapan, st. v., _to step, stride, go forward_: pret. sg. eorl furður stÅp,
762; gum-fēða stop lind-hæbbendra (_the troop of shield-warriors strode
on_), 1402.
æt-stapan, _to stride up_ or _to_: pret. sg. forð nÄ“ar æt-stÅp (_strode up
nearer_), 746.
ge-stapan, _to walk, stride_: pret. sg. hÄ“ to forð gestÅp dyrnan cræfte,
dracan hēafde nēah (_he_, i.e. the man that robbed the dragon of the
vessel, _had through hidden craft come too near the dragon's head_), 2290.
stapol, st. m., (= βάσις), _trunk of a tree_; hence, _support, pillar,
column_: dat. sg. stÅd on stapole (_stood by_ or _near the wooden middle
column of Heorot_), 927; instr. pl. Ã¾Ä stÄn-bogan stapulum fæste (_the
arches of stone upheld by pillars_), 2719. See Note.
starian, w. v., _to stare, look intently at_: pres. sg. I. þæt ic on þone
hafelan ... Ä“agum starige (_that I see the head with my eyes_), 1782; þÄra
frætwa ... þē ic hēr on starie (_for the treasures ... that I here look
upon_), 2797; III. þonne hÄ“ on þæt sine starað, 1486; sg. for pl. þÄra þe
on swylc starað, 997; pret. sg. þæt (sin-frēa) hire an dæges ēagum starede,
1936; pl. on mere staredon, 1604.
stÄn, st. m., 1) _stone_: in comp. eorclan-stÄn.--2) _rock_: acc. sg. under
(ofer) hÄrne stÄn, 888, 1416, 2554, 2745; dat. sg. stÄne, 2289, 2558.
stÄn-beorh, st. m., _rocky elevation, stony mountain_: acc. sg. stÄn-beorh
stēapne, 2214.
stÄn-boga, w. m., _stone arch, arch hewn out of the rock_: dat. sg.
stÄn-bogan, 2546; nom. pl. stÄn-bogan, 2719.
stÄn-clif, st. n., _rocky cliff_: acc. pl. stÄn-cleofu, 2541.
stÄn-fÄh, adj., _stone-laid, paved with stones of different colors_: nom.
sg. strÇ£t wæs stÄn-fÄh (_the street was of different colored stones_), 320.
stÄn-hlið, st. n., _rocky slope_: acc. pl. stÄn-hliðo, 1410.
stæf, st. m.: 1) _staff_: in comp. rÅ«n-staf.--2) _elementum_: in comp. Är-,
ende-, fÄcen-stæf.
stÇ£l, st. m., _place, stead_: dat. sg. þæt þū mÄ“ Ä wÇ£re forð-gewitenum on
fæder stǣle (_that thou, if I died, wouldst represent a father's place to
me_), 1480.
stÇ£lan, w. v., _to place; allure_ or _instigate_: inf. Ã¾Ä ic on morgne
ge-frægn mÇ£g Åðerne billes ecgum on bonan stÇ£lan _(then I learned that on
the morrow one brother instigated the other to murder with the sword's
edge_; or, _one avenged the other on the murderer_?, cf. 2962 seqq.), 2486.
ge-stǣlan, _to place, impose, institute_: pret. part. gē feor hafað fǣhðe
ge-stǣled (_Grendel's mother has further begun hostilities against us_),
1341.
stede, st. m., _place, -stead_: in comp. bǣl-, burh-, folc-, hēah-, meðel-,
wang-, wīc-stede.
stefn, st. f., _voice_: nom. sg., 2553; instr. sg. nīwan (nīowan) stefne
(properly novÄ voce) = denuo, _anew, again_, 2595, 1790.
stefn, st. m., _prow of a ship_: acc. sg., 213; see bunden-, hringed-,
wunden-stefna.
on-stellan, w. v., _constituere, to cause, bring about_: pret. sg. sē þæs
or-leges År on-stealde, 2408.
steng, st. m., _pole, pike_: in comp wæl-steng.
ge-steppan, w. v., _to stride, go_: pret. sg. folce ge-stepte ofer sǣ sīde
sunu ÅŒhtheres (_O.'s son_, i.e. Ä’adgils, _went with warriors over the broad
sea_), 2394.
stede (O.H.G. stÄti, M.H.G. stÇ£te), adj., _firm, steady_: nom. sg. wæs
stēde nægla ge-hwylc stȳle ge-līcost (_each nail-place was firm as
steel_), 986.
stēpan, w. v. w. acc., _to exalt, honor_: pret. sg. þēah þe hine mihtig god
... eafeðum stēpte, 1718.
ge-steald, st. n., _possessions, property_: in comp. in-gesteald, 1156.
ge-stealla, w. m., (contubernalis), _companion, comrade_: in comp. eaxl-,
fyrd-, hand-, lind-, nȳd-ge-stealla.
stearc-heort, adj., (fortis animo), _stout-hearted, courageous_: nom. sg.
(of the dragon), 2289; (of BÄ“owulf), 2553.
stÄ“ap, adj., _steep, projecting, towering_: acc. sg. stÄ“apne hrÅf, 927;
stÄn-beorh stÄ“apne, 2214; wið stÄ“apne rond, 2567; acc. pl. m. beorgas
stÄ“ape, 222; neut. stÄ“ap stÄn-hliðo, 1410.--Comp. heaðo-stÄ“ap.
stille, adj., _still, quiet_: nom. sg. wīd-floga wundum stille, 2831.
stille, adv., _quietly_, 301.
stincan, st. v., _to smell; snuff_: pret. sg. stonc Ã¾Ä Ã¦fter stÄne
(_snuffed along the stone_), 2289.
stīð, adj., _hard, stiff_: nom. sg. wunden-mǣl (swurd) ... stīð and
stȳlecg, 1534.
stīð-mÅd, adj., _stout-hearted, unflinching_: nom. sg., 2567.
stīg, st. m., _way, path_: nom. sg., 320, 2214; acc. pl. stīge nearwe,
1410--Comp. medu-stīg.
stÄ«gan, st. v., _to go, ascend_: pret. sg. Ã¾Ä hÄ“ tÅ holme [st]Äg (_when he
plunged forward into the sea_), 2363; pl. beornas ... on stefn stigon, 212;
Wedera lēode on wang stigon, 225; subj. pret. ǣr hē on bed stige, 677.
Ä-stÄ«gan, _to ascend_: pres. sg. þonon ȳð-geblond up Ä-stÄ«geð won tÅ
wolcnum, 1374; gūð-rinc Ä-stÄh (_the fierce hero ascended_, i.e. was laid
on the pyre? or, _the fierce smoke_ [rēc] _ascended?_), 1119; gamen eft
Ä-stÄh (_joy again went up, resounded_), 1161; wudu-rÄ“c Ä-stÄh sweart of
swioðole, 3145; swÄ“g up Ä-stÄg, 783.
ge-stÄ«gan, _to ascend, go up_: pret. sg. Ã¾Ä ic on holm ge-stÄh, 633.
storm, st. m., _storm_: nom. sg. strǣla storm (_storm of missiles_), 3118;
instr. sg. holm storme wēol (_the sea billowed stormily_), 1132.
stÅl, st. m., _chair, throne, seat_: in comp. brego-, ēðel-, gif-,
gum-stÅl.
stÅw, st. f., _place, -stow_: nom. sg. nis þæt hÄ“oru stÅw (_a haunted
spot_), 1373; acc. sg. frÄ“cne stÅwe, 1379; grund-bÅ«endra gearwe stÅwe _(the
place prepared for men_, i.e. death-bed; see gesacan and ge-nȳdan), 1007:
comp. wæl-stow.
strang, strong, adj., _strong; valiant; mighty_: nom. sg. wæs þæt ge-win tÅ
strang (_that sorrow was too great_), 133; þū eart mægenes strang (_strong
of body_), 1845; wæs sīo hond tŠstrong (_the hand was too powerful_),
2685; superl. wigena strengest (_strongest of warriors_), 1544; mægenes
strengest (_strongest in might_), 196; mægene strengest, 790.
strÄdan? (cf. strÇ£de = passus, gressus), _to tread_, (be)-_stride, stride
over_ (Grein): subj. pres. sÄ“ þone wong strÄde, 3074. See Note.
strǣl, st. m., _arrow, missile_: instr. sg. biteran strǣle, 1747; gen. pl.
strǣla storm, 3118.
strǣt, st. f., _street, highway_: nom. sg., 320; acc. sg. strǣte, 1635;
fealwe strǣte, 917.--Comp.: lagu-, mere-strǣt.
strengel, st. m., (_endowed with strength_), _ruler, chief_: acc. sg.
wigena strengel, 3116.
strengo, st. f., _strength, power, violence_: acc. sg. mægenes strenge,
1271; dat. sg. strenge, 1534; strengo, 2541;--dat. pl. strengum =
_violently, powerfully_ [_loosed from the strings_?], 3118: in comp.
hilde-, mægen-, mere-strengo.
strÄ“gan (O.S. strÅwian), w. v., _to strew, spread_: pret. part, wæs þǣm
yldestan ... morðorbed strēd (_the death-bed was spread for the eldest
one_), 2437.
strēam, st. m., _stream, flood, sea_: acc. sg. strēam, 2546; nom. pl.
strēamas, 212; acc. pl. strēamas, 1262: comp. brim-, ēagor-, firgen-,
lagu-strēam.
ge-strēon (cf. strēon = robur, vis), st. n., _property, possessions_;
hence, _valuables, treasure, jewels_: nom. pl. Heaðo-beardna ge-strēon
(_the costly treasure of the Heathobeardas_, i.e. the accoutrements
belonging to the slain H.), 2038; acc. pl. æðelinga, eorla ge-strēon, 1921,
3168.--Comp.: Ç£r-, eald-, eorl-, hÄ“ah-, hord-, long-, mÄðm-, sinc-,
þēod-ge-strēon.
strÅ«dan, st. v., _to plunder, carry off_: subj. pres. næs Ã¾Ä on hlytme hwÄ
þæt hord strude, 3127.
ge-strȳnan, w. v. w. acc., _to acquire, gain_: inf. þæs þe (_because_) ic
mÅste mÄ«num lÄ“odum ... swylc ge-stryÌ„nan, 2799.
stund, st. f., _time, space of time, while_: adv. dat. pl. stundum (_at
times_), 1424.
styrian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to arrange, put in order, tell_: inf. secg eft
on-gan sīð Bēowulfes snyttrum styrian (_the poet then began to tell B.'s
feat skilfully_, i.e. put in poetic form), 873.--2) _to rouse, stir up_:
pres. sg. III. þonne wind styreð lÄð ge-widru (_when the wind stirreth up
the loathly weather_), 1375.--3) _to move against, attack, disturb_: subj.
pres. þæt hē ... hring-sele hondum styrede (_that he should attack the
ring-hall with his hands_), 2841.
styrman, w. v., _to rage, cry out_: pret. sg. styrmde, 2553.
stȳle, st. n., _steel_: dat. sg. stȳle, 986.
stȳl-ecg, adj., _steel-edged_: nom. sg., 1534.
be-stȳman, w. v., _to inundate, wet, flood_: pret. part. (wǣron) eal
benc-þelu blÅde be-styÌ„med, 486.
suhtor-ge-fæderan (collective), w. m. pl., _uncle and nephew, father's
brother and brother's son_: nom. pl., 1165.
sum, pron.: 1) indef., _one, a, any, a certain_; neut. _something_: a)
without part. gen.: nom. sg. sum, 1252; hilde-rinc sum, 3125; neut. ne
sceal þǣr dyrne sum wesan (_naught there shall be hidden_), 271; acc. sg.
m. sumne, 1433; instr. sg. sume worde (_by a word, expressly_), 2157; nom.
pl. sume, 400, 1114; acc. pl. sume, 2941. b) with part. gen.: nom. sg.
gumena sum (_one of men, a man_), 1500, 2302; mere-hrægla sum, 1906; þæt
wæs wundra sum, 1608; acc. sg. gylp-worda sum, 676. c) with gen. of
cardinals or notions of multitude: nom. sg. fīftȳna sum (_one of fifteen,
with fourteen companions_), 207; so, eahta sum, 3124; fēara sum (_one of
few, with a few_), 1413; acc. sg. manigra sumne (_one of many, with many_),
2092; manna cynnes sumne (_one of the men_), i.e. one of the watchmen in
Heorot), 714; fēara sumne (_some few, one of few_; or, _one of the foes_?),
3062.--2) with part. gen. sum sometimes = _this, that, the
afore-mentioned_: nom. sg. Ä“ower sum (_a certain one, that one, of you_,
i.e. Bēowulf), 248; gūð-beorna sum (_the afore-mentioned warrior_, i.e. who
had shown the way to HrÅðgÄr's palace), 314; eorla sum (_the said knight_,
i.e. Bēowulf), 1313; acc. sg. hord-ærna sum (_a certain hoard-hall_), 2280.
sund, st. m.: 1) _swimming_: acc. sg. ymb sund, 507; dat. sg. æt sunde (_in
swimming_), 517; on sunde (_a-swimming_), 1619; gen. sg. sundes, 1437.--2)
_sea, ocean, sound_: nom. sg., 223; acc. sg. sund, 213, 512, 539, 1427,
1445.
ge-sund, adj., _sound, healthy, unimpaired_: acc. sg. m. ge-sundne, 1629,
1999; nom. pl. ge-sunde, 2076; acc. pl. w. gen. fæder alwalda ... ēowic
ge-healde sīða ge-sunde (_the almighty Father keep you safe and sound on
your journey!_), 318.--Comp. an-sund.
sund-ge-bland, st. n., (_the commingled sea_), _sea-surge, sea-wave_: acc.
sg., 1451.
sund-nyt, st. f., _swimming-power_ or _employment, swimming_: acc. sg.
sund-nytte drēah (_swam through the sea_), 2361.
sundur, sundor, adv., _asunder, in twain_: sundur gedǣlan (_to separate,
sunder_), 2423.
sundor-nyt, st. f., _special service_ (service in a special case): acc. sg.
sundor-nytte, 668.
sund-wudu, st. m., (_sea-wood_), _ship_: nom. acc. sg. sund-wudu, 208,
1907.
sunne, w. f., _sun_: nom. sg., 607; gen. sg. sunnan, 94, 649.
sunu, st. m., _son_: nom. sg., 524, 591, 646, 981, 1090, 1486, etc.; acc.
sg. sunu, 268, 948, 1116, 1176, 1809, 2014, 2120; dat. sg. suna, 344, 1227,
2026, 2161, 2730; gen. sg. suna, 2456, 2613, (1279); nom. pl. suna, 2381.
sūð, adv., _south, southward_, 859.
sūðan, adv., _from the south_, 607; sigel sūðan fūs (_the sun inclined from
the south_), 1967.
swaðrian, w. v., _to sink to rest, grow calm_: brimu swaðredon (_the waves
became calm_), 570. See sweðrian.
swaðu, st. f., _trace, track, pathway_: acc. sg. swaðe, 2099.--Comp.:
swÄt-, wald-swaðu.
swaðul, st. m.? n.?, _smoke, mist_ (Dietrich in Haupt V. 215): dat. sg. on
swaðule, 783. See sweoðol.
swancor, adj., _slender, trim_: acc. pl. þrīo wicg swancor, 2176.
swan-rÄd, st. f., _swan-road, sea_: acc. sg. ofer swan-rÄde, 200.
and-swarian, w. v., _to answer_: pret. sg. him se yldesta and-swarode, 258;
so, 340.
swÄ: 1) demons, adv., _so, in such a manner, thus_: swÄ sceal man dÅn,
1173, 1535; swÄ Ã¾Ä driht-guman drÄ“amum lifdon, 99; þæt ge-æfndon swÄ (_that
we thus accomplished_), 538; þǣr hīe meahton (i.e. feorh ealgian), 798; so,
20, 144, 189, 559, 763, 1104, 1472, 1770, 2058, 2145, 2178, 2991; swÄ
manlÄ«ce _(so like a man_), 1047; swÄ fela (_so many_), 164, 592; swÄ
dÄ“orlÄ«ce dÇ£d (_so valiant a deed_), 585; hine swÄ gÅdne (_him so good_),
347; on swÄ geongum feore (_in so youthful age_), 1844; ge-dēð him swÄ
ge-wealdene worolde dǣlas þæt ... (_makes parts of the world so subject to
him that_...), 1733. In comparisons = _ever, the_ (adv.): mÄ“ þīn mÅd-sefa
lÄ«cað leng swÄ wÄ“l (_thy mind pleases me ever so well, the longer the
better_), 1855. As an asseverative = _so_: swÄ mÄ“ HigelÄc sÄ«e ... mÅdes
blīðe (_so be Higelac gracious-minded to me!_), 435; swÄ Ã¾Ä“ah
(_nevertheless, however_), 973, 1930, 2879; swÄ Ã¾Ä“h, 2968; hwæðre swÄ Ã¾Ä“ah
(_yet however_), 2443.--2): a) conj., _as, so as_: oð þæt his byre mihte
eorlscipe efnan swÄ his Ç£rfæder (_until his son might do noble deeds, as
his old father did_), 2623; eft swÄ Ç£r (_again as before_), 643;--with
indic.: swÄ hÄ“ selfa bæd (_as he himself requested_), 29; swÄ hÄ“ oft dyde
(_as he often did_), 444; gǣð Ä Wyrd swÄ hÄ«o sceal, 455; swÄ guman
gefrungon, 667; so, 273, 352, 401, 561, 1049, 1056, 1059, 1135, 1232, 1235,
1239, 1253, 1382, etc.;--with subj.: swÄ Ã¾Ä«n sefa hwette _(as pleases thy
mind_, i.e. any way thou pleasest), 490. b) _as, as then, how_, 1143; swÄ
hÄ«e Ä wÇ£ron ... nyÌ„d-gesteallan (_as they were ever comrades in need_),
882; swÄ hit dÄ«ope ... be-nemdon þēodnas mÇ£re (_as, [how?] the mighty
princes had deeply cursed it_), 3070; swÄ hÄ“ manna wæs wÄ«gend weorðfullost
(_as he of men the worthiest warrior was_), 3099. c) _just as, the moment
when_: swÄ Ã¾Ã¦t blÅd gesprang, 1668. d) _so that_: swÄ hÄ“ ne mihte nÅ (_so
that he might not..._), 1509; so, 2185, 2007.--3) = qui, quae, quod, German
so: worhte wlite-beorhtne wang swÄ wæter bebÅ«geð (_wrought the beauteous
plain which_ (acc.) _water surrounds_), 93.--4) swÄ ... swÄ = _so ... as_,
595, 687-8, 3170; efne swÄ ... swÄ (_even so ... as_), 1093-4, 1224, 1284;
efne swÄ hwylc mægða swÄ (_such a woman as, whatsoever woman_), 944; efne
swÄ hwylcum manna swÄ (_even so to each man as_), 3058.
for-swÄfan, st. v., _to carry away, sweep off_: pret. sg. ealle Wyrd
for-swÄ“of mÄ«ne mÄgas tÅ metod-sceafte, 2815.
for-swÄpan, st. v., _to sweep off, force_: pret. sg. hÄ«e Wyrd forswÄ“op on
Grendles gryre, 477.
swÄt, st. m., (_sweat_), _wound-blood_: nom. sg., 2694, 2967; instr. sg.
swÄte, 1287.--Comp. heaðo-, hilde-swÄt.
swÄt-fÄh, adj., _blood-stained_: nom. sg., 1112.
swÄtig, adj., _gory_: nom. sg., 1570.
swÄt-swaðu, st. f., _blood-trace_: nom. sg., 2947.
be-swǣlan, w. v., _to scorch_: pret. part. wæs se lēg-draca ... glēdum
beswǣled, 3042.
swǣs, adj., _intimate, special, dear_: acc. sg. swǣsne ēðel, 520; nom. pl.
swǣse ge-sīðas, 29; acc. pl. lēode swǣse, 1869; swǣse ge-sīðas, 2041; gen.
pl. swǣsra ge-sīða, 1935.
swǣs-līce, adv., _pleasantly, in a friendly manner_, 3090.
swebban, w. v., (_to put to sleep_), _to kill_: inf. ic hine sweorde
swebban nelle, 680; pres. sg. III. (absolutely) swefeð, 601.
Ä-swebban, _to kill, slay_: pret. part. nom. pl. sweordum Ä-swefede, 567.
sweðrian, w. v., _to lessen, diminish_: inf. þæt þæt fyr ongan sweðrian,
2703; pret. siððan HeremÅdes hild sweðrode, 902.
swefan, st. v.: 1) _to sleep_: pres. sg. III. swefeð, 1742; inf. swefan,
119, 730, 1673; pret. sg. swæf, 1801; pl. swǣfon, 704; swǣfun, 1281.--2)
_to sleep the death-sleep, die_: pres. sg. III. swefeð, 1009, 2061, 2747;
pl. swefað, 2257, 2458.
swegel, st. n., _ether, clear sky_: dat. sg. under swegle, 1079, 1198; gen.
sg. under swegles begong, 861, 1774.
swegle, adj., _bright, etherlike, clear_: acc. pl. swegle searo-gimmas,
2750.
swegel-wered, _quasi_ pret. part., _ether-clad_: nom. sg. sunne
swegl-wered, 607.
swelgan, st. v., _to swallow_: pret. sg. w. instr. syn-snǣdum swealh
(_swallowed in great bites_), 744; object omitted, subj. pres. nymðe līges
fæðm swulge on swaðule, 783.
for-swelgan, w. acc., _to swallow, consume_: pret. sg. for-swealg, 1123,
2081.
swellan, st. v., _to swell_: inf. Ã¾Ä sÄ«o wund on-gan ... swelan and
swellan, 2714.
sweltan, st. v., _to die, perish_: pret. sg. swealt, 1618, 2475; draca
morðre swealt (_died a violent death_), 893, 2783; wundor-dēaðe swealt,
3038; hioro-dryncum swealt, 2359.
swencan, w. v., _to swink, oppress, strike_: pret. sg. hine wundra þæs fela
swencte (MS. swecte) on sunde, 1511.
ge-swencan, _to oppress, strike, injure_: pret. sg. syððan hine Hæðcyn ...
flÄne geswencte, 2439; pret. part. synnum ge-swenced, 976; hǣðstapa hundum
ge-swenced, 1369.--Comp. lyft-ge-swenced.
sweng, st. m., _blow, stroke_: dat. sg. swenge, 1521, 2967; swenge _(with
its stroke_), 2687; instr. pl. sweordes swengum, 2387.--Comp.: feorh-,
hete-, heaðo-, heoro-sweng.
swerian, st. v., _to swear_: pret. w. acc. I. nÄ“ mÄ“ swÅr fela Äða on unriht
(_swore no false oaths_), 2739; hÄ“ mÄ“ Äðas swÅr, 472.
for-swerian, w. instr., _to forswear, renounce (protect with magic
formulǣ?)_: pret. part. hē sige-wǣpnum for-sworen hæfde, 805.
swēg, st. m., _sound, noise, uproar_: nom. sg. swēg, 783; hearpan swēg, 89,
2459, 3024; sige-folca swēg, 645; sang and swēg, 1064; dat. sg. swēge,
1215.--Comp.: benc-, morgen-swēg.
swelan, w. v., _to burn_ (here of wounds): inf. swelan, 2714. See swǣlan.
sweart, adj., _swart, black, dark_: nom. sg. wudu-rēc sweart, 3146; dat.
pl. sweartum nihtum, 167.
sweoðol (cf. O.H.G. suedan, suethan = cremare; M.H.G. swadem = vapor; and
Dietrich in Haupt V., 215), st. m.? n.?, _vapor, smoke, smoking flame_:
dat. sg. ofer swioðole (MS. swic ðole), 3146. See swaðul.
sweofot, st. m., _sleep_: dat. sg. on sweofote, 1582, 2296.
sweoloð, st. m., _heat, fire, flame_: dat. sg. sweoloðe, 1116. Cf. O.H.G.
suilizo, suilizunga = ardor, cauma.
sweorcan, st. v., _to trouble, darken_. pres. sg. III. nē him inwit-sorh on
sefan sweorceð (_darkens his soul_), 1738.
for-sweorcan, _to grow dark_ or _dim_: pres. sg. III. Ä“agena bearhtm
for-siteð and for-sworceð, 1768.
ge-sweorcan (intrans.), _to darken_: pret. sg. niht-helm ge-swearc, 1790.
sweord, swurd, swyrd, st. n., _sword_: nom. sg. sweord, 1287, 1290, 1570,
1606, 1616, 1697; swurd, 891; acc. sg. sweord, 437, 673, 1559, 1664, 1809,
2253, 2500, etc.; swurd, 539, 1902; swyrd, 2611, 2988; instr. sg. sweorde,
561, 574, 680, 2493, 2881; gen. sg. sweordes, 1107, 2194, 2387; acc. pl.
sweord, 2639; nom. pl., 3049; instr. pl. sweordum, 567, 586, 885; gen. pl.
sweorda, 1041, 2937, 2962.--Comp.: gūð-, mÄððum-, wÇ£g-sweord.
sweord, st. f., _oath_: in comp. Äð-sweord _(sword-oath_?), 2065.
sweord-bealo, st. n., _sword-bale, death by the sword_: nom. sg., 1148.
sweord-freca, w. m., _sword-warrior_: dat. sg. sweord-frecan, 1469.
sweord-gifu, st. f., _sword-gift, giving of swords_: nom. sg. swyrd-gifu,
2885.
sweotol, swutol, adj.: 1) _clear, bright_: nom. sg. swutol sang scopes,
90.--2) _plain, manifest_: nom. sg. syndolh sweotol, 818; tÄcen sweotol,
834; instr. sg. sweotolan tÄcne, 141.
swÄ“of, swÄ“op. See swÄfan, swÄpan.
swið, st. n.? (O.N. swiði), _burning pain_: in comp. þrȳð-swið(?).
swift, adj., _swift_: nom. sg. se swifta mearh, 2265.
swimman, swymman, st. v., _to swim_: inf. swymman, 1625.
ofer-swimman, w. acc., _to swim over_ or _through_: pret. sg. ofer-swam
sioleða bigong (_swam over the sea_), 2368.
swincan, st. v., _to struggle, labor, contend_: pret. pl. git on wæteres
Ç£ht seofon niht swuncon, 517.
ge-swing, st. n., _surge, eddy_: nom. sg. atol ȳða geswing, 849.
swingan, st. v., _to swing one's self, fly_: pres. sg. III. nÄ“ gÅd hafoc
geond sæl swingeð, 2265.
swīcan, st. v.: 1) _to deceive, leave in the lurch, abandon_: pret. sg.
nÇ£fre hit (_the sword_) æt hilde ne swÄc manna Ç£ngum, 1461.--2) _to
escape_: subj. pret. būtan his līc swice, 967.
ge-swÄ«can, _to deceive, leave in the lurch_: pret. sg. gūð-bill ge-swÄc
nacod æt nīðe, 2585, 2682; w. dat. sÄ“o ecg ge-swÄc þēodne æt þearfe (_the
sword failed the prince in need_), 1525.
swīð, swȳð (Goth, swinþ-s), adj., _strong, mighty_: nom. sg. wæs þæt
ge-win tŠswȳð, 191.--Comp. nom. sg. sīo swīðre hand (_the right hand_),
2099; _harsh_, 3086.
swīðe, adv., _strongly, very, much_, 598, 998, 1093, 1744, 1927; swȳðe,
2171, 2188. Compar. swīðor, _more, rather, more strongly_, 961, 1140, 1875,
2199--Comp. un-swīðe.
ofer-swīðian, w. v., _to overcome, vanquish_, w. acc. of person: pres. sg.
III. oferswȳðeð, 279, 1769.
swīð-ferhð, adj., (_fortis animo_), _strong-minded, bold, brave_: nom. sg.
swȳð-ferhð, 827; gen. sg. swīð-ferhðes, 909; nom. pl. swīð-ferhðe, 493;
dat. pl. swīð-ferhðum, 173.
swīð-hycgend, pres. part. (_strenue cogitans_), _bold-minded, brave in
spirit_: nom. sg. swīð-hycgende, 920; nom. pl. swīð-hycgende, 1017.
swið-mÅd, adj., _strong-minded_: nom. sg., 1625.
on-swīfan, st. v. w. acc., _to swing, turn, at_ or _against, elevate_:
pret. sg. biorn (BÄ“owulf) bord-rand on-swÄf wið þÄm gryre-gieste, 2560.
swīgian, w. v., _to be silent, keep silent_: pret. sg. lȳt swīgode nīwra
spella (_kept little of the new tidings silent_), 2898; pl. swīgedon ealle,
1700.
swÄ«gor, adj., _silent, taciturn_: nom, sg. weak, Ã¾Ä wæs swÄ«gra secg ... on
gylp-sprǣce gūð-ge-weorca, 981.
swīn, swȳn, st. n., _swine, boar_ (image on the helm): nom. sg. swȳn,
1112; acc. sg. swīn, 1287.
swīn-līc, st. n., _swine-image_ or _body_: instr. pl. swīn-līcum, 1454.
swÅgan, st. v., _to whistle, roar_: pres. part. swÅgende lÄ“g, 3146.
swutol. See sweotol.
swylc, swilc (Goth, swa-leik-s), demons, adj. = _talis, such, such a_;
relative = _qualis, as, which_: nom. sg. swylc, 178, 1941, 2542, 2709;
swylc ... swylc=talis ... qualis, 1329; acc. sg. swylc, 2799; eall ...
swylc (_all ... which, as_), 72; Åðer swylc (_such another_, i.e. hand),
1584; on swylc (_on such things_), 997; dat. sg. gūð-fremmendra swylcum
(_to such a battle-worker_, i.e. Bēowulf), 299; gen. sg. swylces hwæt
(_some such_), 881; acc. pl. swylce, 2870; call swylce ... swylce, 3166;
swylce twēgen (_two such_), 1348; ealle þearfe swylce (_all needs that_),
1798; swylce hīe ... findan meahton sigla searo-gimma (_such as they might
find of jewels and cunning gems_), 1157; efne swylce mǣla swylce (_at just
such times as_), 1250; gen. pl. swylcra searo-nīða, 582; swylcra fela ...
ǣr-gestrēona, 2232.
swylce, adv., _as, as also, likewise, similarly_, 113, 293, 758, 831, 855,
908, 921, 1147, 1166, 1428, 1483, 2460, 2825; gē swylce (_and likewise_),
2259; swilce, 1153.
swylt, st. m., _death_: nom. sg., 1256, 1437.
swylt-dæg, st. m., _death-day_: dat. sg. ǣr swylt-dæge, 2799.
swynsian, w. v., _to sound_: pret. sg. hlyn swynsode, 612.
swyrd. See sweord.
swȳðl. See swīð.
swȳn. See swīn.
syððan (seðian, Gen. 1525), w. v., _to punish, avenge_, w. acc.: inf. þonne
hit sweordes ecg syððan scolde (_then the edge of the sword should avenge
it_), 1107.
syððan. See siððan.
syfan-wintre, adj., _seven-winters-old_: nom. sg., 2429.
syhð. See sēon.
syl (O.H.G. swella), st. f., _sill, bench-support_: dat. sg. fram sylle,
776.
sylfa. See selfa.
syllan. See sellan.
syllīc. See sellīc.
symbol, syml, st. n., _banquet, entertainment_: acc. sg. symbel, 620, 1011;
geaf mē sinc and symbel (_gave me treasure and feasting_, i.e. made me his
friend and table-companion), 2432; þæt hīe ... symbel ymbsǣton (_that they
might sit round their banquet_), 564; dat. sg. symle, 81, 489, 1009;
symble, 119, 2105; gen. pl. symbla, 1233.
symble, symle, adv., _continually, ever_: symble, 2451; symle, 2498; symle
wæs þȳ sǣmra (_he was ever the worse, the weaker_, i.e. the dragon), 2881.
symbel-wyn, st. f., _banqueting-pleasure, joy at feasting_: acc. sg.
symbel-wynne drēoh, 1783.
syn, st. f., _sin, crime_: nom. synn and sacu, 2473; dat. instr. pl.
synnum, 976, 1256, 3072.
syn. See sin.
syn-bysig, adj., (culpa laborans), _persecuted on account of guilt?_
(Rieger), _guilt-haunted?_: nom. sg. secg syn-[by]sig, 2228.
ge-syngian, w. v., _to sin, commit a crime_: pret. part. þæt wæs feohlēas
ge-feoht, fyrenum ge-syngad, 2442.
synnig, adj., _sin-laden, sinful_: acc. sg. m. sinnigne secg, 1380.--Comp.:
fela-, un-synnig.
ge-synto, f., _health_: dat. pl. on gesyntum, 1870.
syrce. See serce.
syrwan, w. v. w. acc., _to entrap, catch unawares_: pret. sg. duguðe and
geogoðe seomade and syrede, 161.
be-syrwan: 1) _to compass_ or _accomplish by finesse; effect_: inf. dǣd þē
wē ealle ǣr ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan (_a deed that all of us could not
accomplish before with all our wisdom_), 943.--2) _to entrap by guile and
destroy_: inf. mynte se mÄnscaða manna cynnes sumne be-syrwan (_the fell
foe thought to entrap some one (all?_, see sum) _of the men_), 714.
sȳn, f., _seeing, sight, scene_: comp, an-sȳn.
ge-sȳne, adj., _visible, to be seen_: nom. sg. 1256, 1404, 2948, 3059,
3160.--Comp.: ēð-ge-sȳne, ȳð-ge-sēne.
T
taligean, w. v.: 1) _to count, reckon, number; esteem, think_: pres. sg. I.
nÅ ic mÄ“ ... hnÄgran gūð-geweorca þonne Grendel hine (_count myself no
worse than G. in battle-works_), 678; wēn ic talige ...þæt (_I count on the
hope ... that_), 1846; telge, 2068; sg. III. þæt rǣd talað þæt (_counts it
gain that_), 2028.--2) _to tell, relate_: sÅð ic talige (_I tell facts_),
532; swÄ Ã¾Å« self talast (_as thou thyself sayst_), 595.
tÄcen, st. n., _token, sign, evidence_: nom. sg. tÄcen sweotol, 834; dat.
instr. sg. sweotolan tÄcne, 141; tÄ«res tÅ tÄcne, 1655.--Comp. luf-tÄcen.
tÄn, st. m., _twig_: in comp. Äter-tÄn. [emended to Äter-tÄ“arum in
text--KTH]
ge-tÇ£can, w. v., _to show, point out_: pret. sg. him Ã¾Ä hilde-dÄ“or hof
mÅdigra torht ge-tÇ£hte (_the warrior pointed out to them the bright
dwelling of the bold ones_, i.e. Danes), 313. Hence, _to indicate, assign_:
pret. sÅna mÄ“ se mÇ£ra mago Healfdenes ... wið his sylfes sunu setl getÇ£hte
(_assigned me a seat by his own son_), 2014.
tǣle, adj., _blameworthy_: in comp. un-tǣle.
ge-tǣse, adj., _quiet, still_: nom. sg. gif him wǣre ... niht ge-tǣse
(_whether he had a pleasant, quiet, night_), 1321.
tela, adv., _fittingly, well_, 949, 1219, 1226, 1821, 2209, 2738.
telge. See talian.
tellan, w. v., _to tell, consider, deem_: pret. sg. nē his līf-dagas lēoda
Ç£nigum nytte tealde (_nor did he count his life useful to any man_), 795;
þæt ic mē ǣnigne under swegles begong ge-sacan ne tealde (_I believed not
that I had any foe under heaven_), 1774; cwæð hÄ“ þone gūð-wine gÅdne tealde
(_said he counted the war-friend good_), 1811; hÄ“ Å«sic gÄr-wÄ«gend gÅde
tealde (_deemed us good spear-warriors_), 2642; pl. swÄ (_so that_) hine
GÄ“ata beam gÅdne ne tealdon, 2185.--2) _to ascribe, count against, impose_:
pret. sg. (Þrȳðo) him wælbende weotode tealde hand-gewriðene, 1937.
ge-tenge, adj., _attached to, lying on_: w. dat. gold ... grunde ge-tenge,
2759.
tēar, st. m., _tear_: nom. pl. tēaras, 1873.
teoh, st. f., _troop, band_: dat. sg. earmre teohhe, 2939.
(ge?)-teohhian, w. v., _to fix, determine, assign_: pret. sg. ic for lǣssan
lÄ“an teohhode ... hnÄhran rince, 952; pres. part. wæs Åðer in Ç£r geteohhod
(_assigned_)... mǣrum Gēate, 1301.
tēon, st. v., _to draw, lead_: inf. heht ... eahta mēaras ... on flet tēon
(_bade eight horses be led into the hall_), 1037; pret. sg. mē tŠgrunde
tÄ“ah fÄh fÄ“ond-sceaða (_the many-hued fiend-foe drew me to the bottom_),
553; eft-sīðas tēah (_withdrew, returned_), 1333; sg. for pl. ǣg-hwylcum
...þÄra þe mid BÄ“owulfe brim-lÄde tÄ“ah (_to each of those that crossed the
sea with B._) 1052; pret. part. Ã¾Ä wæs ... heard ecg togen (_then was the
hard edge drawn_), 1289; wearð ... on næs togen (_was drawn to the
promontory_), 1440.
Ä-tÄ“on, _to wander, go_, intrans.: pret. sg. tÅ Heorute Ä-tÄ“ah (_drew to
Heorot_), 767.
ge-tēon: 1) _to draw_: pret. sg. gomel swyrd ge-tēah, 2611; w. instr. and
acc. hyre seaxe ge-tēah, brad brūn-ecg, 1546.--2) _to grant, give, lend_:
imp. nŠþū him wearne getēoh þīnra gegn-cwida glædnian (_refuse not to
gladden them with thy answer_), 366; pret. sg. and Ã¾Ä BÄ“owulfe bÄ“ga
gehwæðres eodor Ingwina onweald ge-tēah (_and the prince of the Ingwins
gave B. power over both_), 1045; so, hē him ēst getēah (_gave possession
of_), 2166.
of-tēon, _to deprive, withdraw_, w. gen. of thing and dat. pers.: pret. sg.
Scyld Scēfing ... monegum mǣgðum meodo-setla of-tēah, 5; w. acc. of thing,
hond ... feorh-sweng ne of-tēah, 2490; w. dat. hond (hord, MS.) swenge ne
of-tēah, 1521.
þurh-tÄ“on, _to effect_: inf. gif hÄ“ torn-gemÅt þurh-tÄ“on mihte, 1141.
tēon (cf. tēoh, _materia_, O.H.G. ziuc), w. v. w. acc., _to make, work_:
pret. sg. tēode, 1453;--_to furnish out, deck_: pret. pl. nalas hī hine
lÇ£ssan lÄcum tÄ“odan (_provided him with no less gifts_), 43.
ge-tÄ“on, _to provide, do, bring on_: pres. sg. unc sceal weorðan ... swÄ
unc Wyrd ge-tÄ“oð, 2527; pret. sg. þē him ... sÄre ge-tÄ“ode (_who had done
him this harm_), 2296.
ge-tÄ“ona, w. m., _injurer, harmer_: in comp. lÄð-ge-tÄ“ona.
til, adj., _good, apt, fit_: nom. sg. m. HÄlga til, 61; þegn ungemete till
(of WÄ«glÄf), 2722; fem. wæs sÄ“o þēod tilu, 1251; neut. ne wæs þæt ge-wrixle
til, 1305.
tilian, w. v. w. gen., _to gain, win_: inf. gif ic ... Åwihte mæg þīnre
mÅd-lufan mÄran tilian (_if I ... gain_), 1824.
timbrian, w. v., _to build_: pret. part. acc. sg. sæl timbred (_the
well-built hall_), 307.
be-timbrian, (construere), _to finish building, complete_: pret. pl.
betimbredon on tyÌ„n dagum beadu-rÅfes bÄ“cn, 3161.
tīd, st. f., _-tide, time_: acc. sg. twelf wintra tīd, 147; lange tīd,
1916; in Ã¾Ä tÄ«de, 2228.--Comp.: Än-, morgen-tÄ«d.
ge-tīðian (from tigðian), w. v., _to grant_: pret. part. impers. wæs ...
bēne (gen.) ge-tīðad fēasceaftum men, 2285.
tīr, st. m., _glory, repute in war_. gen. sg. tīres, 1655.
tīr-ēadig, adj., _glorious, famous_: dat. sg. tīr-ēadigum menn (of
BÄ“owulf), 2190.
tÄ«r-fæst, adj., _famous, rich in glory_. nom. sg. (of HrÅðgÄr), 923.
tīr-lēas, adj., _without glory, infamous_: gen. sg. (of Grendel), 844.
toga, w. m., _leader_: in comp. folc-toga.
torht, adj., _bright, brilliant_: acc. sg. neut. hof ... torht,
313.--Comp.: wuldor-torht, heaðo-torht (_loud in battle_).
torn, st. n.: 1) _wrath, insult, distress_: acc. sg. torn, 147, 834; gen.
pl. torna, 2190.--2) _anger_: instr. sg. torne ge-bolgen, 2402.--Comp.
līge-torn.
torn, adj., _bitter, cruel_: nom. sg, hrēowa tornost, 2130.
torn-ge-mÅt, st. n., (_wrathful meeting_), _angry engagement, battle_: acc.
sg., 1141.
tÅ, I. prep. w. dat. indicating direction or tending to, hence: 1) local =
whither after verbs of motion, _to, up to, at_: cÅm tÅ recede (_to the
hall_), 721; ēode tŠsele, 920; ēode tŠhire frēan sittan, 642; gǣð eft ...
tÅ medo (_goeth again to mead_), 605; wand tÅ wolcnum (_wound to the
welkin_), 1120; sigon tŠslǣpe (_sank to sleep_), 1252; 28, 158, 234, 438,
553, 926, 1010, 1014, 1155, 1159, 1233, etc.; līð-wǣge bær hǣlum tŠhanda
(_bore the ale-cup to the hands of the men? at hand?_), 1984; oð þæt niht
becÅm Åðer tÅ yldum, 2118; him tÅ bearme cwÅm mÄððum-fæt mÇ£re (_came to his
hands, into his possession_), 2405; sǣlde tŠsande sīd-fæðme scip
(_fastened the broad-bosomed ship to the shore_), 1918; þat se harm-scaða
tÅ Heorute Ä-tÄ“ah (_went forth to Heorot_), 767. After verb sittan: site nÅ«
tŠsymble (_sit now to the meal_), 489; siððan ... wē tŠsymble geseten
hæfdon, 2105; tŠham (_home, at home_), 124, 374, 2993. With verbs of
speaking: maðelode tŠhis wine-drihtne (_spake to his friendly lord_), 360;
tŠGēatum sprec, 1172; so, heht þæt heaðo-weorc tŠhagan bīodan (_bade the
battle-work be told at the hedge_), 2893.--2) with verbs of bringing and
taking (cf. under on, I., d): hraðe wæs tŠbūre Bēowulf fetod (_B. was
hastily brought from a room_), 1311; siððan HÄma æt-wæg tŠþǣre byrhtan
byrig BrÅsinga mene (_since H. carried the BrÅsing-necklace off from the
bright city_), 1200; wÄ“an Ähsode. fÇ£hðo to FryÌ„sum (_suffered woe, feud as
to, from, the Frisians_), 1208.--3) =end of motion, hence: a) _to, for, as,
in_: þone god sende folce tÅ frÅfre (_for, as, a help to the folk_), 14;
gesette ... sunnan and mÅnan lÄ“oman to lÄ“ohte (_as a light_), 95; ge-sæt
... tÅ rune (_sat in counsel_), 172; wearð hÄ“ Heaðo-lÄfe tÅ hand-bonan,
460; bringe ... tÅ helpe (_bring to, for, help_), 1831; Jofore forgeaf
Ängan dÅhtor ... hyldo tÅ wedde (_as a pledge of his favor_), 2999; so,
508(?), 666, 907, 972, 1022, 1187, 1263, 1331, 1708, 1712, 2080, etc.;
secgan tÅ sÅðe (_to say in sooth_), 51; so, 591, 2326. b) with verbs of
thinking, hoping, etc., _on, for, at, against_: hē tŠgyrn-wræce swīðor
þÅhte þonne tÅ sÇ£-lÄde (_thought more on vengeance than on the
sea-voyage_), 1139; sæcce ne wÄ“neð tÅ GÄr-Denum (_nor weeneth of conflict
with the Spear-Danes_), 602; þonne wēne ic tŠþē wyrsan geþinges (_then I
expect for thee a worse result_), 525; nē ic to Swēoþēode sibbe oððe trēowe
wihte ne wēne (_nor expect at all of, from, the Swedes_ ...), 2923; wiste
þǣm ÄhlÇ£can tŠþǣm hÄ“ah-sele hilde ge-þinged (_battle prepared for the
monster in the high hall_), 648; wēl bið þǣm þe mot tŠfæder fæðmum freoðo
wilnian (_well for him that can find peace in the Father's arms_), 188;
þÄra þe hÄ“ ge-worhte tÅ West-Denum (_of those that he wrought against the
West-Danes_), 1579.--4) with the gerund, inf.: tÅ gefremmanne (_to do_),
174; tŠge-cȳðanne (_to make known_), 257; tŠsecganne (_to say_), 473; to
beflēonne (_to avoid, escape_), 1004; so, 1420, 1725, 1732, 1806, 1852,
1923, 1942, etc. With inf.: tŠfēran, 316; tŠfriclan, 2557.--5) temporal:
gewÄt him tÅ gescæp-hwÄ«le (_went at(?) the hour of fate_; or, _to his fated
rest?_), 26; tÅ wÄ«dan feore (_ever, in their lives_), 934; Äwa tÅ aldre
(_for life, forever_), 956; so, tÅ aldre, 2006, 2499; tÅ life (_during
life, ever_), 2433.--6) with particles: wÅd under wolcnum tŠþæs þe ...
(_went under the welkin to the point where_ ...), 715; so, elne ge-Ä“odon tÅ
þæs þe, 1968; so, 2411; hē him þæs lēan for-geald ... tŠþæs þe hē on reste
geseah Grendel licgan (_he paid him for that to the point that he saw G.
lying dead_), 1586; wæs þæt blÅd tŠþæs hÄt (_the blood was hot to that
degree_), 1617; næs Ã¾Ä long tŠþon þæt (_'twas not long till_), 2592, 2846;
wæs him se man tŠþon lēof þæt (_the man was dear to him to that degree_),
1877; tŠhwan siððan wearð hond-rǣs hæleða (_up to what point, how, the
hand-contest turned out_), 2072; tÅ middes (_in the midst_), 3142.
II. Adverbial modifier, _quasi_ preposition [better explained in many cases
as prep. postponed]: l) _to, towards, up to, at_: gÄ“ong sÅna tÅ, 1786; so,
2649; fÄ“hð Åðer tÅ, 1756; sÇ£-lÄc ... þē þū hÄ“r tÅ lÅcast (_upon which thou
here lookest_), 1655; folc tŠsǣgon (_the folk looked on_), 1423; þæt hī
him tŠmihton gegnum gangan (_might proceed thereto_), 313; sē þe him
bealwa tÅ bÅte gelyÌ„fde (_who believed in help out of evils from him_, i.e.
BÄ“owulf), 910; him tÅ anwaldan Äre ge-lyfde (_trusted for himself to the
Almighty's help_), 1273; þē ūs sēceað tŠSwēona lēode (_that the Swedes
will come against us_), 3002.--2) before adj. and adv., _too_: tÅ strang
(_too mighty_), 133; tŠfæst, 137; tŠswȳð, 191; so, 789, 970, 1337, 1743,
1749, etc.; tÅ fela micles (_far too much_), 695; hÄ“ tÅ forð ge-stÅp (_he
had gone too far_), 2290.
tÅð (G. tunþu-s), st. m., _tooth_: in comp. blÅdig-tÅð (adj.).
tredan, st. v. w. acc., _to tread_: inf. sǣ-wong tredan, 1965; el-land
tredan, 3020; pret. sg. wræc-lÄstas træd, 1353; medo-wongas træd, 1644;
græs-moldan træd, 1882.
treddian, tryddian (see trod), w. v., _to stride, tread, go_: pret. sg.
treddode, 726; tryddode getrume micle (_strode about with a strong troop_),
923.
trem, st. n., _piece, part_: acc. sg. nÄ“ ... fÅtes trem (_not a foot's
breadth_), 2526.
trēow, st. f., _fidelity, good faith_: acc. sg. trēowe, 1073; sibbe oððe
trēowe, 2923.
trēow, st. n., _tree_: in comp. galg-trēow.
trēowian. See truwian.
trēow-loga, w. m., _troth-breaker, pledge-breaker_: nom. pl. trēow-logan,
2848.
trodu, st. f., _track, step_: acc. sg. or pl. trode, 844.
ge-trum, st. n., _troop, band_: instr. sg. ge-trume micle, 923.
trum, adj., _strong, endowed with_: nom. sg. heorot hornum trum, 1370.
ge-truwan, w. v. w. acc., _to confirm, pledge solemnly_: pret. sg. Ã¾Ä hÄ«e
getruwedon on twÄ healfe fæste frioðu-wÇ£re, 1096.
truwian, trēowan, w. v., _to trust in, rely on, believe in_: 1) w. dat.:
pret. sg. sīðe ne truwode lēofes mannes (_I trusted not in the dear man's
enterprise_), 1994; bearne ne truwode þæt hē ... (_she trusted not the
child that_ ...), 2371; gehwylc hiora his ferhðe trēowde þæt hē ... (_each
trusted his heart that_ ...), 1167.--2) w. gen.: pret. sg. Gēata lēod
georne truwode mÅdgan mægnes, 670; wiðres ne truwode, 2954.
ge-truwian, _to rely on, trust in_, w. dat.: pret. sg. strenge ge-truwode,
mund-gripe mægenes, 1534;--w. gen. pret. sg. beorges ge-truwode, wīges and
wealles, 2323; strenge ge-truwode Änes mannes, 2541.
tryddian. See treddian.
tryÌ„we, adj., _true, faithful_: nom. sg. Ã¾Ä gyÌ„t wæs ... Ç£ghwylc Åðrum
trȳwe, 1166.
ge-tryÌ„we, adj., _faithful_: nom. sg. hÄ“r is Ç£ghwylc eorl Åðrum ge-tryÌ„we,
1229.
turf, st. f., _sod, soil, seat_: in comp. ēðel-turf.
tūx, st. m., _tooth, tusk_: in comp. hilde-tūx.
ge-twǣfan, w. v. w. acc. of person and gen. thing, _to separate, divide,
deprive of, hinder_: pres. sg. III. þæt þec Ädl oððe ecg eafoðes ge-twÇ£feð
(_robs of strength_), 1764; inf. god ēaðe mæg þone dol-scaðan dǣda
ge-twǣfan (_God may easily restrain the fierce foe from his deeds_), 479;
pret. sg. sumne Gēata lēod ... fēores getwǣfde (_cut him off from life_),
1434; nŠþǣr wǣg-flotan wind ofer ȳðum sīðes ge-twǣfde (_the wind hindered
not the wave-floater in her course over the water_), 1909; pret. part. æt
rihte wæs gūð ge-twǣfed (_almost had the struggle been ended_), 1659.
ge-twǣman, w. v. acc. pers. and gen. thing, _to hinder, render incapable
of, restrain_: inf. ic hine ne mihte ... ganges getwǣman, 969.
twÄ“gen, m. f. n. twÄ, num., _twain, two_: nom. m. twÄ“gen, 1164; acc. m.
twÄ“gen, 1348; dat. twÇ£m, 1192 gen. twÄ“ga, 2533; acc. f. twÄ, 1096, 1195.
twelf, num., _twelve_, gen. twelfa, 3172.
tweone (Frisian twine), num. = _bini, two_: dat. pl. be sǣm tweonum, 859,
1298; 1686.
twidig, adj., in comp. lang-twidig (_long-assured_), 1709.
tȳder, st. m., _race, descendant_: in comp. un-tȳder, 111.
tȳdre (Frisian teddre), adj., _weak, unwarlike, cowardly_: nom. pl.
tȳdre, 2848.
tȳn, num., _ten_: uninflect. dat. on tȳn dagum, 3161; inflect. nom.
tȳne, 2848.
tyrwian, w. v., _to tar_: pret. part. tyrwed in comp.: nīw-tyrwed.
on-tyhtan, w. v., _to urge on, incite, entice_: pret. sg. on-tyhte, 3087.
Þ
þafian, w. v. w. acc., _to submit to, endure_: inf. þæt se þēod-cyning
þafian sceolde Eofores Änne dÅm, 2964.
þanc, st. m.: 1) _thought_: in comp. fore-, hete-, or-, searo-þanc;
inwit-þanc (adj.).--2) _thanks_ (w. gen. of thing): nom. sg., 929, 1779;
acc. sg. þanc, 1998, 2795.--3) _content, favor, pleasure_: dat. sg. Ã¾Ä Ã¾e
gif-sceattas Gēata fyredon þyder tŠþance (_those that tribute for the
GeÄtas carried thither for favor_). 379.
ge-þanc, st. m., _thought_: instr. pl. þēostrum ge-þoncum, 2333.--Comp.
mÅd-ge-þanc.
þanc-hycgende, pres. part., _thoughtful_, 2236.
þancian, w. v., _to thank_: pret. sg. gode þancode ... þæs þe hire se willa
ge-lamp (_thanked God that her wish was granted_), 626; so, 1398; pl.
þancedon, 627(?).
þanon, þonon, þonan, adv., _thence_: 1) local: þanon eft gewÄt (_he went
thence back_), 123; þanon up ... stigon (_went up thence_), 224; so, þanon,
463, 692, 764, 845, 854, 1293; þanan, 1881; þonon, 520, 1374, 2409; þonan,
820, 2360, 2957.--2) personal: þanon untyÌ„dras ealle on-wÅcon (_from him_,
i.e. Cain, etc.), 111; so, þanan, 1266; þonon, 1961; unsÅfte þonon feorh
oð-ferede (i.e. from Grendel's mother), 2141.
þÄ, adv.: l) _there, then_, 3, 26, 28, 34, 47, 53, etc. With þǣr: Ã¾Ä Ã¾Ç£r,
331. With nÅ«: nÅ« Ã¾Ä (_now then_), 658.--2) conjunction, _when, as, since_,
w. indic., 461, 539, 633, etc.;--_because, whilst, during, since_, 402,
465, 724, 2551, etc.
þæt, I. demons, pron. acc. neut. of se: demons, nom. þæt (_that_), 735,
766, etc.; instr. sg. þȳ, 1798, 2029; þæt ic þȳ wǣpne ge-bræd (_that I
brandished as(?) a weapon; that I brandished the weapon?_), 1665; þȳ
weorðra (_the more honored_), 1903; þȳ sēft (_the more easily_), 2750; þȳ
lǣs hym ȳðe þrym wudu wynsuman for-wrecan meahte (_lest the force of the
waves the winsome boat might carry away_), 1919; nŠþȳ ǣr (_not sooner_),
755, 1503, 2082, 2374, 2467; nŠþȳ leng (_no longer, none the longer_),
975. þȳ =adv., _therefore, hence_, 1274, 2068; þē ... þē = _on this
account; for this reason ... that, because_, 2639-2642; wiste þē geornor
(_knew but too well_), 822; hē ... wæs sundes þē sǣnra þē hine swylt fornam
(_he was the slower in swimming as [whom?] death carried him off_), 1437;
næs him wihte þē sēl (_it was none the better for him_), 2688; so, 2278.
Gen. sg. þæs = adv., _for this reason, therefore_, 7, 16, 114, 350, 589,
901, 1993, 2027, 2033, etc. þæs þe, especially after verbs of thanking, =
_because_, 108, 228, 627, 1780, 2798;--also = secundum quod: þæs þe hīe
gewislīcost ge-witan meahton, 1351;--_therefore, accordingly_, 1342, 3001;
tŠþæs (_to that point; to that degree_), 715, 1586, 1617, 1968, 2411; þæs
georne (_so firmly_), 969; ac hē þæs fæste wæs ... besmiðod (_it was too
firmly set_), 774; nŠþæs frÅd leofað gumena bearna þæt þone grund wite
(_none liveth among men so wise that he should know its bottom_), 1368; hē
þæs (þǣm, MS.) mÅdig wæs (_had the courage for it_), 1509.
II. conj. (relative), _that, so that_, 15, 62, 84, 221, 347, 358, 392, 571,
etc.; oð þæt (_up to that, until_); see oð.
þætte (from þæt þe, see þē), _that_, 151, 859, 1257, 2925, etc.; þæt þe
(_that_), 1847.
þǣr: 1) demons. adv., _there (where)_, 32, 36, 89, 400, 757, etc.;
morðor-bealo mÄga, þǣr hÄ“o Ç£r mÇ£ste hÄ“old worolde wynne (_the death-bale of
kinsmen where before she had most worldly joy_), 1080. With þÄ: Ã¾Ä Ã¾Ç£r,
331; þǣr on innan (_therein_), 71. Almost like Eng. expletive _there_, 271,
550, 978, etc.;--_then, at that time_, 440;--_thither_: þǣr swīð-ferhðe
sittan Ä“odon (_thither went the bold ones to sit_, i.e. to the bench), 493,
etc.--2) relative, _where_, 356, 420, 508, 513, 522, 694, 867, etc.; Ä“ode
... þǣr se snottra bÄd (_went where the wise one tarried_), 1314; so,
1816;--_if_, 763, 798, 1836, 2731, etc.;--_whither_: gÄ Ã¾Ç£r hÄ“ wille, 1395.
þē, þe, I. relative particle, indecl., partly standing alone, partly
associated with se, sÄ“o, þæt: Hunferð maðelode, þē æt fÅtum sæt (_H., who
sat at his feet, spake_), 500; so, 138, etc.; wæs þæt gewin tŠswȳð þē on
Ã¾Ä lÄ“ode be-cÅm (_the misery that had come on the people was too great_),
192, etc.; ic wille ... þē Ã¾Ä and-sware Ç£dre ge-cȳðan þē mÄ“ se gÅda
Ä-gifan þenceð (_I will straightway tell thee the answer that the good one
shall give_), 355; oð þone Änne dæg þē hÄ“ ... (_till that very day that he_
...), 2401; hÄ“o Ã¾Ä fÇ£hðe wræc þē þū ... Grendel cwealdest (_the fight in
which thou slewest G._), 1335; mid þǣre sorge þē him sÄ«o sÄr belamp (_with
the sorrow wherewith the pain had visited him_), 2469; pl. þonne Ã¾Ä dydon
þē ... (_than they did that_ ...), 45; so, 378, 1136; Ã¾Ä mÄðmas þē hÄ“ mÄ“
sealde (_the treasures that he gave me_), 2491; so, ginfæstan gife þē him
god sealde (_the great gifts that God had given him_), 2183. After þÄra þe
(_of those that_), the depend. verb often takes sg. instead of pl.
(Dietrich, Haupt XI., 444 seqq.): wundor-sÄ«ona fela secga ge-hwylcum þÄra
þe on swylc starað (_to each of those that look on such_), 997; so, 844,
1462, 2384, 2736. Strengthened by se, sēo, þæt: sægde sē þe cūðe (_said he
that knew_), 90; wæs se grimma gæst Grendel hÄten, sÄ“ þe mÅras hÄ“old (_the
grim stranger hight Grendel, he that held the moors_), 103; here-byrne ...
sÄ“o þe bÄn-cofan beorgan cūðe (_the corselet that could protect the body_),
1446, etc.; þǣr ge-lyÌ„fan sceal dryhtnes dÅme sÄ“ þe hine dÄ“að nimeð (_he
shall believe in God's judgment whom death carrieth off_), 441; so, 1437,
1292 (cf. Heliand I., 1308).
þæs þe. See þæt.
þēah þe. See þēah.
for þÄm þe. See for-þÄm.
þyÌ„, þē, _the, by that_, instr. of se: Ähte ic holdra þyÌ„ lÇ£s ... þē dÄ“að
for-nam (_I had the less friends whom death snatched away_), 488; so, 1437.
þeccan, w. v., _to cover_ (thatch), _cover over_: inf. Ã¾Ä sceal brond
fretan, ǣled þeccean (_fire shall eat, flame shall cover, the treasures_),
3016; pret. pl. þǣr git ēagor-strēam earmum þehton (_in swimming_), 513.
þegn, st. m., _thane, liegeman, king's higher vassal; knight_: nom. sg.,
235, 494, 868, 2060, 2710; (BÄ“owulf), 194; (WÄ«glÄf), 2722; acc. sg. þegen
(Bēowulf, MS. þegn), 1872; dat. sg. þegne, 1342, 1420; (Hengest), 1086;
(WÄ«glÄf), 2811; gen. sg. þegnes, 1798; nom. pl. þegnas, 1231; acc. pl.
þegnas, 1082, 3122; dat. pl. þegnum, 2870; gen. pl. þegna, 123, 400, 1628,
1674, 1830, 2034, etc.--Comp.: ambiht-, ealdor-, heal-, magu-, sele-þegn.
þegnian, þēnian, w. v., _to serve, do liege service_: pret. sg. ic him
þēnode dēoran sweorde (_I served them with my good sword_, i.e. slew them
with it), 560.
þegn-sorh, st. f., _thane-sorrow, grief for a liegeman_: acc. sg.
þegn-sorge, 131.
þegu, st. f., _taking_: in comp.: bēah-, bēor-, sinc-þegu.
þel, st. n., _deal-board, board for benches_: in comp. benc-þel, 486, 1240.
þencan, w. v.: 1) _to think_: absolutely: pres. sg. III. sē þe wēl þenceð,
289; so, 2602. With depend. clause: pres. sg. nÇ£nig heora þÅhte þæt hÄ“ ...
(_none of them thought that he_), 692.--2) w. inf., _to intend_: pres. sg.
III. Ã¾Ä and-sware ... þē mÄ“ se gÅda Ä-gifan þenceð (_the answer that the
good one intendeth to give me_), 355; (blÅdig wæl) byrgean þenceð, 448;
þonne hÄ“ ... gegÄn þenceð longsumne lof (_if he will win eternal fame_),
1536; pret. sg. nÄ“ þæt ÄglÇ£ca yldan þÅhte (_the monster did not mean to
delay that_), 740; pret. pl. wit unc wið hronfixas werian þÅhton, 541;
(hine) on healfa ge-hwone hÄ“awan þÅhton, 801.
Ä-þencan, _to intend, think out_: pret. sg. (hÄ“) þis ellen-weorc Äna
Ä-þÅhte tÅ ge-fremmanne, 2644.
ge-þencan, w. acc.: 1) _to think of_: þæt hē his selfa ne mæg ... ende
ge-þencean (_so that he himself may not think of, know, its limit_),
1735.--2) _to be mindful_: imper. sg. ge-þenc nū ... hwæt wit geŠsprǣcon,
1475.
þenden: 1) adv., _at this time, then, whilst_: nalles fÄcen-stafas
Þēod-Scyldingas þenden fremedon (_not at all at this time had the Scyldings
done foul deeds_), 1020 (referring to 1165; cf. Wīdsīð, 45 seqq.); þenden
rÄ“afode rinc Åðerne (_whilst one warrior robbed another_, i.e. Eofor robbed
Ongenþēow), 2986.--2) conj., _so long as, whilst_, 30, 57, 284, 1860, 2039,
2500, 3028;--_whilst_, 2419. With subj., _whilst, as long as_: þenden þū
mÅte, 1178; þenden þū lifige, 1255; þenden hyt syÌ„ (_whilst the heat
lasts_), 2650.
þengel, st. m., _prince, lord, ruler_: acc. sg. hringa þengel (Bēowulf),
1508.
þes (m.), þēos (f.), þis (n.), demons. pron., _this_: nom. sg. 411, 432,
1703; f., 484; nom. acc. neut., 2156, 2252, 2644; þȳs, 1396; acc. sg. m.
þisne, 75; f. þÄs, 1682; dat. sg. neut. þissum, 1170; þyssum, 2640; f.
þisse, 639; gen. m. þisses, 1217; f. þisse, 929; neut. þysses, 791, 807;
nom. pl. and acc. þÄs, 1623, 1653, 2636, 2641; dat. þyssum, 1063, 1220.
þē. See þæt.
þēh. See þēah.
þearf, st. f., _need_: nom. sg. þearf, 1251, 2494, 2638; Ã¾Ä him wæs manna
þearf (_as he was in need of men_), 201; acc. sg. þearfe, 1457, 2580, 2850;
fremmað gē nū lēoda þearfe (_do ye now what is needful for the folk_),
2802; dat. sg. æt þearfe, 1478, 1526, 2695, 2710; acc. pl. se for andrysnum
ealle beweotede þegnes þearfe (_who would supply in courtesy all the
thane's needs_), 1798 (cf. sele-þegn, 1795.--Comp.: firen-, nearo-,
ofer-þearf.
þearf. See þurfan.
ge-þearfian, w. v., = _necessitatem imponere_: pret. part. Ã¾Ä him swÄ
ge-þearfod wæs (_since so they found it necessary_), 1104.
þearle, adv., _very, exceedingly_, 560.
þēah, þēh, conj., _though, even though_ or _if_: 1) with subj. þēah, 203,
526, 588, 590, 1168, 1661, 2032, 2162. Strengthened by þe: þēah þe, 683,
1369, 1832, 1928, 1942, 2345, 2620; þēah ... eal (_although_), 681.--2)
with indic.: þēah, 1103; þēh, 1614.--3) doubtful: þēah hē ūðe wēl, 2856;
swÄ Ã¾Ä“ah (_nevertheless_), 2879; nÅ ... swÄ Ã¾Ä“ah (_not then however_), 973;
næs þē forht swÄ Ã¾Ä“h (_he was not, though, afraid_), 2968; hwæðre swÄ Ã¾Ä“ah
(_yet however_), 2443.
þēaw, st. m., _custom, usage_: nom. sg., 178, 1247; acc. sg. þēaw, 359;
instr. pl. þēawum (_in accordance with custom_), 2145.
þeód, st. f.: 1) _war-troop, retainers_: nom. sg., 644, 1231, 1251.--2)
_nation, folk_: nom. sg., 1692; gen. pl. þēoda, 1706.--Comp.: sige-,
wer-þēod.
þēod-cyning, st. m., (=folc-cyning), _warrior-king, king of the people_:
nom. sg. (HrÅðgÄr), 2145; (Ongenþēow), 2964, 2971; þīod-cyning (BÄ“owulf),
2580; acc. sg. þēod-cyning (Bēowulf), 3009; gen. sg. þēod-cyninges
(Bēowulf), 2695; gen. pl. þēod-cyninga, 2.
þēoden, st. m., _lord of a troop, war-chief, king; ruler_: nom. sg., 129,
365, 417, 1047, 1210, 1676, etc.; þīoden, 2337, 2811; acc. sg. þēoden, 34,
201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2884, 3080; þīoden, 2789; dat. sg. þēodne, 345,
1526, 1993, 2573, 2710, etc.; þēoden, 2033; gen. sg. þēodnes 798, 911,
1086, 1628, 1838, 2175; þīodnes, 2657; nom. pl. þēodnas, 3071.
þēoden-lēas, adj., _without chief_ or _king_: nom. pl. þēoden-lēase, 1104.
þēod-gestrēon, st. n., _people's-jewel, precious treasure_: instr. pl.
þēod-ge-strēonum, 44; gen. pl. þēod-ge-strēona, 1219.
þēodig, adj., _appertaining to a_ þēod: in comp. el-þēodig.
þēod-scaða, w. m., _foe of the people, general foe_: nom. sg. þēod-sceaða
(_the dragon_), 2279, 2689.
þēod-þrēa, st. f. m., _popular misery, general distress_: dat. pl. wið
þēod-þrēaum, 178.
þēof, st. m., _thief_: gen. sg. þēofes cræfte, 2221.
þēon, st. v.: 1) _to grow, ripen, thrive_: pret. sg. weorðmyndum þÄh (_grew
in glory_), 8.--2) _to thrive in, succeed_: pret. sg. hūru þæt on lande
lyÌ„t manna þÄh (_that throve to few_), 2837. See Note, l. 901.
ge-þēon, _to grow, thrive; increase in power and influence_: imper. ge-þēoh
tela, 1219; inf. lof-dǣdum sceal ... man geþēon, 25; þæt þæt þēodnes bearn
ge-þēon scolde, 911.
on-þēon? _to begin, undertake_, w. gen.: pret. hÄ“ þæs Ç£r onþÄh, 901. [In
MS. Emended in text.--KTH] See Note l. 901.
þēon (for þēowan), w. v., _to oppress, restrain_: inf. næs se folc-cyning
ymb-sittendra Ç£nig þÄra þe mec ... dorste egesan þēon (_that durst oppress
me with terror_), 2737.
þēostor, adj., _dark, gloomy_: instr. pl. þēostrum ge-þoncum, 2333.
þēow, st. m., _slave, serf_ 2225.
þicgan, st. v. w. acc., _to seize, attain, eat, appropriate_: inf. þæt hē
(Grendel) mÄ mÅste manna cynnes þicgean ofer Ã¾Ä niht, 737; symbel þicgan
(_take the meal, enjoy the feast_), 1011; pret. pl. þæt hīe mē þēgon, 563;
þǣr wē medu þēgun, 2634.
ge-þicgan, w. acc., _to grasp, take_: pret. sg. (symbel and sele-ful, ful)
ge-þeah, 619, 629; Bēowulf ge-þah ful on flette, 1025; pret. pl. (medo-ful
manig) ge-þǣgon, 1015.
þider, þyder, adv., _thither_: þyder, 3087, 379, 2971.
þīhtig, þȳhtig, adj., _doughty, vigorous, firm_: acc. sg. neut. sweord ...
ecgum þȳhtig, 1559.--Comp. hyge-þīhtig.
þincan. See þyncan.
þing, st. n.: 1) _thing_: gen. pl. ǣnige þinga (_ullo modo_), 792, 2375,
2906.--2) _affair, contest, controversy_: nom. sg. mē wearð Grendles þing
... undyrne cūð (_Grendel's doings became known to me_), 409.--3)
_judgment, issue, judicial assembly_(?): acc. sg. sceal ... Äna gehegan
þing wið þyrse (_shall bring the matter alone to an issue against the
giant_: see hegan), 426.
ge-þing, st. n.: 1) _terms, covenant_: acc. pl. ge-þingo, 1086.--2) _fate,
providence, issue_: gen. sg. ge-þinges, 398, 710; (ge-þingea, MS.), 525.
ge-þingan, st. v., _to grow, mature, thrive_ (Dietrich, Haupt IX., 430):
pret. part. cwÄ“n mÅde ge-þungen (_mature-minded, high-spirited, queen_),
625. See wēl-þungen.
ge-þingan (see ge-þing), w. v.: 1) _to conclude a treaty_: w. refl. dat,
_enter into a treaty_: pres. sg. III. gif him þonne Hrēðrīc tŠhofum Gēata
ge-þingeð _(if H. enters into a treaty_ (seeks aid at?) _with the court of
the GÄ“atas_, referring to the old German custom of princes entering the
service or suite of a foreign king), 1838. Leo.--2) _to prepare, appoint_:
pret. part. wiste [æt] þǣm ÄhlÇ£can ... hilde ge-þinged, 648; hraðe wæs ...
mēce ge-þinged, 1939.
þingian, w. v.: 1) _to speak in an assembly, make an address_: inf. ne
hyÌ„rde ic snotor-lÄ«cor on swÄ geongum feore guman þingian (_I never heard a
man so young speak so wisely_), 1844.--2) _to compound, settle, lay aside_:
inf. ne wolde feorh-bealo ... fēo þingian (_would not compound the
life-bale for money_), 156; so, pret. sg. Ã¾Ä fÇ£hðe fÄ“o þingode, 470.
þīhan. See þēon.
þin, possess, pron., _thy, thine_, 267, 346, 353, 367, 459, etc.
ge-þÅht, st. m., _thought, plan_: acc. sg. Än-fealdne ge-þÅht, 256;
fæst-rÇ£dne ge-þÅht, 611.
þolian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to endure, bear_: inf. (inwid-sorge) þolian,
833; pres. sg. III. þrēa-nȳd þolað, 284; pret. sg. þolode þrȳðswȳð,
131.--2) _to hold out, stand, survive_: pres. sg. (intrans.) þenden þis
sweord þolað (_as long as this sword holds out_), 2500; pret. sg. (sēo ecg)
þolode Ç£r fela hand-gemÅta, 1526.
ge-þolian: 1) _to suffer, bear, endure_: gerund. tŠge-þolianne, 1420;
pret. sg. earfoð-lice þrÄge ge-þolode..., þæt hÄ“ ... drÄ“am gehyÌ„rde (_bore
ill that he heard the sound of joy_), 87; torn ge-þolode (_bore the
misery_), 147.--2) _to have patience, wait_: inf. þǣr hē longe sceal on þæs
waldendes wǣre ge-þolian, 3110.
þon (Goth, þan) = _tum, then, now_, 504; æfter þon (_after that_), 725; ǣr
þon dæg cwÅme (_ere day came_), 732; nŠþon lange (_it was not long till
then_), 2424; næs Ã¾Ä long tŠþon (_it was not long till then_), 2592, 2846;
wæs him se man tŠþon lēof þæt ... _(the man was to that degree dear to him
that ..._), 1877.
þonne: 1) adv., _there, then, now_, 377, 435, 525, 1105, 1456, 1485, 1672,
1823, 3052, 3098(?).--2) conj., _if, when, while_: a) w. indic., 573, 881,
935, 1034, 1041, 1043, 1144, 1286, 1327, 1328, 1375, etc.; þæt ic
gum-cystum gÅdne funde bÄ“aga bryttan, brÄ“ac þonne mÅste (_that I found a
good ring-giver and enjoyed him whilst I could_), 1488. b) w. subj., 23,
1180, 3065; þonne ...þonne (_then ... when_), 484-85, 2447-48; gif þonne
...þonne (_if then ... then_), 1105-1107. c) _than_ after comparatives, 44,
248, 469, 505, 534, 679, 1140, 1183, etc.; a comparative must be supplied,
l. 70, before þone: þæt hÄ“ ... hÄtan wolde medo-ærn micel men ge-wyrcean
þone yldo bearn ǣfre ge-frūnon (_a great mead-house_ (greater) _than men
had ever known_).
þracu, st. f., _strength, boldness_: in comp. mÅd-þracu; = impetus in
ecg-þracu.
þrÄg, st. f., _period of time, time_: nom. sg. Ã¾Ä hine sÄ«o þrÄg be-cwÅm
(_when the_ [battle]-_hour befell him_), 2884; acc. sg. þrÄge (_for a
time_), 87; longe (lange) þrÄge, 54, 114.--Comp. earfoð-þrÄg.
ge-þræc, st. n., _multitude, crowd_: in comp. searo-ge-þræc.
þrec-wudu, st. m., (_might-wood_), _spear_ (cf. mægen-wudu): acc. sg.,
1247.
þrēa, st. m. f., _misery, distress_: in comp. þēod-þrēa, þrēa-nēdla, -nȳd.
þrēa-nēdla, w. m., _crushing distress, misery_: dat. sg. for þrēa-nēdlan,
2225.
þrea-nȳd, st. f., _oppression, distress_: acc. sg. þrēa-nȳd, 284; dat.
pl. þrēa-nȳdum, 833.
þrÄ“at, st. m., _troop, band_: dat. sg. on þÄm þrÄ“ate, 2407; dat. pl.
sceaðena þrēatum, 4.--Comp. īren-þrēat.
þrēatian, w. v. w. acc., _to press, oppress_: pret. pl. mec ...þrēatedon,
560.
þreot-teoða, num. adj. w. m., _thirteenth_: nom. sg. þreot-teoða secg,
2407.
þrēo, num. (neut.), _three_: acc. þrīo wicg, 2175; þrēo hund wintra, 2279.
þridda, num. adj. w. m., _third_: instr. þriddan sīðe, 2689.
ge-þring, st. n., _eddy, whirlpool, crush_: acc. on holma ge-þring, 2133.
þringan, st. v., _to press_: pret. sg. wergendra tŠlȳt þrong ymbe þēoden
(_too few defenders pressed round the prince_), 2884; pret. pl. syððan
Hrēðlingas tŠhagan þrungon (_after the Hrethlingas had pressed into the
hedge_), 2961.
for-þringan, _to press out; rescue, protect_: inf. þæt hÄ“ ne mehte ...þÄ
wÄ“a-lÄfe wÄ«ge for-þringan þēodnes þegne (_that he could not rescue the
wretched remnant from the king's thane by war_), 1085.
ge-þringan, _to press_: pret. sg. cēol up geþrang (_the ship shot up_),
i.e. on the shore in landing), 1913.
þrītig, num., _thirty_ (neut. subst.): acc. sg. w. partitive gen.: þrītig
þegna, 123; gen. þrīttiges (XXXtiges MS.) manna, 379.
þrīst-hȳdig, adj., _bold-minded, valorous_: nom. sg. þīoden þrīst-hȳdig
(BÄ“owulf), 2811.
þrowian, w. v. w. acc., _to suffer, endure_: inf. (hÄt, gnorn) þrowian,
2606, 2659; pret. sg. þrowade, 1590, 1722; þrowode, 2595.
þrȳð, st. f., _abundance, multitude_, _excellence, power_: instr. pl.
þrȳðum (_excellently, extremely; excellent in strength?_), 494.
þrȳð-ærn, st. n., _excellent house, royal hall_: acc. sg. (of Heorot),
658.
þrȳðlīc, adj., _excellent, chosen_: nom. sg. þrȳð-līc þegna hēap, 400,
1628; superl. acc. pl. þrȳð-līcost, 2870.
þrȳð-swȳð, st. n.?, _great pain_ (?): acc., 131, 737 [? adj., _very
powerful, exceeding strong_].
þrȳð-word, st. n., _bold speech, choice discourse_: nom. sg., 644. (Great
store was set by good table-talk: cf. Lachmann's Nibelunge, 1612; RÄ«gsmÄl,
29, 7, in Möbius, p. 79b, 22.)
þrym, st. m.: 1) _power, might, force_: nom. sg. ȳða þrym, 1919; instr.
pl. = adv. þrymmum (_powerfully_), 235.--2) _glory, renown_: acc. sg. þrym,
2.--Comp. hyge-þrym.
þrym-līc, adj., _powerful, mighty_: nom. sg. þrec-wudu þrym-līc (_the
mighty spear_), 1247.
þū, pron., _thou_, 366, 407, 445, etc.; acc. sg. þec (poetic), 948, 2152,
etc.; þē, 417, 426, 517, etc.; after compar. sēlran þē (_a better one than
thee_), 1851. See gē.
þunca, w. m. See æf-þunca.
ge-þungen. See ge-þingan, st. v.
þurfan, pret.-pres. v., _to need_: pres. sg. II. nŠþū ne þearft ...
sorgian (_needest not care_), 450; so, 445, 1675; III. ne þearf ...
onsittan (_need not fear_), 596; so, 2007, 2742; pres. subj. þæt hē ...
sēcean þurfe, 2496; pret. sg. þorfte, 157, 1027, 1072, 2875, 2996; pl.
nealles Hetware hrēmge þorfton (i.e. wesan) fēðe-wīges (_needed not boast
of their foot-fight_), 2365.
ge-þuren. See þweran.
þurh, prep. w. acc. signifying motion through, hence: I. local, _through,
throughout_: wÅd Ã¾Ä Ã¾urh þone wæl-rÄ“c (_went then through the
battle-reek_), 2662.--II. causal: l) _on account of, for the sake of, owing
to_: þurh slīðne nīð (_through fierce hostility, heathenism_), 184; þurh
holdne hige (_from friendliness_), 267; so, þurh rūmne sefan, 278; þurh
sīdne sefan, 1727; ēoweð þurh egsan uncūðne nīð (_shows unheard-of
hostility by the terror he causes_), 276; so, 1102, 1336, 2046. 2) _by
means of, through_: heaðo-rǣs for-nam mihtig mere-dēor þurh mīne hand, 558;
þurh Änes cræft, 700; so, 941, 1694, 1696, 1980, 2406, 3069.
þus, adv., _so, thus_, 238, 337, 430.
þunian, w. v., _to din, sound forth_: pret. sg. sund-wudu þunede, 1907.
þūsend, num., _thousand_: 1) fem. acc. ic þē þūsenda þegna bringe tŠhelpe,
1830.--2) neut. with measure of value (sceat) omitted: acc. seofan þūsendo,
2196; gen. hund-þūsenda landes and locenra bēaga (100,000 _sceattas' worth
of land and rings_), 2995.--3) uninflected: acc. þūsend wintra, 3051.
þwǣre, adj., _affable, mild_: in comp. man-þwǣre.
ge-þwǣre, adj., _gentle, mild_: nom. pl. ge-þwǣre, 1231.
ge-þweran, st. v., _to forge, strike_: pret. part. heoru ... hamere
ge-þuren (for ge-þworen) (_hammer-forged sword_), 1286.
þȳhtig. See þīhtig.
ge-þyld (see þolian), st. f.: 1) _patience, endurance_: acc. sg. ge-þyld,
1396.--2) _steadfastness_: instr. pl. = adv.: ge-þyldum (_steadfastly,
patiently_), 1706.
þyle, st. m., _spokesman, leader of the conversation at court_: nom. sg.,
1166, 1457.
þyncan, þincean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., _to seem, appear_: pres. sg. III.
þinceð him tŠlȳtel (_it seems to him too little_), 1749; ne þynceð mē
gerysne, þæt wē _(it seemeth to me not fit that we_ ...), 2654; pres. pl.
hȳ ... wyrðe þinceað eorla ge-æhtlan (_they seem worthy contenders with_
(?) _earls_; or, _worthy warriors_), 368; pres. subj. swÄ him ge-met þince,
688; inf. þincean, 1342; pret. sg. þūhte, 2462, 3058; nÅ his lÄ«f-gedÄl
sÄr-lÄ«c þūhte secga Ç£nigum (_his death seemed painful to none of men_),
843; pret. pl. þǣr him fold-wegas fægere þūhton, 867.
of-þincan, _to displease, offend_: inf. mæg þæs þonne of-þyncan þēoden
(dat.) Heaðo-beardna and þegna gehwÄm þÄra lÄ“oda, 2033.
þyrs, st. m., _giant_: dat. sg. wið þyrse (Grendel), 426.
þys-līc, adj., _such, of such a nature_: nom. sg. fem. þys-līcu þearf,
2638.
þȳ. See þæt.
þȳwan (M.H.G. diuhen, O.H.G. duhan), w. v., _to crush, oppress_: inf. gif
þec ymb-sittend egesan þȳwað (_if thy neighbors oppress thee with dread_),
1828.
þȳstru, st. f., _darkness_: dat. pl. in þȳstrum, 87.
ge-þyÌ„we, adj., _customary, usual_: nom. sg. swÄ him ge-þyÌ„we ne wæs (_as
was not his custom_), 2333.
U
ufan, _adv., from above_, 1501; _above_, 330.
ufera (prop. _higher_), adj., _later_: dat. pl. ufaran dÅgrum, 2201, 2393.
ufor, adv., _higher_, 2952.
umbor, st. n., _child, infant_: acc. sg., 46; dat. sg., 1188.
un-blīðe, adv.(?), _unblithely, sorrowfully_, 130, 2269; (adj., nom. pl.?),
3032.
un-byrnende, pres. part., _unburning, without burning_, 2549.
unc, dat. and acc. of the dual wit, _us two, to us two_, 1784, 2138, 2527;
gen. hwæðer ... uncer twēga (_which of us two_), 2533; uncer Grendles (_of
us two, G. and me_), 2003.
uncer, poss. pron., _of us two_: nom. sg. [uncer], 2002(?); dat. pl. uncran
eaferan, 1186.
un-cūð, adj.: 1) _unknown_: nom. sg. stīg ... eldum uncūð, 2215; acc. sg.
neut. uncūð ge-lÄd (_unknown ways_), 1411.--2) _unheard-of, barbarous,
evil_: acc. sg. un-cūðne nīð, 276; gen. sg. un-cūðes (_of the foe_,
Grendel), 961.
under, I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat., answering question where? =
_under_ (of rest), contrasted with _over_: bÄt (wæs) under beorge, 211; þÄ
cwÅm Wealhþēo forð gÄn under gyldnum bÄ“age (_W. walked forth under a golden
circlet_, i.e. decked with), 1164; siððan hē under segne sine ealgode
(_under his banner_), 1205; hē under rande ge-cranc (_sank under his
shield_), 1210; under wolcnum, 8, 1632; under heofenum, 52, 505; under
roderum, 310; under helme, 342, 404; under here-grīman, 396, 2050, 2606;
so, 711, 1198, 1303, 1929, 2204, 2416, 3061, 3104.--2) w. acc.: a)
answering question whither? = _under_ (of motion): Ã¾Ä secg wÄ«sode under
Heorotes hrÅf, 403; siððan Ç£fen-lÄ“oht under heofenes hÄdor be-holen
weorðeð, 414; under sceadu bregdan, 708; flēon under fen-hleoðu, 821; hond
Älegde ... under gÄ“apne hrÅf, 837; tÄ“on in under eoderas, 1038; so, 1361,
1746, 2129, 2541, 2554, 2676, 2745; so, hæfde Ã¾Ä for-sīðod sunu Ecg-þēowes
under gynne grund, 1552 (for-sīðian requires acc.). b) after verbs of
venturing and fighting, with acc. of object had in view: hÄ“ under hÄrne
stÄn ...Äna ge-nēðde frÄ“cne dÇ£de, 888; ne dorste under ȳða ge-win aldre
ge-nēðan, 1470. c) indicating extent, with acc. after expressions of limit,
etc.: under swegles begong (_as far as the sky extends_), 861, 1774; under
heofenes hwealf (_as far as heaven's vault reaches_), 2016.
II. Adv., _beneath, below_: stīg under læg (_a path lay beneath_, i.e. the
rock), 2214.
undern-mǣl, st. n., _midday_: acc. sg., 1429.
un-dyrne, un-derne, adj., _without concealment, plain, clear_: nom. sg.,
127, 2001; un-derne, 2912.
un-dyrne, adv., _plainly, evidently_; un-dyrne cūð, 150, 410.
un-fǣger, adj., _unlovely, hideous_: nom. sg. lēoht un-fǣger, 728.
un-fǣcne, adj., _without malice, sincere_: nom. sg., 2069.
un-fǣge, adj., _not death-doomed_ or "_fey_": nom. sg., 2292; acc. sg.
un-fǣgne eorl, 573.
un-flitme, adv., _solemnly, incontestably_: Finn Hengeste elne unflitme
Äðum benemde (_F. swore solemnly to H. with oaths_) [if an adj., elne un-f.
= _unconquerable in valor_], 1098.
un-forht, adj., _fearless, bold_: nom. sg., 287; acc. pl. unforhte (adv.?),
444. See Note.
un-from, adj., _unfit, unwarlike_: nom. sg., 2189.
un-frÅd, adj., _not aged, young_: dat sg. guman un-frÅdum, 2822.
un-gedēfelīce, adv., _unjustly, contrary to right and custom_, 2436.
un-gemete, adv., _immeasurably, exceedingly_, 2421, 2722, 2729.
un-gemetes, adv. gen. sg., the same, 1793.
un-geÄra, adv., (_not old_), _recently, lately_, 933; _soon_, 603.
un-gifeðe, adj., _not to be granted; refused_: nom. sg., 2922.
un-glēaw, adj., _regardless, reckless_: acc. sg. sweord ... ecgum unglēaw
(of a sharp-edged sword), 2565.
un-hÄr, adj., _very gray_: nom. sg., 357; (_bald_?).
un-hǣlo, st. f., _mischief, destruction_: gen. sg. wiht un-hǣlo (_the demon
of destruction_, Grendel), 120.
un-hēore, un-hȳre, adj., _monstrous, horrible_: nom. sg. m., weard
un-hīore (the dragon), 2414; neut. wīf un-hȳre (Grendel's mother), 2121;
nom. pl. neut. hand-sporu ... unhēoru (of Grendel's claws), 988.
un-hlytme, un-hlitme, adv. (cf. A.S. hlytm = _lot_; O.N. hluti = _part
division_), _undivided, unseparated_, _united_, 1130 [unless = un-flitme,
1098]. See Note.
un-lēof, adj., _hated_: acc. pl. seah on un-lēofe, 2864.
un-lifigende, pres. part., _unliving, lifeless_: nom. sg. un-lifigende,
468; acc. sg. un-lyfigendne, 1309; dat. sg. un-lifgendum, 1390; gen. sg.
un-lyfigendes, 745.
un-lȳtel, adj., _not little, very large_: nom. sg. duguð un-lȳtel (_a
great band of warriors_? or _great joy_?), 498; dÅm un-lyÌ„tel (_no little
glory_), 886; acc. sg. torn un-lȳtel (_very great shame, misery_), 834.
un-murnlīce, adv., _unpityingly, without sorrowing_, 449, 1757.
unnan, pret.-pres. v., _to grant, give; wish, will_: pret.-pres. sg. I. ic
þē an tela sinc-gestrēona, 1226; weak pret. sg. I. ūðe ic swīðor þæt þū
hine selfne ge-sÄ“on mÅste, 961; III. hÄ“ ne ūðe þæt ...(_he granted not that
..._), 503; him god ūðe þæt ... hē hyne sylfne ge-wræc (_God granted to him
that he avenged himself_), 2875; þēah hē ūðe wēl (_though he well would_),
2856.
ge-unnan, _to grant, permit_: inf. gif hē ūs ge-unnan wile þæt wē hine ...
grÄ“tan mÅton, 346; mÄ“ ge-ūðe ylda waldend, þæt ic ... ge-seah hangian (_the
Ruler of men permitted me to see hanging ..._), 1662.
un-nyt, adj., _useless_: nom. sg., 413, 3170.
un-riht, st. n., _unright, injustice, wrong_: acc. sg. unriht, 1255, 2740;
instr. sg. un-rihte (_unjustly, wrongly_), 3060.
un-rīm, st. n., _immense number_: nom. sg., 1239, 3136; acc. sg., 2625.
un-rīme, adj., _countless, measureless_: nom. sg. gold un-rīme, 3013.
un-rÅt, adj., _sorrowing_: nom. pl. un-rÅte, 3149.
un-snyttru, st. f., _lack of wisdom_: dat. pl. for his un-snyttrum (_for
his unwisdom_), 1735.
un-softe, adv., _unsoftly, with violence_ (_hardly_?), 2141; _scarcely_,
1656.
un-swȳðe, adv., _not strongly_ or _powerfully_: compar. (ecg) bÄt unswīðor
þonne his þīod-cyning þearfe hæfde (_the sword bit less sharply than the
prince of the people needed_), 2579; fȳr unswīðor wēoll, 2882.
un-synnig, adj., _guiltless, sinless_: acc. sg. un-synnigne, 2090.
un-synnum, adv. instr. pl., _guiltlessly_, 1073.
un-tǣle, adj., _blameless_: acc. pl. un-tǣle, 1866.
un-tȳder, st. m., _evil race, monster_: nom. pl. un-tȳdras, 111. [Cf.
Ger. un-mensch.]
un-wÄclÄ«c, adj., _that cannot be shaken; firm, strong_: acc. sg. Äd ...
un-wÄclÄ«cne, 3139.
un-wearnum, adv. instr. pl., _unawares, suddenly_; (_unresistingly_?), 742.
un-wrecen, pret. part., _unavenged_, 2444.
up, adv., _up, upward_, 224, 519, 1374, 1620, 1913, 1921, 2894; (of the
voice), Ã¾Ä wæs ... wÅp up Ähafen, 128; so, 783.
up-lang, adj., _upright, erect_: nom. sg., 760.
uppe (adj., Å«fe, Å«ffe), adv., _above_, 566.
up-riht, adj., _upright, erect_: nom. sg., 2093.
uton. See wuton.
Ū
ūð-genge, adj., _transitory, evanescent, ready to depart_, (_fled_?): þǣr
wæs Æsc-here ... feorh ūð-genge, 2124.
Å«hte, w. f., _twilight_ or _dawn_: dat. or acc. on Å«htan, 126.
Å«ht-floga, w. m., _twilight-flier, dawn-flier_ (epithet of the dragon):
gen. sg. Å«ht-flogan, 2761.
Å«ht-hlem, st. m., _twilight-cry, dawn-cry_: acc. sg., 2008.
ūht-sceaða, w. m., _twilight-_ or _dawn-foe_: nom. sg., 2272.
ūs, pers. pron. dat. and acc. of wē (see wē), _us, to us_, 1822, 2636,
2643, 2921, 3002, 3079; acc. (poetic), Å«sic, 2639, 2641, 2642;--gen. Å«re:
ūre ǣg-hwylc (_each of us_), 1387; ūser, 2075.
Å«ser, possess, pron.: nom. sg. Å«re man-drihten, 2648; dat. sg. Å«ssum
hlÄforde, 2635; gen. sg. neut. Å«sses cynnes, 2814; dat. pl. Å«rum ... bÄm
(_to us both, two_) (for unc bÄm), 2660.
Å«t, adv., _out_, 215, 537, 664, 1293, 1584, 2082, 2558, 3131.
Å«tan, adv., _from without, without_, 775, 1032, 1504, 2335.
ūt-fūs, adj., _ready to go_: nom. sg. hringed-stefna īsig and ūt-fūs, 33.
ūt-weard, adj., _outward, outside, free_: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel) wæs
Å«t-weard, 762.
ūtan-weard, adj., _without, outward, from without_: acc. sg. hlǣw ... ealne
Å«tan-weardne, 2298.
W
wacian, w. v., _to watch_: imper. sg. waca wið wrÄðum! 661.
wadan, st. v., (cf. wade, waddle) _to traverse; stride, go_: pret. sg. wÅd
þurh þone wæl-rÄ“c, 2662; wÅd under wolcnum (_stalked beneath the clouds_),
715.
ge-wadan, _to attain by moving, come to, reach_: pret. part. oð þæt ...
wunden-stefna ge-waden hæfde, þæt Ã¾Ä līðende land ge-sÄwon (_till the ship
had gone so far that the sailors saw land_), 220.
on-wadan, w. acc., _to invade, befall_: pret. sg. hine fyren on-wÅd(?),
916.
þurh-wadan, _to penetrate, pierce_: pret. sg. þæt swurd þurh-wÅd wrÇ£t-lÄ«cne
wyrm, 891; so, 1568.
wÄg, st. m., _wall_: dat. sg. on wÄge, 1663; dat. pl. æfter wÄgum (_along
the walls_), 996.
wala, w. m., _boss_: nom. pl. walan, 1032 (cf. Bouterwek in Haupt XI., 85
seqq.).
walda, w. m., _wielder, ruler_: in comp. an-, eal-walda.
wald-swaðu, st. f., _forest-path_: dat. pl. æfter wald-swaðum (_along the
wood-paths_), 1404.
wam, wom, st. m., _spot, blot, sin_: acc. sg. him be-beorgan ne con wom
(_cannot protect himself from evil_ or _from the evil strange orders_,
etc.; wom = wogum? = _crooked_?), 1748; instr. pl. wommum, 3074.
wan, won, adj., _wan, lurid, dark_: nom. sg, ȳð-geblond ... won (_the dark
waves_), 1375; se wonna hrefn (_the black raven_), 3025; wonna lēg (_lurid
flame_), 3116; dat. sg. f. on wanre niht, 703; nom. pl. neut. scadu-helma
ge-sceapu ... wan, 652.
wang, st. m., _mead, field; place_: acc. sg. wang, 93, 225; wong, 1414,
2410, 3074; dat. sg. wange, 2004; wonge, 2243, 3040; acc. pl. wongas,
2463.--Comp.: freoðo-, grund-, medo-, sǣ-wang.
wang-stede, st. m., (locus campestris), _spot, place_: dat. sg. wong-stede,
2787.
wan-hȳd (for hygd), st. f., _heedlessness, recklessness_: dat. pl. for his
won-hȳdum, 434.
wanian, w. v.: 1) intrans., _to decrease, wane_: inf. Ã¾Ä Ã¾Ã¦t sweord ongan
... wanian, 1608.--2) w. acc., _to cause to wane_ or _lessen_: pret. sg. hē
tŠlange lēode mīne wanode, 1338.
ge-wanian, _to decrease, diminish_: pret. part. is mīn flet-werod ...
ge-wanod, 477.
wan-sǣlig, adj., _unhappy, wretched_: nom. sg. won-sǣlig wer (Grendel),
105.
wan-sceaft, st. f., _misery, want_: acc. sg. won-sceaft, 120.
warian, w. v. w. acc., _to occupy, guard, possess_: pres. sg. III. þǣr hē
hǣðen gold warað (_where he guards heathen gold_), 2278; pl. III. hīe
(Grendel and his mother) dȳgel land warigeað, 1359; pret. sg. (Grendel)
goldsele warode, 1254; (Cain) wēsten warode, 1266.
waroð, st. m., _shore_: dat. sg. tŠwaroðe, 234; acc. pl. wide waroðas,
1966.
waru, st. f., _inhabitants_, (collective) _population_: in comp. land-waru.
wÄ, interj., _woe!_ wÄ bið þǣm þe... (_woe to him that..._), 183.
wÄðu, st. f., _way, journey_: in comp. gamen-wÄðu.
wÄnian, w. v., _to weep, whine, howl_, w. acc.: inf. gehyÌ„rdon ... sÄr
wÄnigean helle hæftan (_they heard the hell-fastened one lamenting his
pain_), 788; pret. sg. [wÄnode], 3152(?).
wÄt. See witan.
wæcean, w. v., _to watch_: pret. part wæccende, 709, 2842; acc. sg. m.
wæccendne wer, 1269. See wacian.
wæcnan, w. v., _to be awake, come forth_: inf., 85.
wæcnan, st. v., _to awake, arise, originate_: pret. sg. þanon (from Cain)
wÅc fela geÅ-sceaft-gÄsta, 1266; so, 1961; pl. þÄm fÄ“ower bearn ... in
worold wÅcun, 60.
on-wæcnan: 1) _to awake_ (intrans.): pret. sg. Ã¾Ä se wyrm on-wÅc (_when the
drake awoke_), 2288.--2) _to be born_: pret. sg. him on-wÅc hÄ“ah Healfdene,
56; pl. on-wÅcon, 111.
wæd, st. n., (the moving) _sea, ocean_: nom. wado weallende, 546; wadu
weallendu, 581; gen. pl. wada 508.
wǣfre, adj., _wavering_ (like flame), _ghostlike, without distinct bodily
form_: nom. sg. wæl-gǣst wǣfre (of Grendel's mother), 1332;--_flickering,
expiring_: nom. sg. wÇ£fre mÅd, 1151; him wæs geÅmor sefa, wÇ£fre and
wæl-fūs, 2421.
be-wægnan, w. v., _to offer_: pret part, him wæs ... frēond-laðu wordum
be-wægned, 1194.
wæl, st. n., _battle, slaughter, the slain in battle_: acc. sg. wæl, 1213,
3028, blÅdig wæl, 448; oððe on wæl crunge (_or in battle, among the slain,
fall_), 636; dat. sg. sume on wæle crungon (_some fell in the slaughter_),
1114; dat. sg. in Fr...es wæle (proper name in MS. destroyed), 1071; nom.
pl. walu, 1043.
wæl-bed, st. n., _slaughter-bed, deathbed_: dat. sg. on wæl-bedde, 965.
wæl-bend, st. f., _death-bond_: acc. sg. or pl. wæl-bende ...
hand-gewriðene, 1937.
wæl-blēat, adj., _deadly, mortal, cruel_: acc. sg. wunde wæl-blēate, 2726.
wæl-dēað, st. m., _death in battle_: nom. sg., 696.
wæl-drēor, st. m., _battle-gore_: instr. sg. wæl-drēore, 1632.
wæl-fÄh, adj., _slaughter-stained, blood-stained_: acc. sg. wæl-fÄgne
winter, 1129.
wæl-fæhð, st. f., _deadly feud_: gen. pl. wæl-fǣhða, 2029.
wæl-feall, st. m., _(fall of the slain), death, destruction_: dat. sg. tÅ
wæl-fealle, 1712.
wæl-fūs, adj., _ready for death, foreboding death_: nom. sg., 2421.
wæl-fyllo, st. f., _fill of slaughter_: dat. sg. mid þǣre wæl-fulle (i.e.
the thirty men nightly slaughtered at Heorot by Grendel), 125; wæl-fylla?
3155.
wæl-fȳr, st. n.: 1) _deadly fire_: instr. sg. wæl-fȳre (of the
fire-spewing dragon), 2583.--2) _corpse-consuming fire, funeral pyre_: gen.
pl. wæl-fȳra mǣst, 1120.
wæl-gǣst, st. m., _deadly sprite_ (of Grendel and his mother): nom. sg.
wæl-gǣst, 1332; acc. sg. þone wæl-gǣst, 1996.
wæl-hlem, st. m., _death-stroke_: acc. sg. wæl-hlem þone, 1996.
wælm, st. m., _flood, whelming water_: nom. sg. þǣre burnan wælm, 2547;
gen. sg. þæs wælmes (_of the surf_), 2136.--Comp. cear-wælm.
wæl-nīð, st. m., _deadly hostility_: nom. sg., 3001; dat. sg. æfter
wæl-nīðe, 85; nom. pl. wæl-nīðas, 2066.
wæl-rÄp, st. m., _flood-fetter, i.e. ice_: acc. pl. wæl-rÄpas, 1611; (cf.
wæll, wel, wyll = _well, flood_: leax sceal on wæle mid scēote scrīðan,
Gnom. Cott. 39).
wæl-rǣs, st. m., _deadly onslaught_: nom. sg., 2948; dat. sg. wæl-rǣse,
825, 2532.
wæl-rest, st. f., _death-bed_, acc. sg. wæl-reste, 2903.
wæl-rÄ“c, st. m., _deadly reek_ or _smoke_: acc. sg. wÅd Ã¾Ä Ã¾urh þone
wæl-rēc, 2662.
wæl-rēaf, st, n., _booty of the slain, battle-plunder_: acc. sg., 1206.
wæl-rēow, adj., _bold in battle_: nom. sg., 630.
wæl-sceaft, st. m., _deadly shaft, spear_: acc. pl. wæl-sceaftas, 398.
wæl-seax, st. n., _deadly knife, war-knife_: instr. sg. wæll-seaxe, 2704.
wæl-stenge, st. m., _battle-spear_: dat. sg. on þÄm wæl-stenge, 1639.
wæl-stÅw, st. f., _battle-field_: dat. sg. wæl-stÅwe, 2052, 2985.
wæstm, st. m., _growth, form, figure_: dat. sg. on weres wæstmum (_in man's
form_), 1353.
wæter, st. n., _water_: nom. sg., 93, 1417, 1515, 1632; acc. sg. wæter,
1365, 1620; dēop wæter (_the deep_), 509, 1905; ofer wīd wæter (_over the
high sea]_, 2474; dat. sg. æfter wætere _(along the Grendel-sea_), 1426;
under wætere (_at the bottom of the sea_), 1657; instr. wætere, 2723;
wætre, 2855; gen. sg. ofer wæteres hrycg (_over the surface of the sea_),
471; on wæteres ǣht, 516; þurh wæteres wylm (_through the sea-wave_), 1694;
gen. = instr. wæteres weorpan (_to sprinkle with water_), 2792.
wæter-egesa, st. m., _water-terror_, i.e. _the fearful sea_: acc. sg., 1261
wæter-ȳð, st. f., _water-wave, billow_: dat. pl. wæter-ȳðum, 2243.
wǣd, st. f., _(weeds), garment_: in comp. here-, hilde-wǣd.
ge-wǣde, st. n., _clothing_, especially _battle-equipments_: acc. pl.
gewǣdu, 292.--Comp. eorl-gewǣde.
wǣg, st. m., _wave_: acc. sg. wǣg, 3133.
wǣg-bora, w. m., _wave-bearer, swimmer_ (bearing or propelling the waves
before him): nom. sg. wundorlīc wǣg-bora (of a sea-monster), 1441.
wǣg-flota, w. m., _sea-sailer, ship_: acc. sg. wēg-flotan, 1908.
wǣg-holm, st. m., _the wave-filled sea_: acc. sg. ofer wǣg-holm, 217.
wǣge, st. n., _cup, can_: acc. sg. fǣted wǣge, 2254, 2283.--Comp.: ealo-,
līð-wǣge.
wǣg-līðend, pres. part., _sea-farer_: dat. pl. wǣg-līðendum (et līðendum,
MS.), 3160.
wǣg-sweord, st. n., _heavy sword_: acc. sg., 1490.
wǣn, st. m., _wain, wagon_: acc. sg. on wǣn, 3135.
wǣpen, st. n., _weapon; sword_: nom. sg., 1661; acc. sg. wǣpen, 686, 1574,
2520, 2688; instr. wǣpne, 1665, 2966; gen. wǣpnes, 1468; acc. pl. wǣpen,
292; dat. pl. wǣpnum, 250, 331, 2039, 2396. --Comp.: hilde-, sige-wǣpen.
wǣpned-man, st. m., _warrior, man_: dat. sg. wǣpned-men, 1285.
wǣr, st. f., _covenant, treaty_: acc. sg. wǣre, 1101;--_protection, care_:
dat. sg. on frēan (on þæs waldendes) wǣre (_into God's protection_), 27,
3110.--Comp.: frioðo-wǣr.
wǣsma, w. m., _fierce strength, war-strength_: in comp. here-wǣsma, 678.
wē, pers. pron., _we_, 942, 959, 1327, 1653, 1819, 1820, etc.
web, st. n., _woven work, tapestry_:, nom. pl. web, 996.
webbe, w. f., _webster, female weaver_: in comp. freoðu-webbe.
weccan, weccean, w. v. w. acc., _to wake, rouse; recall_: inf. wīg-bealu
weccan (_to stir up strife_), 2047; nalles hearpan swēg (sceal) wīgend
weccean (_the sound of the harp shall not wake up the warriors_), 3025;
ongunnon Ã¾Ä ... bÇ£l-fyÌ„ra mÇ£st wÄ«gend weccan (_the warriors then began to
start the mightiest of funeral pyres_), 3145; pret. sg. wehte hine wætre
(_roused him with water_, i.e. WÄ«glÄf recalled BÄ“owulf to consciousness),
2855.
tÅ-weccan, _to stir up, rouse_: pret, pl. hÅ« Ã¾Ä folc mid him (_with one
another_), fÇ£hðe tÅ-wehton, 2949.
wed, st. n., (cf. wed-ding), _pledge_: dat. sg. hyldo tÅ wedde (_as a
pledge of his favor_), 2999.
weder, st. n., _weather_: acc. pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, 1137; gen. pl.
wedera cealdost, 546.
ge-wef, st. n., _woof, weaving_: acc. pl. wīg-spēda ge-wiofu (_the woof of
war-speed_: the battle-woof woven for weal or woe by the Walkyries; cf.
Njals-saga, 158), 698.
weg, st. m., _way_: acc. sg. on weg (_away, off_), 264, 764, 845, 1431,
2097; gyf þū on weg cymest (_if thou comest off safe_, i.e. from the battle
with Grendel's mother), 1383.--Comp.: feor-, fold-, forð-, wīd-weg.
wegan, st. v. w. acc., _to bear, wear, bring, possess_: subj. pres. nÄh hwÄ
sweord wege (_I have none that may bear the sword_), 2253; inf. nalles
(sceal) eorl wegan mÄððum tÅ ge-myndum (_no earl shall wear a memorial
jewel_), 3016; pret. ind. hÄ“ Ã¾Ä frætwe wæg ... ofer ȳða ful (_bore the
jewels over the goblet of the waves_), 1208; wæl-seaxe ... þæt hē on byrnan
wæg, 2705; heortan sorge wæg (_bore heart's sorrow_); so, 152, 1778, 1932,
2781.
æt-wegan = _auferre, to carry off_: syððan HÄma æt-wæg tŠþǣre byrhtan
byrig BrÅsinga mene (_since H. bore from the bright city the
BrÅsing-collar_), 1199.
ge-wegan (O.N. wega), _to fight_: inf. þē hÄ“ wið þÄm wyrme ge-wegan
sceolde, 2401.
wēl, well, adv.: 1) _well_: wēl bið þǣm þe ... (_well for him that ...!_),
186; sē þe wēl þenceð (_he that well thinketh, judgeth_), 289; so, 640,
1046, 1822, 1834, 1952, 2602; well, 2163, 2813.--2) _very, very much_: GÄ“at
ungemetes wēl ... restan lyste (_the Geat longed sorely to rest_),
1793.--3) _indeed, to be sure_, 2571, 2856.
wela, w. m., _wealth, goods, possessions_: in comp. ǣr-, burg-, hord-,
mÄððum-wela.
wēl-hwylc, indef. pron., = quivis, _any you please, any_ (each, all): gen.
pl. wēl-hwylcra wilna, 1345; w. partitive gen.: nom. sg. witena wēl-hwylc,
266;--substantively: acc. neut. wēl-hwylc, 875.
welig, adj., _wealthy, rich_: acc. sg. wīc-stede weligne Wǣgmundinga, 2608.
wēl-þungen, pres. part., _well-thriven_ (in mind), _mature, high-minded_:
nom. sg. Hygd (wæs) swīðe geong, wīs, wēl-þungen, 1928.
wenian, w. v., _to accustom, attract, honor_: subj. pret. þæt ...
Folcwaldan sunu ... Hengestes hēap hringum wenede (_sh. honor_), 1092.
be-(bi-)wenian, _entertain, care for, attend_: pret. sg. mæg þæs þonne
of-þyncan þēoden Heaðo-beardna ... þonne hē mid fǣmnan on flet gǣð,
dryht-bearn Dena duguða bi-wenede (_may well displease the prince of the
H.... when he with the woman goes into the hall, that a noble scion of the
Danes should entertain, bear wine to, the knights_, cf. 494 seqq.; or, _a
noble scion of the Danes should attend on her?_), 2036; pret. part. nom.
pl. wǣron hēr tela willum be-wenede, 1822.
wendan, w. v., _to turn_: pres. sg. III. him eal worold wendeð on willan
(_all the world turns at his will_), 1740.
ge-wendan, w. acc.: l) _to turn, turn round_: pret. sg. wicg gewende
(_turned his horse_), 315.--2) _to turn_ (intrans.), _change_: inf. wÄ bið
þǣm þe sceal ... frÅfre ne wÄ“nan, wihte ge-wendan (_woe to him that shall
have no hope, shall not change at all_), 186.
on-wendan, _to avert, set aside_: 1) w. acc.: inf. ne mihte snotor hæleð
wÄ“an on-wendan, 191.--2) intrans.: sibb Ç£fre ne mæg wiht on-wendan þÄm þe
wēl þenceð (_in, to, him that is well thinking friendship can not be set
aside_), 2602.
wer, st. m., _man, hero_: nom. sg. (Grendel), 105; acc. sg. wer (BÄ“owulf),
1269, 3174; gen. sg. on weres wæstmum (_in man's form_), 1353; nom. pl.
weras, 216, 1223, 1234, 1441, 1651; dat. pl. werum, 1257; gen. pl. wera,
120, 994, 1732, 3001; (MS. weora), 2948.
wered, st. n., (as adj. = _sweet_), _a sort of beer_ (probably without hops
or such ingredients): acc. sg. scīr wered, 496.
were-feohte, f., _defensive fight, fight in self-defence_: dat. pl. for
were-fyhtum (fere fyhtum, MS.), 457.
werhðo, st. f., _curse, outlawry, condemnation_: acc. sg. þū in helle
scealt werhðo drēogan, 590.
werian, _to defend, protect_: w. vb., pres. sg. III. beaduscrūda ... þæt
mÄ«ne brÄ“ost wereð, 453; inf. wit unc wið hron-fixas werian þÅhton, 541;
pres. part. w. gen. pl. wergendra tŠlȳt (_too few defenders_), 2883;
pret. ind. wæl-rēaf werede (_guarded the battle-spoil_), 1206; se hwīta
helm hafelan werede (_the shining helm protected his head_), 1449; pl.
hafelan weredon, 1328; pret. part. nom. pl. gē ... byrnum werede (_ye_ ...
_corselet-clad_), 238, 2530.
be-werian, _to protect, defend_: pret. pl. þæt hīe ... lēoda land-geweorc
lÄðum be-weredon scuccum and scinnum (_that they the people's land-work
from foes, from monsters and demons, might defend_), 939
werig, adj., _accursed, outlawed_: gen. sg. wergan gÄstes (Grendel), 133;
(of the devil), 1748.
werod, weorod, st. n., _band of men, warrior-troop_: nom. sg. werod, 652;
weorod, 290, 2015, 3031; acc. sg. werod, 319; dat. instr. sg. weorode,
1012, 2347; werede, 1216; gen. sg. werodes, 259; gen. pl. wereda, 2187;
weoroda, 60.--Comp.: eorl-, flet-werod.
wer-þēod, st. f., _people, humanity_: dat. sg. ofer wer-þēode, 900.
wesan, v., _to be_: pres. sg. I. ic eom, 335, 407; II. þū eart, 352, 506;
III. is, 256, 272, 316, 343, 375, 473, etc.; nÅ« is þīnes mægenes blÇ£d Äne
hwīle (_the prime [fame?] of thy powers lasteth now for a while_), 1762;
ys, 2911, 3000, 3085; pl. I. wē synt, 260, 342; II. syndon, 237, 393; III.
syndon, 257, 361, 1231; synt, 364; sint, 388; subj. pres. sīe, 435, 683,
etc.; sȳ, 1832, etc.; sig, 1779, etc.; imper. sg. II. wes, 269 (cf.
wassail, wes hǣl), 407, 1171, 1220, 1225, etc.; inf. wesan, 272, 1329,
1860, 2709, etc. The inf. wesan must sometimes be supplied: nealles Hetware
hrēmge þorfton (i.e. wesan) fēðe-wīges, 2364; so, 2498, 2660, 618, 1858;
pres. part. wesende, 46; dat. sg. wesendum, 1188; pret. sg. I., III. wæs,
11, 12, 18, 36, 49, 53, etc.; wæs on sunde (_was a-swimming_), 1619; so,
848, 850(?), 970, 981, 1293; progressive, wæs secgende (for sǣde), 3029;
II. wǣre, 1479, etc.; pl. wǣron, 233, 536, 544, etc.; wǣran (w. reflex,
him), 2476; pret. subj. wǣre, 173, 203, 594, 946, etc.; progressive,
myndgiend wǣre (for myndgie), 1106.--Contracted neg. forms: , nis = ne +
is, 249, 1373, etc.; næs = ne + wæs, 134, 1300, 1922, 2193, etc. (cf.
uncontracted: ne wæs, 890, 1472); nǣron = ne + wǣron, 2658; nǣre = ne +
wǣre, 861, 1168. See cniht-wesende.
wēg. See wǣg.
wēn, st. f., _expectation, hope_: nom. sg., 735, 1874, 2324; nū is lēodum
wēn orleg-hwīle (gen.) (_now the people have weening of a time of strife_),
2911; acc. sg. þæs ic wēn hæbbe (_as I hope, expect_), 383; so, þæs þe ic
[wēn] hafo, 3001; wēn ic talige, 1846; dat. pl. bēga on wēnum _(in
expectation of both_, i.e. the death and the return of BÄ“owulf), 2896. See
or-wēna.
wēnan, w. v., _to ween, expect, hope_: 1) absolutely; pres. sg. I. þæs ic
wÄ“ne (_as I hope_), 272; swÄ ic þē wÄ“ne tÅ _(as I hope thou wilt_: BÄ“owulf
hopes HrÅðgÄr will now suffer no more pain), 1397.--2) w. gen. or acc.
pres. sg. I. þonne wēne ic tŠþē wyrsan ge-þinges, 525; ic þǣr heaðu-fȳres
hÄtes wÄ“ne, 2523; III. secce ne wÄ“neð to GÄr Denum (_weeneth not of contest
with the Gar-Danes_), 601; inf. (beorhtre bÅte) wÄ“nan (_to expect, count
on, a brilliant_ [? _a lighter penalty_] _atonement_), 157; pret. pl. þæs
ne wēndon ǣr witan Scyldinga þæt ... _the wise men of the Scyldings weened
not of this before, that_...), 779; þæt hig þæs æðelinges eft ne wēndon þæt
hÄ“ ... sÄ“cean cÅme _(that they looked not for the atheling again that he_
... _would come to seek_ ...), 1598.--3) w. acc. inf.: pret. sg. wēnde,
934.--4) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I. wēne ic þæt..., 1185; wēn' ic
þæt..., 338, 442; pret. sg. wēnde, 2330; pl. wēndon, 938, 1605.
wēpan, st. v., _to weep_: pret. sg. [wēop], 3152 (?).
werig, adj., _weary, exhausted_, w. gen.: nom. sg. siðes wērig (_weary from
the journey, way-weary_), 579; dat. sg. siðes wērgum, 1795;--w. instr.:
acc. pl. wundum wērge _(wound-weary_), 2938.--Comp.: dēað-, fyl-,
gūð-wērig.
ge-werigean, w. v., _to weary, exhaust_: pret. part. ge-wērgad, 2853.
wÄ“rig-mÅd, adj., _weary-minded (animo defessus)_: nom. sg., 845, 1544.
wēste, adj., _waste, uninhabited_: acc. sg. win-sele wēstne, 2457.
wēsten, st. n., _waste, wilderness_: acc. sg. wēsten, 1266.
wēsten, st. f., _waste, wilderness_: dat. sg. on þǣre wēstenne, 2299.
weal, st. m.: 1 _wall, rampart_: dat. instr. sg. wealle, 786, 892, 3163;
gen. sg. wealles, 2308.--2) _elevated sea-shore_: dat. sg. of wealle, 229;
acc. pl. windige weallas, 572, 1225.--3) _wall of a building_: acc, sg. wið
þæs recedes weal, 326; dat. sg. be wealle, 1574; hence, the inner and outer
rock-walls of the dragon's lair (cf. Heyne's essay: Halle Heorot, p. 59):
dat. sg., 2308, 2527, 2717, 2760, 3061, 3104; gen. sg. wealles,
2324.--Comp.: bord-, eorð-, sǣ-, scyld-weal.
ge-wealc, st. n., _rolling_: acc. sg. ofer ȳða ge-wealc, 464.
ge-weald, st. n., _power, might_: acc. sg. on fēonda ge-weald _(into the
power of his foes_), 809, 904; so, 1685; geweald Ägan, hæbban, Ä-bÄ“odan (w.
gen. of object = _to present) = to have power over_, 79, 655, 765, 951,
1088, 1611, 1728. See on-weald.
wealdan, st. v., _to wield, govern, rule over, prevail_: 1) absolutely or
with depend, clause: inf. gif hÄ“ wealdan mÅt (_if he may prevail_), 442;
þǣr hÄ“ ... wealdan mÅste swÄ him Wyrd ne ge-scrÄf (_if [where?] he was to
prevail, as Weird had not destined for him_), 2575; pres. part. waldend
(_God_), 1694; dat. wealdende, 2330; gen. waldendes, 2293, 2858, 3110.--2)
with instr. or dat.: inf. þÄm wÇ£pnum wealdan (_to wield, prevail with, the
weapons_), 2039; Gēatum wealdan (_to rule the Gēatas_), 2391; þēah-hordum
wealdan (_to rule over, control, the treasure of rings_), 2828; wæl-stÅwe
wealdan (_to hold the field of battle_), 2985; pret. sg. wēold, 465, 1058,
2380, 2596; þenden wordum wēold wine Scyldinga (_while the friend of the S.
ruled the G._), 30; pl. wēoldon, 2052.--3) with gen.: pres. sg. I. þenden
ic wealde wīdan rīces, 1860; pres. part. wuldres wealdend(waldend), 17,
183, 1753; weard, 2514; the _'dragon_ is called ylda waldend, 1662; waldend
fīra, 2742; sigora waldend, 2876 (designations of God); pret. sg. wēold,
703, 1771.
ge-wealdan, _to wield, have power over, arrange_: 1) w. acc.: pret. sg.
hÄlig god ge-wÄ“old wÄ«g-sigor, 1555.--2) w. dat.: pret. cyning ge-wÄ“old his
ge-witte (_the king possessed his senses_), 2704.--3) w. gen.: inf. hē ne
mihte nŠ... wǣpna ge-wealdan, 1510.
ge-wealden, pret. part., _subject, subjected_: acc. pl. gedēð him swÄ
gewealdene worolde dǣlas, 1733.
weallan, st. v.: 1) _to toss, be agitated_ (of the sea): pres. part. nom.
pl. wadu weallende (weallendu), 546, 581; nom. sg. brim weallende, 848;
pret. ind. wēol, 515, 850, 1132; wēoll, 2139.--2) figuratively (of
emotions), _to be agitated_: pres. pl. III. syððan Ingelde weallað
wæl-nīðas (_deadly hate thus agitates Ingeld_), 2066; pres. part.
weallende, 2465; pret. sg. hreðer inne wēoll (_his heart was moved within
him_), 2114; hreðer ǣðme wēoll (_his breast_ [the dragon's] _swelled from
breathing, snorting_), 2594; brēost innan wēoll þēostrum ge-þoncum, 2332;
so, wēoll, 2600, 2715, 2883.
weall-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff_: acc. sg. ofer weall-clif, 3133.
weallian, w. v., _to wander, rove about_: pres. part. in comp.
heoro-weallende, 2782.
weard, st. m., _warden, guardian; owner_: nom. sg. weard Scyldinga (_the
Scyldings' warden of the march_), 229; weard, 286, 2240; se weard, sÄwele
hyrde, 1742; the _king_ is called bēah-horda weard, 922; rīces weard, 1391;
folces weard, 2514; the _dragon_ is called weard, 3061; weard un-hīore,
2414; beorges weard, 2581; acc. sg, weard, 669; (dragon), 2842; beorges
weard (dragon), 2525, 3067.--Comp.: bÄt-, ēðel-, gold-, hÄ“afod-, hord-,
hȳð-, land-, rēn-, sele-, yrfe-weard.
weard, st. m., _possession_ (Dietrich in Haupt XI., 415): in comp.
eorð-weard, 2335.
weard, st. f., _watch, ward_: acc. sg. wearde healdan, 319; wearde hēold,
305.--Comp. ǣg-weard.
weard, adj., _-ward_: in comp. and-, innan-, Å«t-weard, 1288, etc.
weardian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to watch, guard, keep_: inf. hē his folme
forlÄ“t tÅ lÄ«f-wraðe, lÄst weardian (_Grendel left his hand behind as a
life-saver, to guard his track_ [Kemble]), 972; pret. sg. him sīo swīðre
swaðe weardade hand on Hiorte (_his right hand kept guard for him in H._,
i.e. showed that he had been there), 2099; sg. for pl. hyÌ„rde ic þæt þÄm
frætwum fēower mēaras lungre gelīce last weardode (_I heard that four
horses, quite alike, followed in the traces of the armor_), 2165.--2) _to
hold, possess, inhabit_: pret. sg. fīfel-cynnes eard ... weardode (_dwelt
in the abode of the sea-fiends_), 105; reced weardode un-rīm eorla (_an
immense number of earls held the hall_), 1238; pl. þǣr wē gesunde sæl
weardodon, 2076.
wearh, st. m., _the accursed one; wolf_: in comp. heoro-wearg, 1268.
wearn, st. f.: 1) _resistance, refusal_, 366.--2) _warning?, resistance?_
See un-wearnum, 742.
weaxan, st. v., _to wax, grow_: pres. sg. III. oð þæt him on innan
ofer-hygda dǣl weaxeð (_till within him pride waxeth_), 1742; inf. weaxan,
3116; pret. sg. wēox, 8.
ge-weaxan, _to grow up_: pret. sg. oft þæt sēo geogoð ge-wēox, 66.
ge-weaxan to, _to grow to_ or _for something_: pret. sg. ne ge-wēox hē him
to willan (_grew not for their benefit_), 1712.
wēa, w. m., _woe, evil, misfortune_: nom. sg., 937; acc. sg. wean, 191,
423, 1207, 1992, 2293, 2938; gen. pl. wēana, 148, 934, 1151, 1397.
wÄ“a-lÄf, st. f., _wretched remnant_: acc. pl. Ã¾Ä wÄ“a-lÄfe (_the wretched
remnant_, i.e. Finn's almost annihilated band), 1085, 1099.
wēa-spel, st. n., _woe-spell, evil tidings_: dat. sg. wēa-spelle, 1316.
ge-weoldum. See ge-wild.
weorc, st. n.: 1) _work, labor, deed_: acc. sg., 74; (_war-deed_), 1657;
instr. sg. weorce, 1570; dat. pl. weorcum, 2097; wordum ne (and) worcum,
1101, 1834; gen. pl. worda and worca, 289.--2) _work, trouble, suffering_:
acc. sg. þæs gewinnes weorc (_misery on account of this strife_), 1722;
dat. pl. adv. weorcum (_with labor_), 1639.--Comp.: bǣdo-, ellen-, heaðo-,
niht-weorc.
ge-weorc, st. n.: 1) _work, deed, labor_: nom. acc. sg., 455, 1563, 1682,
2718, 2775; gen. sg. ge-weorces, 2712. Comp.: ǣr-, fyrn-, gūð-, hond-,
nīð-ge-weorc.--2) _fortification, rampart_: in comp. land-geweorc, 939.
weorce, adj., _painful, bitter_: nom. sg., 1419.
weorð, st. n., _precious object, valuable_: dat. sg. weorðe, 2497.
weorð, adj., _dear, precious_: nom. sg. weorð Denum æðeling (_the atheling
dear to the Danes_, Bēowulf), 1815; compar. nom. sg. þæt hē syððan wæs ...
mÄðme þyÌ„ weorðra (_more honored from the jewel_), 1903; cf. wyrðe.
weorðan, st. v.: 1) _to become_: pres. sg. III. beholen weorðeð (_is
concealed_), 414; underne weorðeð (_becomes known_), 2914; so, pl. III.
weorðað, 2067; wurðað, 282; inf. weorðan, 3179; wurðan, 808; pret. sg. I.,
III. wearð, 6, 77, 149, 409, 555, 754, 768, 819, 824, etc.; pl. wurdon,
228; subj. pret. wurde, 2732.--2) inf. to frÅfre weorðan (_to become a
help_), 1708; pret. sg. wearð hÄ“ HeaðolÄfe tÅ hand-bonan, 460; so, wearð,
906, 1262; ne wearð HeremÅd swÄ (i.e. to frÅfre) eaforum Ecgwelan, 1710;
pl. wurdon, 2204; subj. pret. sg. II. wurde, 588.--3) pret. sg. þæt hē on
fylle wearð (_that he came to a fall_), 1545.--4) _to happen, befall_: inf.
unc sceal weorðan ... swÄ unc Wyrd ge-tÄ“oð (_it shall befall us two as Fate
decrees_), 2527; þurh hwæt his worulde gedÄl weorðan sceolde, 3069; pret.
sg. Ã¾Ä Ã¾Ç£r sÅna wearð ed-hwyrft eorlum (_there was soon a renewal to the
earls_, i.e. of the former perils), 1281.
ge-weorðan: 1) _to become_: pret. sg. ge-wearð, 3062; pret. part. cearu wæs
genÄ«wod ge-worden (_care was renewed_), 1305; swÄ us ge-worden is,
3079.--2) _to finish; complete?_: inf. þæt þū ... lēte Sūð-Dene sylfe
ge-weorðan gūðe wið Grendel (_that thou wouldst let the S. D. put an end to
their war with Grendel_), 1997.--3) impersonally with acc., _to agree,
decide_: pret. sg. Ã¾Ä Ã¾Ã¦s monige ge-wearð þæt ... (_since many agreed that_
...), 1599; pret. part. hafað þæs ge-worden wine Scyldinga, rīces hyrde,
and þæt rǣd talað þæt hē ... (_therefore hath it so appeared(?) advisable
to the friend of the S., the guardian of the realm, and he counts it a gain
that_ ...), 2027.
weorð-ful, adj., _glorious, full of worth_: nom. sg. weorð-fullost, 3100.
weorðian, w. v., _to honor, adorn_: pret. sg. þǣr ic ... þīne lēode
weorðode weorcum (_there honored I thy people by my deeds_), 2097; subj.
pret. (þæt hē) æt feoh-gyftum ... Dene weorðode (_that he would honor the
Danes at, by, treasure-giving_), 1091.
ge-weorðian, ge-wurðian, _to deck, ornament_: pret. part. hire syððan wæs
æfter bēah-þege brēost ge-weorðod, 2177; wǣpnum ge-weorðad, 250; since
ge-weorðad, 1451; so, ge-wurðad, 331, 1039, 1646; wide ge-weorðad (_known,
honored, afar_), 1960.
weorð-līce, adv., _worthily, nobly_: superl. weorð-līcost, 3163.
weorð-mynd, st. f. n., _dignity, honor, glory_: nom. sg., 65; acc. sg.
geseah Ã¾Ä eald sweord ..., wigena weorðmynd (_saw an ancient sword there,
the glory of warriors_), 1560; dat. instr. pl. weorð-myndum, 8; tÅ
worð-myndum, 1187; gen. pl. weorð-mynda dǣl, 1753.
weorðung, st. f., _ornament_: in comp. brÄ“ost-, hÄm-, heorft-, hring-,
wīg-weorðung.
weorod. See werod.
weorpan, st. v.: 1) _to throw, cast away_, w. acc.: pret. sg. wearp þÄ
wunden-mÇ£l wrÇ£ttum gebunden yrre Åretta, þæt hit on eorðan læg (_the
wrathful warrior threw the ornamented sword, that it lay on the earth_),
1532.--2) _to throw around_ or _about_, w. instr.: pret. sg. beorges weard
. .. wearp wæl-fȳre (_threw death-fire around_), 2583.--3) _to throw
upon_: inf. hē hine eft ongan wæteres (instr. gen.) weorpan (_began to cast
water upon him again_), 2792.
for-weorpan, w. acc., _to cast away, squander_: subj. pret. þæt hē gēnunga
gūð-gewÇ£du wrÄðe for-wurpe (_that he squandered uselessly the
battle-weeds_, i.e. gave them to the unworthy), 2873.
ofer-weorpan, _to stumble_: pret. sg. ofer-wearp Ã¾Ä ... wigena strengest,
1544.
weotian, w. v., _to provide with, adjust_(?): pret. part. acc. pl.
wæl-bende weotode, 1937.
be-weotian, be-witian, w. v. w. acc., _to regard, observe, care for_: pres.
pl. III. be-witiað, 1136; pret. sg. þegn ... sē þe ... ealle be-weotede
þegnes þearfe (_who would attend to all the needs of a thane_), 1797; draca
sē þe ... hord be-weotode (_the drake that guarded a treasure_), 2213;--_to
carry out, undertake_: pres. pl. III. Ã¾Ä ... oft be-witigað sorh-fulne sīð
on segl-rÄde, 1429.
wicg, st. n., _steed, riding-horse_: nom. sg., 1401; acc. sg. wicg, 315;
dat. instr. sg. wicge, 234; on wicge, 286; acc. pl. wicg, 2175; gen. pl.
wicga, 1046.
ge-widor, st. n., _storm, tempest_: acc. pl. lÄð ge-widru (_loathly
weather_), 1376.
wið prep. w. dat. and acc., with fundamental meanings of division and
opposition: 1) w. dat., _against, with_ (in hostile sense), _from_: Ã¾Ä wið
gode wunnon, 113; Äna (wan) wið eallum, 145; ymb feorh sacan, lÄð wið
lÄðum, 440; so, 426, 439, 550, 2372, 2521, 2522, 2561, 2840, 3005; þæt him
holt-wudu ... helpan ne meahte, lind wið līge, 2342; hwæt ... sēlest wǣre
wið fÇ£r-gryrum tÅ ge-fremmanne, 174; þæt him gÄst-bona gÄ“oce gefremede wið
þēod-þrēaum, 178; wið rihte wan (_strove against right_), 144; hæfde ...
sele HrÅðgÄres ge-nered wið nīðe (_had saved H.'s hall from strife_), 828;
(him dyrne langað ...) beorn wið blÅde (_the hero longeth secretly contrary
to his blood_, i.e. H. feels a secret longing for the non-related BÄ“owulf),
1881; sundur ge-dǣlan līf wið līce (_to sunder soul from body_), 2424;
strēamas wundon sund wið sande (_the currents rolled the sea against the
sand_), 213; līg-ȳðum forborn bord wið ronde (rond, MS.) (_with waves of
flame burnt the shield against, as far as, the rim_), 2674; holm storme
wēol, won wið winde (_the sea surged, wrestled with the wind_), 1133; so,
hiora in Änum wÄ“oll sefa wið sorgum (_in one of them surged the soul with
sorrow_ [_against_?, Heyne]), 2601; þæt hire wið healse heard grÄpode
(_that the sharp sword bit against her neck_), 1567.--2) w. acc.: a)
_against, towards_: wan wið HrÅðgÄr (_fought against H._), 152; wið fÄ“onda
gehwone, 294; wið wrÄð werod, 319; so, 540, 1998, 2535; hine hÄlig god Å«s
on-sende wið Grendles gryre, 384; þæt ic wið þone gūð-flogan gylp
ofer-sitte (_that I refrain from boastful speech against the
battle-flier_), 2529; ne wolde wið manna ge-hwone ... feorh-bealo feorran
(_would not cease his life-plotting against any of the men_; or, _withdraw
life-bale from_, etc.? or, _peace would not have with any man..., mortal
bale withdraw_?, Kemble), 155; ic Ã¾Ä lÄ“ode wÄt gÄ“ wið fÄ“ond gÄ“ wið frÄ“ond
fæste geworhte (_towards foe and friend_), 1865; hēold hēah-lufan wið
hæleða brego (_cherished high love towards the prince of heroes_), 1955;
wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstÅd (_prevented entrance to spear-point and
sword-edge_), 1550. b) _against, on, upon, in_: setton sīde scyldas ... wið
þæs recedes weal (_against the wall of the hall_), 326; wið eorðan fæðm
(eardodon) (_in the bosom of the earth_), 3050; wið earm ge-sæt (_sat on,
against, his arm_), 750; so, stīð-mÅd ge-stÅd wið stÄ“apne rond, 2567; [wið
duru healle ēode] (_went to the door of the hall_), 389; wið Hrefna-wudu
(_over against, near, H._), 2926; wið his sylfes sunu setl ge-tǣhte
(_showed me to a seat with, near, beside, his own son_), 2014. c) _towards,
with_ (of contracting parties): þæt hīe healfre ge-weald wið Eotena bearn
Ägan mÅston (_that they power over half the hall with the Eotens' sons were
to possess_), 1089; þenden hē wið wulf wæl rēafode (_whilst with the wolf
he was robbing the slain_), 3028.--3) Alternately with dat. and acc.,
_against_: nÅ« wið Grendel sceal, wið þÄm ÄglÇ£can, Äna gehegan þing wið
þyrse, 424-426;--_with, beside_: ge-sæt Ã¾Ä wið sylfne..., mÇ£g wið mÇ£ge,
1978-79.
wiðer-gyld, st. n., _compensation_: nom. sg., 2052, [proper name?].
wiðer-ræhtes, adv., _opposite, in front of_, 3040.
wiðre, st. n., _resistance_: gen. sg. wiðres ne truwode, 2954.
wiht, st. f.: 1) _wight, creature, demon_: nom. sg. wiht unhǣlo (_the demon
of destruction_, Grendel), 120; acc. sg. syllīcran wiht (the dragon),
3039.--2) _thing, something, aught_: nom. sg. w. negative, nē hine wiht
dweleð (_nor does aught check him_), 1736; him wiht ne spēow (_it helped
him naught_), 2855; acc. sg. nē him þæs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde (_nor did
he count the worm's warring for aught_), 2349; ne meahte ic ... wiht
gewyrcan _(I could not do aught_ ...), 1661;--w. partitive gen.: nÅ ...
wiht swylcra searo-niða, 581;--the acc. sg. = adv. like Germ. _nicht_: nē
hÄ«e hÅ«ru wine-drihten wiht ne lÅgon (_did not blame their friendly lord
aught_), 863; so, ne wiht = _naught, in no wise_, 1084, 2602, 2858; nÅ
wiht, 541; instr. sg. wihte (_in aught, in any way_), 1992; ne ... wihte
(_by no means_), 186, 2278, 2688; wihte ne, 1515, 1996, 2465, 2924.--Comp.:
Ä-wiht (Äht = _aught_), æl-wiht, Å-wiht.
wil-cuma, w. m., _one welcome_ (qui gratus advenit): nom. pl. wil-cuman
Denigea lēodum (_welcome to the people of the Danes_), 388; so, him (the
lord of the Danes) wil-cuman, 394; wil-cuman Wedera lēodum (_welcome to the
GÄ“atas_), 1895.
ge-wild, st. f., _free-will_? dat. pl. nealles mid ge-weoldum (_sponte,
voluntarily_, Bugge), 2223.
wil-dēor (for wild-dēor), st. n., _wild beast_: acc. pl. wil-dēor, 1431.
wil-gesīð, st. m., _chosen_ or _willing companion_: nom. pl. -ge-sīðas, 23.
wil-geofa, w. m., _ready giver_ (= voti largitor: princely designation),
_joy-giver_?: nom. sg. wil-geofa Wedra lēoda, 2901.
willa, w. m.: 1) _will, wish, desire, sake_: nom. sg. 627, 825; acc. sg.
willan, 636, 1740, 2308, 2410; instr. sg. Änes willan (_for the sake of
one_), 3078; so, 2590; dat. sg. tÅ willan, 1187, 1712; instr. pl. willum
(_according to wish_), 1822; sylfes willum, 2224, 2640; gen. pl. wilna,
1345.--2) _desirable thing, valuable_: gen. pl. wilna, 661, 951.
willan, aux. v., _will_: in pres. also _shall_ (when the future action is
depend. on one's free will): pres. sg. I. wille ic Ä-secgan (_I will set
forth, tell out_), 344; so, 351, 427; ic tŠsǣ wille (_I will to sea_),
318; wylle, 948, 2149, 2513; sg. II. þū wylt, 1853; sg. III. hē wile, 346,
446, 1050, 1182, 1833; wyle, 2865; wille, 442, 1004, 1185, 1395; ǣr hē in
wille (_ere he will in_, i.e. go or flee into the fearful sea), 1372;
wylle, 2767; pl. I. wē ... wyllað, 1819; pret. sg. I., III. wolde, 68, 154,
200, 646, 665, 739, 756, 797, 881, etc.; nÅ ic fram him wolde (i.e.
flÄ“otan), 543; so, swÄ hÄ“ hira mÄ wolde (i.e. Ä-cwellan), 1056; pret. pl.
woldon, 482, 2637, 3173; subj. pret., 2730.--Forms contracted w. negative:
pres. sg. I. nelle (= ne + wille, _I will not_, nolo), 680, 2525(?); pret.
sg. III. nolde (= ne + wolde), 792, 804, 813, 1524; w. omitted inf. þÄ
metod nolde, 707, 968; pret. subj. nolde, 2519.
wilnian, w. v., _to long for, beseech_: inf. wÄ“l bið þǣm þe mÅt ... tÅ
fæder fæðmum freoðo wilnian (_well for him that may beseech protection in
the Father's arms_), 188.
wil-sīð, st. m., _chosen journey_: acc. sg. wil-sīð, 216.
ge-win, st. n.: 1) _strife, struggle, enmity, conflict_: acc. sg., 878; þÄ
hīe ge-win drugon (_endured strife_), 799; under ȳða ge-win (_under the
tumult of the waves_), 1470; gen. sg. þæs ge-winnes weorc (_misery for this
strife_), 1722.--2) _suffering, oppression_: nom. sg., 133, 191; acc. sg.
eald ge-win, 1782.--Comp.: fyrn-, ȳð-ge-win.
wīn-ærn, st. n., _hall of hospitality, hall, wine-hall_: gen. sg.
wīn-ærnes, 655.
wind, st. m., _wind, storm_: nom. sg., 547, 1375, 1908; dat. instr. sg.
winde, 217; wið winde, 1133.
windan, st. v.: 1) intrans., _to wind, whirl_: pret. sg. wand tÅ wolcnum
wæl-fȳra mǣst, 1120.--2) w. acc., _to twist, wind, curl_: pret. pl.
strēamas wundon sund wið sande, 212; pret. part. wunden gold (_twisted,
spirally-twined, gold_), 1194, 3135; instr. pl. wundnum (wundum, MS.)
golde, 1383.
æt-windan, _to wrest one's self from, escape_: pret. sg. sē þǣm fēonde
æt-wand, 143.
be-windan, _to wind with_ or _round, clasp, surround, envelop_ (involvere):
pret. sg. þē hit (the sword) mundum be-wand, 1462; pret. part. wīrum
be-wunden (_wound with wires_) 1032; feorh ... flǣsce be-wunden
(_flesh-enclosed_), 2425; gÄr ... mundum be-wunden (_a spear grasped with
the hands_), 3023; iū-manna gold galdre be-wunden (_spell-encircled gold_),
3053; (ÄstÄh ...) lÄ“g wÅpe be-wunden (_uprose the flame mingled with a
lament_), 3147.
ge-windan, _to writhe, get loose, escape_: inf. wīdre ge-windan (_to flee
further_), 764; pret. sg. on flēam ge-wand, 1002.
on-windan, _to unwind, loosen_: pres. sg. (þonne fæder) on-windeð
wæl-rÄpas, 1611.
win-dæg, st. m., _day of struggle_ or _suffering_: dat. pl. on þyssum
win-dagum (_in these days of sorrow_, i.e. of earthly existence), 1063.
wind-bland (blond), st. n., _wind-roar_: nom. sg., 3147.
wind-gereste, f., _resting-place of the winds_: acc. sg., 2457.
windig, adj., _windy_: acc. pl. windige (weallas, næssas), 572, 1359;
windige weallas (wind geard weallas, MS.), 1225.
wine, st. m., _friend, protector_, especially the _beloved ruler_: nom. sg.
wine Scyldinga, lÄ“of land-fruma (Scyld), 30; wine Scyldinga (HrÅðgÄr), 148,
1184. As vocative: mīn wine, 2048; wine mīn, Bēowulf (Hunferð), 457, 530,
1705; acc. sg. holdne wine (HrÅðgÄr), 376; wine Deniga, Scyldinga, 350,
2027; dat. sg. wine Scyldinga, 170; gen. sg. wines (BÄ“owulf), 3097; acc.
pl. wine, 21; dat. pl. Denum eallum, winum Scyldinga, 1419; gen. pl.
winigea lēasum, 1665; winia bealdor, 2568.--Comp.: frēa-, frēo-, gold-,
gūð-, mǣg-wine.
wine-dryhten, st. m., (dominus amicus), _friendly lord, lord and friend_:
acc. sg. wine-drihten, 863, 1605; wine-dryhten, 2723, 3177; dat. sg.
wine-drihtne, 360.
wine-geÅmor, adj., _friend-mourning_: nom. sg., 2240.
wine-lēas, adj., _friendless_: dat. sg. wine-lēasum, 2614.
wine-mÇ£g, st. m., _dear kinsman_: nom. pl. wine-mÄgas, 65.
ge-winna, w. m., _striver, struggler, foe_: comp. eald-, ealdor-gewinna.
winnan, st. v., _to struggle, fight_: pret. sg. III. wan Äna wið eallum,
144; Grendel wan ... wið HrÅðgÄr, 151; holm ... won wið winde (_the sea
fought with the wind_: cf. wan wind endi water, Heliand, 2244), 1133; II.
eart þū se Bēowulf, sē þe wið Brecan wunne, 506; pl. wið gode wunnon, 113;
þǣr Ã¾Ä graman wunnon (_where the foes fought_), 778.
wīn-reced, st. n., _wine-hall, guest-hall, house for entertaining guests_:
acc. sg., 715, 994.
wīn-sele, st. m., the same, _wine-hall_: nom. sg., 772; dat. sg. wīn-sele,
696 (cf. Heliand Glossary, 369 [364]).
winter, st. m. n.: 1) _winter_: nom. sg., 1133, 1137; acc. sg. winter,
1129; gen. sg. wintres, 516.--2) _year_ (counted by winters): acc. pl.
fīftig wintru (neut.), 2210; instr. pl. wintrum, 1725, 2115, 2278; gen. pl.
wintra, 147, 264, 1928, 2279, 2734, 3051.
wintre, adj., _so many winters_ (old): in comp. syfan-wintre.
ge-wislīce, adv., _certainly, undoubtedly_: superl. gewislīcost, 1351.
wist, st. f., fundamental meaning = _existentia_, hence: 1) _good
condition, happiness, abundance_: dat. sg. wunað hē on wiste, 1736.--2)
_food, subsistence, booty_: dat. sg. Ã¾Ä wæs æfter wiste wÅp up Ä-hafen (_a
cry was then uplifted after the meal_, i.e. Grendel's meal of thirty men),
128.
wist-fyllo, st. f., _fulness_ or _fill of food, rich meal_: gen. sg.
wist-fylle, 735.
wit, st. n., (wit), _understanding_: nom. sg., 590.--Comp.: fyr-, in-wit.
ge-wit, st. n.: 1) _consciousness_. dat. sg. ge-wēold his ge-witte,
2704.--2) _heart, breast_: dat. sg. fȳr unswīðor wēoll (_the fire surged
less strongly from the dragon's breast_), 2883.
wit, pers. pron. dual of wē, _we two_, 535, 537, 539, 540, 544, 1187, etc.
See unc, uncer.
wita, weota, w. m., _counsellor, royal adviser_; pl., _the king's council
of nobles_: nom. pl. witan, 779: gen. pl. witena, 157, 266, 937 weotena,
1099.--Comp.: fyrn-, rūn-wita.
witan, pret.-pres. v., _to wot, know_. 1) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I.,
III. wÄt, 1332, 2657; ic on HigelÄce wÄt þæt hÄ“ ... (_I know as to H., that
he_ ...), 1831; so, god wÄt on mec þæt ...(_God knows of me, that_ ...),
2651; sg. II. þū wÄst, 272; weak pret. sg. I., III. wiste, 822; wisse,
2340, 2726; pl. wiston, 799, 1605; subj. pres. I. gif ic wiste, 2520.--2)
w. acc. and inf.: pres. sg. I. ic wÄt, 1864.--3) w. object, predicative
part, or adj.: pret. sg. III. tŠþæs hē win-reced ... gearwost wisse,
fÇ£ttum fÄhne, 716; so, 1310; wiste þǣm ÄhlÇ£can hilde ge-binged, 647.--4) w.
acc., _to know_: inf. witan, 252, 288; pret. sg. wisse, 169; wiste his
fingra ge-weald on grames grÄpum, 765; pl. II. wisson, 246; wiston, 181.
nÄt = ne + wÄt, _I know not_: 1) elliptically with hwylc, indef. pronoun =
_some or other_: sceaða ic nÄt hwylc.--2) w. gen. and depend. clause: nÄt
hÄ“ þÄra gÅda, þæt hÄ“ mÄ“ on-gÄ“an slÄ“a, 682.
ge-witan, _to know, perceive_: inf. þæs þe hīe gewis-līcost ge-witan
meahton, 1351.
be-witian. See be-weotian.
wītig, adj., _wise, sagacious_: nom. sg. wītig god, 686, 1057; wītig
drihten (God), 1555; wittig drihten, 1842.
ge-wittig, adj., _conscious_: nom. sg. 3095.
ge-wītnian, w. v., _to chastise, punish_: wommum gewītnad (_punished with
plagues_), 3074.
wīc, st. n., _dwelling, house_: acc. sg. wīc, 822, 2590;--often in pl.
because houses of nobles were complex: dat. wīcum, 1305, 1613, 3084; gen.
wīca, 125, 1126.
ge-wīcan, st. v., _to soften, give way, yield_ (here chiefly of swords):
pret. sg. ge-wÄc, 2578, 2630.
wīc-stede, st. m., _dwelling-place_: nom. sg. 2463; acc. sg. wīc-stede,
2608.
wīd, adj., _wide, extended_: 1) space: acc. sg. neut. ofer wīd wæter, 2474;
gen. sg. wīdan rīces, 1860; acc. pl. wīde sīðas, waroðas, 878, 1966.--2)
temporal: acc. sg. wīdan feorh (acc. of time), 2015; dat. sg. tŠwīdan
feore, 934.
wīde, adv., _widely, afar_, 18, 74, 79, 266, 1404, 1589, 1960, etc.; wīde
cūð (_widely, universally, known_), 2136, 2924; so, underne wīde, 2914;
wīde geond eorðan (_over the whole earth, widely_), 3100;--modifier of
superl.: wreccena wīde mǣrost (_the most famous of wanderers, exiles_),
899.--Compar. wīdre, 764.
wīd-cūð, adj., _widely known, very celebrated_: nom. sg. neut., 1257; acc.
sg. m. wīd-cūðne man (Bēowulf), 1490; wīd-cūðne wēan, 1992; wīd-cūðes
(HrÅðgÄr), 1043.
wīde-ferhð, st. m. n., (_long life_), _great length of time_: acc. sg. as
acc. of time: wīde-ferhð (_down to distant times, always_), 703, 938; ealne
wīde-ferhð, 1223.
wīd-floga, w. m., _wide-flier_ (of the dragon): nom. sg., 2831; acc. sg.
wīd-flogan, 2347.
wīd-scofen, pret. part., _wide-spread_? _causing fear far and wide_? 937.
wīd-weg, st. m., _wide way, long journey_: acc. pl. wīd-wegas, 841, 1705.
wīf, st. n., _woman, lady, wife_: nom. sg. frēo-līc wīf (Queen Wealhþēow),
616; wīf un-hȳre (Grendel's mother), 2121; acc. sg. drihtlīce wīf (Finn's
wife), 1159; instr. sg. mid þyÌ„ wÄ«fe (HrÅðgÄr's daughter, FrÄ“awaru), 2029;
dat. sg. þÄm wÄ«fe (Wealhþēow), 640; gen. sg. wÄ«fes (as opposed to _man_),
1285; gen. pl. wera and wÄ«fa, 994.--Comp.: ÄglÇ£c-, mere-wÄ«f.
wīf-lufe, w. f., _wife-love, love for a wife, woman's love_: nom. pl.
wīf-lufan, 2066.
wīg, st. m.: 1) _war, battle_: nom. sg., 23, 1081, 2317, 2873; acc. sg.,
686, 1084, 1248; dat. sg. wīge, wigge, 1338, 2630, 1657, 1771; as instr.,
1085; ; gen. sg. wīges, 65, 887, 1269.--2) _valor, warlike prowess_: nom.
sg. wæs his mÅd-sefa manegum ge-cȳðed, wÄ«g and wÄ«sdÅm, 350; wÄ«g, 1043; wÄ«g
... eafoð and ellen, 2349; gen. sg. wīges, 2324.--Comp. fēðe-wīg.
wiga, w. m., _warrior, fighter_: nom. sg., 630; dat. pl. wigum, 2396; gen.
pl. wigena, 1544, 1560, 3116.--Comp.: æsc-, byrn-, gÄr-, gūð-, lind-,
rand-, scyld-wiga.
wīgan, st. v., _to fight_: pres. sg. III. wīgeð, 600; inf., 2510.
wīgend, pres. part., _fighter, warrior_: nom. sg., 3100; nom. pl. wīgend,
1126, 1815, 3145; acc. pl. wīgend, 3025; gen. pl. wīgendra, 429, 900, 1973,
2338.--Comp. gÄrwÄ«gend.
wīg-bealu, st. n., _war-bale, evil contest_: acc. sg., 2047.
wīg-bil, st. n., _war-bill, battle-sword_: nom. sg., 1608.
wīg-bord, st. n., _war-board_ or _shield_: acc. sg., 2340.
wīg-cræft, st. m., _war-power_: acc. sg., 2954.
wīg-cræftig, adj., _vigorous in fight, strong in war_: acc. sg.
wīg-cræftigne (of the sword Hrunting), 1812.
wīg-freca, w. m., _war-wolf, war-hero_: acc. sg. wīg-frecan, 2497; nom. pl.
wīg-frecan, 1213.
wīg-fruma, w. m., _war-chief_ or _king_: nom. sg., 665; acc. sg.
wīg-fruman, 2262.
wīg-geatwe, st. f. pl., _war-ornaments, war-gear_: dat. pl. on wīg-geatwum
(-getawum, MS.), 368.
wīg-ge-weorðad, pret. part., _war-honored, distinguished in war_, 1784? See
Note.
wīg-gryre, st. m., _war-horror_ or _terror_: nom. sg., 1285.
wīg-hete, st. m., _war-hate, hostility_: nom. sg., 2121.
wīg-heafola, w. m., _war head-piece, helmet_: acc. sg. wīg-heafolan,
2662.--Leo.
wīg-hēap, st. m., _war-band_: nom sg., 447.
wīg-hryre, st. m., _war-ruin, slaughter, carnage_: acc. sg., 1620.
wīg-sigor, st. m., _war-victory_: acc. sg., 1555.
wīg-sped, st. f.?, _war-speed, success in war_: gen. pl. wīg-spēda, 698.
wīg-weorðung, st. f., _idol-worship, idolatry, sacrifice to idols_: acc.
pl. -weorðunga, 176.
wīn, st. n., _wine_: acc. sg., 1163, 1234; instr. wīne, 1468.
wīr, st. n., _wire, spiral ornament of wire_: instr. pl. wīrum, 1032; gen.
pl. wīra, 2414.
wīs, adj., _wise, experienced, discreet_: nom. sg. m. wīs (_in his mind,
conscious_), 3095; f. wīs, 1928; in w. form, se wīsa, 1401, 1699, 2330;
acc. sg. þone wīsan, 1319; gen. pl. wīsra, 1414; w. gen. nom. sg. wīs
wordcwida (_wise of speech_), 1846.
wīsa, w. m., _guide, leader_: nom. sg. werodes wīsa, 259.--Comp.: brim-,
here-, hilde-wīsa.
wīscte. See wȳscan.
wÄ«s-dÅm, st. m., _wisdom, experience_: nom. sg., 350; instr. sg. wÄ«s-dÅme,
1960.
wīse, w. f., _fashion, wise, custom_: acc. sg. (instr.) ealde wīsan (_after
ancient custom_), 1866.
wÄ«s-fæst, adj., _wise, sagacious_ (sapientiÄ firmus): nom. sg. f., 627.
wīs-hycgende, pres. part. _wise-thinking, wise_, 2717.
wīsian, w. v., _to guide_ or _lead to, direct, point out_: 1) w. acc.: inf.
hēan wong wīsian, 2410; pret. sg. secg wīsade land-gemyrcu, 208.--2) w.
dat.: pres. sg. I. ic ēow wīsige (_I shall guide you_), 292, 3104; pret.
sg. sÄ“ þǣm heaðo-rincum hider wÄ«sade, 370; sÅna him sele-þegn ... forð
wīsade _(the hall-thane led him thither forthwith_, i.e. to his couch),
1796; stīg wīsode gumum æt-gædere, 320; so, 1664.--3) w. prep.?: pret. sg.
Ã¾Ä secg wÄ«sode under Heorotes hrÅf (_when the warrior showed them the way
under Heorot's roof_, [but under H.'s hrÅf depends rather on snyredon
ætsomne]), 402.
wītan, st. v., properly _to look at; to look at with censure, to blame,
reproach, accuse_, w. dat. of pers. and acc. of thing: inf. for-þÄm mÄ“
wÄ«tan ne þearf waldend fÄ«ra morðor-bealo mÄga, 2742.
æt-wītan, _to blame, censure_ (cf. 'twit), w. acc. of thing: pret. pl.
æt-witon wēana dǣl, 1151.
ge-wītan, properly _spectare aliquo; to go_ (most general verb of motion):
1) with inf. after verbs of motion: pret. sg. þanon eft ge-wÄt ... tÅ hÄm
faran, 123; so, 2570; pl. þanon eft gewiton ... mēarum rīdan, 854.
Sometimes with reflex, dat.: pres. sg. him Ã¾Ä Scyld ge-wÄt ... fÄ“ran on
frÄ“an wÇ£re, 26; gewÄt him ... rÄ«dan, 234; so, 1964; pl. ge-witon, 301.--2)
associated with general infinitives of motion and aim: imper. pl. ge-wītað
forð beran wÇ£pen and gewÇ£du, 291; pret. sg. ge-wÄt Ã¾Ä nÄ“osian hÄ“an hÅ«ses,
115; hÄ“ Ã¾Ä fÄg ge-wÄt ... man-drÄ“am flÄ“on, 1264; nyðer eft gewÄt dennes
nÄ«osian, 3045; so, 1275, 2402, 2820. So, with reflex, dat.: him eft gewÄt
... hÄmes nÄ«osan, 2388; so, 2950; pl. ge-witon, 1126.--3) without inf. and
with prep, or adv.: pres. sg. III. þǣr firgen-strēam under næssa genipu
niðer ge-wÄ«teð, 1361; ge-wÄ«teð on sealman, 2461; inf. on flÅdes Ç£ht feor
ge-wÄ«tan, 42; pret. sg. ge-wÄt, 217; him ge-wÄt, 1237, 1904; of lÄ«fe,
ealdre ge-wÄt (_died_), 2472, 2625; fyrst forð ge-wÄt (_time went on_),
210; him ge-wÄt Å«t of healle, 663; ge-wÄt him hÄm, 1602; pret. part. dat.
sg. mē forð-ge-witenum (_me defuncto, I dead_), 1480.
oð-wÄ«tan, _to blame, censure, reproach_: inf. ne þorfte him Ã¾Ä lÄ“an
oð-wītan mon on middan-gearde, 2997.
wlanc, wlonc, adj., _proud, exulting_: nom. sg. wlanc, 341; w. instr. ǣse
wlanc (_proud of, exulting in, her prey, meal_), 1333; wlonc, 331; w. gen.
mÄðm-Ç£hta wlonc (_proud of the treasures_), 2834; gen. sg. wlonces,
2954.--Comp. gold-wlanc.
wlÄtian, w. v., _to look_ or _gaze out, forth_: pret. sg. sÄ“ þe Ç£r ... feor
wlÄtode, 1917.
wlenco, st. f., _pride, heroism_: dat. sg. wlenco, 338, 1207; wlence, 508.
wlite, st. m. _form, noble form, look, beauty_: nom. sg., 250.
wlite-beorht, adj., _beauteous, brilliant in aspect_: acc. sg.
wlite-beorhtne wang, 93.
wlite-sēon, st. n. f., _sight, spectacle_: acc. sg., 1651.
wlitig, adj., _beautiful, glorious, fair in form_: acc. sg. wlitig
(sweord), 1663.
wlÄ«tan, st. v., _to see, look, gaze_: pret. sg. hÄ“ æfter recede wlÄt
(_looked along the hall_), 1573; pret. pl. on holm wliton (_looked on the
sea_), 1593; wlitan on WÄ«glÄf, 2853.
geond-wlītan, w. acc., _to examine, look through, scan_: inf. wrǣte
giond-wlītan, 2772.
wÅh-bogen, pret. part., (_bent crooked), crooked, twisted_: nom. sg. wyrm
wÅh-bogen, 2828.
wolcen, st. n. m., _cloud_ (cf. welkin): dat. pl. under wolcnum (_under the
clouds, on earth_), 8, 652, 715, 1771; tÅ wolcnum, 1120, 1375.
wollen-tēar, adj., _tear-flowing, with flowing tears_: nom. pl.
wollen-tēare, 3033.
wom. See wam.
won. See wan.
worc. See weorc.
word, st. n.: 1) _word, speech_: nom. sg., 2818; acc. sg. þæt word, 655,
2047; word, 315, 341, 390, 871, 2552; instr. sg. worde, 2157; gen. sg.
wordes, 2792; nom. pl. Ã¾Ä word, 640; word, 613; acc. pl. word (of an
alliterative song), 871; instr. pl, wordum, 176, 366, 627, 875, 1101, 1173,
1194, 1319, 1812, etc.; ge-saga him wordum (_tell them in words,
expressly_), 388. The instr. wordum accompanies biddan, þancian, be-wægnan,
secgan, hērgan, to emphasize the verb, 176, 627, 1194, 2796, 3177; gen. pl.
worda, 289, 398, 2247, 2263(?), 3031.--2) _command, order_: gen. sg. his
wordes geweald habban (_to rule, reign_), 79; so, instr. pl. wordum wēold,
30.--Comp.: bēot-, gylp-, meðel-, þrȳð-word.
word-cwide, st. m., (_word-utterance_), _speech_: acc. pl. word-cwydas,
1842; dat. pl. word-cwydum, 2754; gen. pl. word-cwida, 1846.
word-gid, st. m, _speech, saying_: acc. sg. word-gyd, 3174.
word-hord, st. n., _word-hoard, treasury of speech, mouth_: acc. sg.
word-hord on-lēac (_unlocked his word-hoard_, opened his mouth, spoke),
259.
word-riht, st. n., _right speech, suitable word_: gen. pl. WÄ«glÄf maðelode
word-rihta fela, 2632.
worð-mynd. See weorð-mynd.
worðig (for weorðig), st. m., _palace, estate, court_: acc. sg. on worðig
(_into the palace_), 1973.
worn, st. n., _multitude, number_: acc. sg. worn eall (_very many_), 3095;
wintra worn (_many years_), 264; þonne hÄ“ wintrum frÅd worn ge-munde (_when
he old in years thought of their number_), 2115. Used with fela to
strengthen the meaning: nom. acc. sg. worn fela, 1784; hwæt þū worn fela
... sprǣce (_how very much thou hast spoken!_), 530; so, eal-fela
eald-gesegena worn, 871; gen. pl. worna fela, 2004, 2543.
woruld, worold, st. f., _humanity, world, earth_: nom. sg. eal worold,
1739; acc. sg. in worold (wacan) (_to be born, come into the world_), 60;
worold oflǣtan, of-gifan (_die_), 1184, 1682; gen. sg. worolde, 951, 1081,
1388, 1733; worulde, 2344; his worulde ge-dÄl (_his separation from the
world, death_), 3069; worolde brūcan (_to enjoy life, live_), 1063; worlde,
2712.
worold-Är, st. f., _worldly honor_ or _dignity_: acc. sg. worold-Äre, 17.
woruld-candel, st. f., _world-candle, sun_: nom. sg., 1966.
worold-cyning, st. m., _world king, mighty king_: nom. sg., 3182; gen. pl.
worold-cyninga, 1685.
woruld-ende, st. m., _world's end_: acc. sg., 3084.
worold-rǣden, st. f., _usual course, fate of the world, customary fate_:
dat. sg. worold-rǣdenne, 1143?
wÅp, st. m., (_whoop_), _cry of grief, lament_: nom. sg., 128; acc. sg.
wÅp, 786; instr. sg. wÅpe, 3147.
wracu, st. f., _persecution, vengeance, revenge_: nom. sg. wracu (MS,
uncertain), 2614; acc. sg. wræce, 2337.--Comp.: gyrn-, nȳd-wracu.
wraðu, st. f., _protection, safety_: in comp. līf-wraðu.
wrÄð, adj., _wroth, furious, hostile_: acc. sg. neut. wrÄð, 319; dat. sg.
wrÄðum, 661, 709; gen. pl. wrÄðra, 1620.
wrÄðe, adv., _contemptibly, disgracefully_, 2873.
wrÄð-lÄ«ce, adv., _wrathfully, hostilely_ (in battle), 3063.
wrÄsn, st. f., _circlet of gold for the head, diadem, crown_: in comp.
frÄ“a-wrÄsn.
wræc-lÄst, st. m., _exile-step, exile, banishment_: acc. sg. wræc-lÄstas
træd (_trod exile-steps, wandered in exile_), 1353.
wræc-mæcg, st. m., _exile, outcast_: nom. pl. wræc-mæcgas, 2380.
wræc-sīð, st. m., _exile-journey, banishment, exile, persecution_: acc.
sg., 2293; dat. sg. -sīðum, 338.
wrǣt, st. f., _ornament, jewel_: acc. pl. wrǣte (wrǣce, MS.), 2772, 3061;
instr. pl. wrǣttum, 1532; gen. pl. wrǣtta, 2414.
wrǣt-līc, adj.: 1) _artistic, ornamental; valuable_: acc. sg. wrǣt-līcne
wundur-mÄððum, 2174; wrÇ£t-lÄ«c wÇ£g-sweord, 1490; wÄ«g-bord wrÇ£t-lÄ«c,
2340.--2) _wondrous, strange_: acc. sg. wrǣt-līcne wyrm [from its rings or
spots?], 892; wlite-sēon wrǣt-līc, 1651.
wrǣc, st. f., _persecution_; hence, _wretchedness, misery_: nom. sg., 170;
acc. sg. wrǣc, 3079.
wrecan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to press, force_: pret. part. þǣr wæs Ongenþēo
... on bīd wrecen, 2963.--2) _to drive out, expel_: pret. sg. ferh ellen
wræc, 2707.--3) _to wreak_ or _utter_: gid, spel wrecan (_to utter words or
songs_); subj. pres. sg. III. hÄ“ gyd wrece, 2447; inf. wrecan spel ge-rÄde,
874; word-gyd wrecan, 3174; pret. sg. gyd æfter wræc, 2155; pres. part. þǣr
wæs ... gid wrecen, 1066.--4) _to avenge, punish_: subj. pres. þæt hē his
frēond wrece, 1386; inf. wolde hire mǣg wrecan, 1340; so, 1279, 1547; pres.
part. wrecend (_an avenger_), 1257; pret. sg. wræc Wedera nīð, 423; so,
1334, 1670.
Ä-wrecan, _to tell, recount_: pret. sg. ic þis gid be þē Ä-wræc (_I have
told this tale for thee_), 1725; so, 2109.
for-wrecan, w. acc., _to drive away, expel; carry away_: inf. þȳ lǣs him
ȳða þrym wudu wyn-suman for-wrecan meahte (_lest the force of the waves
might carry away the winsome ship_), 1920; pret. sg. hē hine feor for-wræc
... man-cynne fram, 109.
ge-wrecan, w. acc., _to avenge, wreak vengeance upon, punish_: pret. sg.
ge-wræc, 107, 2006; hē ge-wræc (i.e. hit, _this_) cealdum cear-sīðum, 2396;
hē hine sylfne ge-wræc (_avenged himself_), 2876; pl. ge-wrǣcan, 2480;
pret. part. ge-wrecen, 3063.
wrecca, w. m., (_wretch_), _exile, adventurer, wandering soldier, hero_:
nom. sg. wrecca (Hengest), 1138; gen. pl. wreccena wīde mǣrost (Sigemund),
899.
wreoðen-hilt, adj., _wreathen-hilted, with twisted hilt_: nom. sg., 1699.
wridian, w. v., _to flourish, spring up_: pret. sg. III. wridað, 1742.
wriða, w. m., _band_: in comp. bēag-wriða (_bracelet_), 2019.
wrixl, st. n., _exchange, change_: instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle (_in a worse
way, with a worse exchange_), 2970.
ge-wrixle, st. n., _exchange, arrangement, bargain_: nom. sg. ne wæs þæt
ge-wrixle til (_it was not a good arrangement, trade_), 1305.
wrixlan, w. v., _to exchange_: inf. wordum wrixlan (_to exchange words,
converse_), 366; 875 (_tell_).
wrīðan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to bind, fasten, wreathe together_: inf. ic
hine (him, MS.) ... on wæl-bedde wrīðan þÅhte, 965.--2) _to bind up_ (a
wounded person, a wound): pret. pl. Ã¾Ä wÇ£ron monige þē his mÇ£g wriðon,
2983. See hand-gewriðen.
wrÄ«tan, st. v., _to incise, engrave_: pret. part. on þǣm (hilte) wæs År
writen fyrn-gewinnes (_on which was engraved the origin of an ancient
struggle_), 1689.
for-wrÄ«tan, _to cut to pieces_ or _in two_: pret. sg. for-wrÄt Wedra helm
wyrm on middan, 2706.
wrÅht, st. m. f., _blame, accusation, crime_; here _strife, contest,
hostility_: nom. sg., 2288, 2474, 2914.
wudu, st. m., _wood_: 1) _material, timber_: nom. pl. wudu, 1365; hence,
_the wooden spear_: acc. pl. wudu, 398.--2) _forest, wood_: acc. sg. wudu,
1417.--3) _wooden ship_: nom. sg. 298; acc. sg. wudu, 216, 1920.--Comp.:
bǣl-, bord-, gamen-, heal-, holt-, mægen-, sǣ-, sund-, þrec-wudu.
wudu-rēc, st. m., _wood-reek_ or _smoke_: nom. sg., 3145.
wuldor, st. n., _glory_: nom. sg. kyninga wuldor (_God_), 666; gen. sg.
wuldres wealdend, 17, 183, 1753; wuldres hyrde, 932, (designations of God).
wuldor-cyning, st. m., _king of glory, God_. dat. sg. wuldur-cyninge, 2796
wuldor-torht, adj., _glory-bright, brilliant, clear_: acc. pl.
wuldor-torhtan weder, 1137.
wulf, st. m., _wolf_: acc. sg., 3028.
wulf-hlið, st. n., _wolf-slope, wolf's retreat, slope whereunder wolves
house_: acc. pl. wulf-hleoðu, 1359.
wund, st. f., _wound_: nom. sg., 2712, 2977; acc. sg. wunde, 2532, 2907;
acc. sg. wunde, 2726; instr. pl. wundum, 1114, 2831, 2938.--Comp.
feorh-wund.
wund, adj., _wounded, sore_: nom. sg., 2747; dat. sg. wundum, 2754; nom.
pl. wunde, 565, 1076.
wunden-feax, adj., _curly-haired_ (of a horse's mane): nom. sg., 1401.
wunden-heals, adj., _with twisted_ or _curved neck_ or _prow_: nom. sg.
wudu wunden-hals (_the ship_), 298.
wunden-heorde?, _curly-haired_?: nom. sg. f., 3153.
wunden-mǣl, adj., _damascened, etched, with wavy ornaments_(?): nom. sg.
neut., 1532 (of a sword).
wunden-stefna, w. m. _curved prow, ship_: nom. sg., 220.
wundor, st. n.: 1) _wonder, wonderwork_: nom. sg., 772, 1725; wundur, 3063;
acc. sg. wundor, 841; wunder, 932; wundur, 2760, 3033, 3104; dat. sg.
wundre, 932; instr. pl. wundrum (_wondrously_), 1453, 2688; gen. pl.
wundra, 1608.--2) _portent, monster_: gen. pl. wundra, 1510.--Comp.: hand-,
nīð-, searo-wundor.
wundor-bebod, st. n., _wondrous command, strange order_: instr. pl.
-bebodum, 1748.
wundor-dēað, st. m., _wonder-death, strange death_: instr. sg. wundor
dēaðe, 3038.
wundor-fæt, st. n., _wonder-vat, strange vessel_: dat. pl. of wundor-fatum
(_from wondrous vessels_), 1163.
wundor-līc, adj., _wonder like, remarkable_: nom. sg., 1441.
wundor-mÄððum, st. m., _wonder-jewel, wonderful treasure_: acc. sg., 2174.
wundor-smið, st. m., _wonder-smith, skilled smith, worker of marvellous
things_: gen. pl. wundor-smiða geweorc (the ancient giant's sword), 1682.
wundor-sēon, st. f., _wondrous sight_: gen. pl. wunder-sīona, 996.
wunian, w. v.: 1) _to stand, exist, remain_: pres. sg. III. þenden þǣr
wunað on hēah-stede hūsa sēlest (_as long as the best of houses stands
there on the high place_), 284; wunað hē on wiste (_lives in plenty_),
1736; inf. on sele wunian (_to remain in the hall_), 3129; pret. sg. wunode
mid Finne (_remained with F._), 1129.--2) w. acc. or dat., _to dwell in, to
inhabit, to possess_: pres. sg. III. wunað wæl-reste (_holds his
death-bed_), 2903; inf. wæter-egesan wunian scolde..., strēamas, 1261;
wÄ«cum wunian, 3084; w. prep.: pres. sg. HigelÄc þǣr æt hÄm wunað, 1924.
ge-wunian, w. acc.: 1) _to inhabit_: inf. ge-[wunian], 2276.--2) _to remain
with, stand by_: subj. pres. þæt hine on ylde eft ge-wunigen wil-ge-sīðas,
22.
wurðan. See weorðan.
wuton, v. from wītan, used as interj., _let us go! up!_ w. inf.: wutun
gangan tŠ(_let us go to him!_), 2649; uton hraðe fēran! 1391; uton nū
efstan, 3102.
wylf, st. f., _she-wolf_: in comp. brim-wylf.
wylm, st. m., _surge, surf, billow_: num. sg. flÅdes wylm, 1765; dat.
wintres wylme (_with winter's flood_), 516; acc. sg. þurh wæteres wylm,
1694; acc. pl. heortan wylmas, 2508.--Comp.: brēost-, brim-, byrne-, cear-,
fȳr-, heaðo-, holm-, sǣ-, sorh-wylm. See wælm.
wyn, st. f., _pleasantness, pleasure, joy, enjoyment_: acc. sg. mǣste ...
worolde wynne (_the highest earthly joy_), 1081; eorðan wynne (_earth-joy,
the delightful earth_), 1731; heofenes wynne (_heaven's joy_, the rising
sun), 1802; hearpan wynne (_harp-joy, the pleasant harp_), 2108; þæt hē ...
ge-drogen hæfde eorðan wynne (_that he had had his earthly joy_), 2728;
dat. sg. weorod wæs on wynne, 2015; instr. pl. mægenes wynnum (_in joy of
strength_), 1717; so, 1888.--Comp.: ēðel-, hord-, līf-, lyft-, symbel-wyn.
wyn-lēas, adj., _joyless_: acc. sg. wyn-lēasne wudu, 1417; wyn-lēas wīc,
822.
wyn-sum, adj., _winsome, pleasant_: acc. sg. wudu wyn-suman (_the ship_),
1920; nom. pl. word wǣron wyn-sume, 613.
wyrcan, v. irreg.: 1) _to do, effect_, w. acc.: inf. (wundor) wyrcan,
931.--2) _to make, create_, w. acc.: pret. sg. þæt se æl-mihtiga eorðan
worh[te], 92; swÄ hine _(the helmet_) worhte wÇ£pna smið, 1453.--3) _to
gain, win, acquire_, w. gen.: subj. pres. wyrce, sÄ“ þe mÅte, dÅmes Ç£r
dēaðe, 1388.
be-wyrcan, _to gird, surround_: pret. pl. bronda betost wealle be-worhton,
3163.
ge-wyrcan: 1) intrans., _to act, behave_: inf. swÄ sceal geong guma gÅde
gewyrcean ... on fæder wine þæt ... (_a young man shall so act with
benefits towards his father's friends that_ ...), 20.--2) w. acc., _to do,
make, effect, perform_: inf. ne meahte ic æt hilde mid Hruntinge wiht
ge-wyrcan, 1661; sweorde ne meahte on þÄm ÄglÇ£can ... wunde ge-wyrcean,
2907; pret. sg. ge-worhte, 636, 1579, 2713; pret. part. acc. ic Ã¾Ä lÄ“ode
wÄt ... fæste ge-worhte. 1865.--3) _to make, construct_: inf. (medo-ærn)
ge-wyrcean, 69; (wīg-bord) ge-wyrcean, 2338; (hlǣw) ge-wyrcean, 2803; pret.
pl. II. ge-worhton, 3097; III. ge-worhton, 3158; pret. part. ge-worht,
1697.--4) _to win, acquire_: pres. sg. ic mÄ“ mid Hruntinge dÅm ge-wyrce,
1492.
Wyrd, st. f., _Weird_ (one of the Norns, guide of human destiny; mostly
weakened down = _fate, providence_): nom. sg., 455, 477, 572, 735, 1206,
2421, 2527, 2575, 2815; acc. sg. wyrd, 1057, 1234; gen. pl. wyrda, 3031.
(Cf. Weird Sisters of Macbeth.)
wyrdan, w. v., _to ruin, kill, destroy_: pret. sg. hē tŠlange lēode mine
wanode and wyrde, 1338.
Ä-wyrdan, w. v., _to destroy, kill_: pret. part.: æðeling monig wundum
Ä-wyrded, 1114.
wyrðe, adj., _noble; worthy, honored, valued_: acc. sg. m. wyrðne (ge-dÅn)
(_to esteem worthy_), 2186; nom. pl. wyrðe, 368; compar. nom. sg. rīces
wyrðra (_worthier of rule_), 862.--Comp. fyrd-wyrðe. See weorð.
wyrgen, st, f., _throttler_ [cf. sphinx], _she-wolf_; in comp.
grund-wyrgen.
ge-wyrht, st. n., _work; desert_; in comp. eald-gewyrht, 2658.
wyrm, st. m., _worm, dragon, drake_: nom. sg., 898, 2288, 2344, 2568, 2630,
2670, 2746, 2828; acc. sg. wyrm, 887, 892, 2706, 3040, 3133; dat. sg.
wyrme, 2308, 2520; gen. wyrmes, 2317, 2349, 2760, 2772, 2903; acc. pl.
wyrmas, 1431.
wyrm-cyn, st. m., _worm-kin, race of reptiles, dragons_: gen. sg.
wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426.
wyrm-fÄh, adj., _dragon-ornamented, snake-adorned_ (ornamented with figures
of dragons, snakes, etc.: cf. Dietrich in Germania X., 278): nom. sg.
sweord ... wreoðen-hilt and wyrm-fÄh, 1699.
wyrm-hord, st. n., _dragon-hoard_: gen. pl. wyrm-horda, 2223.
for-wyrnan, w. v., _to refuse, reject_: subj. pres. II. þæt þū mÄ“ nÅ
for-wyrne, þæt... (_that thou refuse me not that_...), 429; pret. sg. hē ne
for-wyrnde worold-rǣdenne, 1143.
ge-wyrpan, w. v. reflex., _to refresh one's self, recover_: pret. sg. hē
hyne ge-wyrpte, 2977.
wyrpe, st. m., _change_: acc. sg. æfter wēa-spelle wyrpe ge-fremman (_after
the woe-spell to bring about a change of things_), 1316.
wyrsa, compar. adj., _worse_: acc. sg. neut. þæt wyrse, 1740; instr. sg.
wyrsan wrixle, 2970; gen. sg. wyrsan geþinges, 525; nom. acc. pl. wyrsan
wīg-frecan, 1213, 2497.
wyrt, st. f., [_-wort_], _root_: instr. pl. wudu wyrtum fæst, 1365.
wȳscan, w. v., _to wish, desire_: pret. sg. wīscte (rihde, MS.) þæs yldan
(_wished to delay that_ or _for this reason_, 2440, 1605(?). See Note.
Y
yfel, st n., _evil_: gen. pl. yfla, 2095.
yldan, w. v., _to delay, put off_: inf. nÄ“ þæt se ÄglÇ£ca yldan þÅhte, 740;
weard wine-geÅmor wÄ«scte þæs yldan, þæt hÄ“ lyÌ„tel fæc long-gestrÄ“ona brÅ«can
mÅste, 2240.
ylde, st. m. pl., _men_: dat. pl. yldum, 77, 706, 2118; gen. pl. ylda, 150,
606, 1662. See elde.
yldest. See eald.
yldo, st. f., _age (senectus), old age_: nom. sg., 1737, 1887; atol yldo,
1767; dat. sg. on ylde, 22.--2) _age (Ç£tas), time, era_: gen. sg. yldo
bearn, 70. See eldo.
yldra. See eald.
ylf, st. f., _elf (incubus, alp_): nom. pl. ylfe, 112.
ymb, prep. w. acc.: 1) local, _around, about, at, upon_: ymb hine (_around,
with, him_), 399. With prep, postponed: hine ymb, 690; ymb brontne ford
(_around the seas, on the high sea_), 568; ymb Ã¾Ä gif-healle (_around the
gift-hall, throne-hall_), 839; ymb þæs helmes hrÅf (_around the helm's
roof, crown_), 1031.--2) temporal, _about, after_: ymb Än-tÄ«d Åðres dÅgores
(_about the same time the next day_), 219; ymb Äne niht (_after a night_),
135.--3) causal, _about, on account of, for, owing to_: (frīnan) ymb þīnne
sīð (_on account of, concerning?, thy journey_), 353; hwæt þū ... ymb
Brecan sprÇ£ce (_hast spoken about B._), 531; so, 1596, 3174; nÄ ymb his lÄ«f
cearað (_careth not for his life_), 1537; so, 450; ymb feorh sacan, 439;
sundor-nytte behēold ymb aldor Dena, 669; ymb sund (_about the swimming,
the prize for swimming_), 507.
ymbe, I. prep. w. acc. = ymb: 1) local, 2884, 3171; hlǣw oft ymbe hwearf
(prep, postponed), 2297. 2) causal, 2071, 2619.--II. adv., _around_: him
... ymbe, 2598.
ymb-sittend, pres. part., _neighbor_ gen. pl. ymb-sittendra, 9.
ymbe-sittend, the same: nom. pl. ymbe-sittend, 1828; gen. pl.
ymbe-sittendra, 2735.
yppe, w. f., _high seat, dais, throne_: dat. sg. Ä“ode ... tÅ yppan, 1816.
yrfe, st. n., _bequest, legacy_: nom. sg., 3052.
yrfe-lÄf, st. f., _sword left as a bequest_: acc. sg. yrfe-lÄfe, 1054;
instr. sg. yrfe-lÄfe, 1904.
yrfe-weard, st. m., _heir, son_: nom. sg., 2732; gen. sg. yrfe-weardes,
2454. (-as, MS.)
yrmðo, st. f., _misery, shame, wretchedness_: acc. sg. yrmðe, 1260, 2006.
yrre, st. n., _anger, ire, excitement_: acc. sg. godes yrre, 712; dat. sg,
on yrre, 2093.
yrre, adj., _angry, irate, furious_: nom. sg. yrre Åretta (BÄ“owulf), 1533;
þegn yrre (the same), 1576; gæst yrre (Grendel), 2074; nom. pl. yrre, 770.
See eorre.
yrringa, adv., _angrily, fiercely_, 1566, 2965.
yrre-mÅd, adj., _wrathful-minded, wild_: nom. sg., 727.
ys, _he is_. See wesan.
YÌ„
ȳð (O.H.G. unda), st. f., _wave; sea_: nom. pl. ȳða, 548; acc. pl. ȳðe,
46, 1133, 1910; dat. pl. ȳðum, 210, 421, 534, 1438, 1908; ȳðum weallan
(_to surge with waves_), 515, 2694; gen. pl. ȳða, 464, 849, 1209, 1470,
1919.--Comp: flÅd-, lÄ«g-, wæter-ȳð.
ȳðan, w. v., _to ravage, devastate, destroy_: pret. sg. ȳðde eotena cyn,
421 (cf. īðende = _depopulating_, Bosworth, from AElfric's Glossary; pret.
ȳðde, Wanderer, 85).
ȳðe. See ēaðe.
ȳðe-lÄ«ce, adv., _easily_: ȳðe-lÄ«ce hÄ“ eft Ä-stÅd (_he easily arose
afterwards_), 1557.
ȳð-gebland, st. n., _mingling_ or _surging waters, water-tumult_: nom. sg.
-geblond, 1374, 1594; nom. pl. -gebland, 1621.
ȳð-gewin, st. n., _strife with the sea, wave-struggle, rushing of water_:
dat. sg. ȳð-gewinne, 2413; gen. sg. -gewinnes, 1435.
ȳð-lÄd, st. f., _water-journey, sea-voyage_: nom. pl. ȳð-lÄde, 228.
ȳð-lÄf, st. f., _water-leaving, what is left by the water (undarum
reliquiae), shore_: dat. sg. be ȳð-lÄfe, 566.
ȳð-lida, w. m., _wave-traverser, ship_: acc. sg. ȳð-lidan, 198.
ȳð-naca, w. m., _sea-boat_: acc. sg. [ȳð-]nacan, 1904.
ȳð-gesēne. See ēð-gesȳne.
ȳwan, w. v. w. acc., _to show_: pret. sg. an-sȳn ȳwde (_showed itself,
appeared_), 2835. See Ä“awan, Ä“owan.
ge-ȳwan, w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., _to lay before, offer_: inf.,
2150.
GLOSSARY TO FINNSBURH.
Äbrecan, st. v., _to shatter_: part. his byrne Äbrocen wÇ£re (_his byrnie
was shattered_).
Änyman, st. v., _to take, take away_.
bÄn-helm, st. m., _bone-helmet; skull_, [_shield_, Bosw.].
buruh-þelu, st. f., _castle-floor_.
cēlod, part, (adj.?), _keeled_, i.e. boat-shaped or hollow.
dagian, w. v., _to dawn_: nē þis nē dagiað ēastan (_this is not dawning
from the east_).
dÄ“or-mÅd, adj., _brave in mood_: dÄ“or-mÅd hæleð.
driht-gesīð, st m., _companion, associate_.
Ä“astan, adv., _from the east_.
eorð-būend, st. m., _earth-dweller, man_.
fēr, st. m. _fear, terror_.
fȳren, adj., _flaming, afire_: nom. f. swylce eal Finns-buruh fȳrenu wǣre
(_as if all Finnsburh were afire_).
gehlyn, st. n., _noise, tumult_.
gellan, st. v., _to sing_ (i.e. ring or resound): pres. sg. gylleð
grǣg-hama (_the gray garment_ [byrnie] _rings_); (_the gray wolf
yelleth_?).
genesan, st. v., _to survive, recover from_: pret. pl. Ã¾Ä wÄ«gend hyra wunda
genǣson (_the warriors were recovering from their wounds_).
gold-hladen, adj., _laden with gold_ (wearing heavy gold ornaments).
grǣg-hama, w. m., _gray garment, mail-coat_; (_wolf_?--Brooke).
gūð-wudu, st. m., _war-wood, spear_.
hæg-steald, st. m., _one who lives in his lord's house, a house-carl._
heaðo-geong, adj., _young in war._
here-sceorp, st. n., _war-dress, coat of mail_.
hleoðrian, w. v., _to speak, exclaim_: pret. sg. hleoðrode ... cyning (_the
prince exclaimed_).
hrǣw, st. n., _corpse_.
hrÅr, adj., _strong_: here-sceorpum hrÅr (_strong_ [though it was] _as
armor_, Bosw.).
lac (lað?)? for flacor, _fluttering?_
oncweðan, st. v., _to answer_: pres. sg. scyld scefte oncwyð (_the shield
answers the spear_).
onwacnian, w. v., _to awake, arouse one's self_: imper. pl. onwacnigeað
..., wīgend mine (_awake, my warriors!_).
sceft (sceaft), st. m., _spear, shaft_.
sealo-brūn, adj., _dusky-brown_.
sige-beorn, st. m., _victorious hero, valiant warrior_.
swæðer (swÄ hwæðer), pron., _which of two, which_.
swÄn, st. m., _swain, youth; warrior_.
sweart, adj., _swart, black_.
swēt, adj., _sweet_: acc. m. swētne medo ... forgyldan (_requite the sweet
mead_, i.e. repay, by prowess in battle, the bounty of their chief).
swurd-lēoma, w. m., _sword-flame, flashing of swords_.
þyrl, adj., _pierced, cloven_.
undearninga, adv., _without concealment, openly_.
wandrian, w. v., _to fly about, hover_: pret. sg. hræfn wandrode (_the
raven hovered_).
waðol, st. m., _the full moon_ [Grein]; [adj., _wandering_, Bosw.].
wæl-sliht (-sleaht), st. m., _combat, deadly struggle_: gen. pl. wæl-slihta
gehlyn (_the din of combats_)
weÄ-dÇ£d, st. f., _deed of woe_: nom. pl. Ärisað weÄ-dÇ£da.
witian (weotian), w. v., _to appoint, determine_: part. þē is ... witod.
wurðlīce (weorðlīce), adv., _worthily, gallantly_: compar. wurð-līcor.
wæg, weg, st. m., _way_.
CORRECTIONS MADE TO THE SOURCE TEXT:
ARGUMENT, recals = recalls ll. 131, 737 þryð-swyð = þrȳð-sw̄ð l. 256 Åfest
= Åfost l. 303 scÄ«onon = scionon l. 706 buton = bÅ«ton l. 1115 Ät = æt l.
1133 wīð = wið ll. 1304, 1560, 1616 missing caesuras supplied l. 1436
here-stræl = here-strÇ£l l. 1642 feÅwer- = fÄ“ower l. 1747 stræle = strÇ£le l.
1828 þywað = þyÌ„wað l. 1926 betlic = betlÄ«c l. 2224 gescÄ“od = gesceÅd ll.
2288, 3036 wÄs = wæs l. 2453 to = tÅ l. 2503 Huga = HÅ«ga (marked long,
correctly, in the list of names, but not elsewhere) l. 2586 niðe = nīðe l.
2587 sið = sīð l. 2684 irenna = īrenna l. 2915 Hugas = Hūgas l. 2956
hÄ“aðo-liðendum = heaðo-līðendum l. 3000 ÞÄt = Þæt; feÅnd- = fÄ“ond- l. 3056
sóð = sÅð l. 3137 HrÅnes = Hrones list of names, under: Dene, ScedenÄ«gge =
Scedenigge Ēadgils, Ohthere = Ōhthere Frēawaru, Freawaru = Frēawaru
HrÅðgÄr, HrÅð-gÄre = HrÅðgÄre Hygelac, HÇ£reð = Hæreð notes, for l. 31, of
l. 31 = of l. 30 l. 1441, wÅð- = wÇ£g- l. 1916, leÅfra = lÄ“ofra glossary,
under: æðele, Beowulf's = BÄ“owulf's Än, gehwilces = gehwylces Ç£g-hwÄ,
Ç£gh-wæs = Ç£ghwæs æt-beran, beadolÄce = beadulÄce beadu-lÄc, beado- = beadu-
(twice) bēag, beages = bēages beorh, hēaford- = hēafod bēodan, leodum =
lēodum bēon, cwēnlic = cwēnlīc biddan, bliðne = blīðne bitter, stræle =
strÇ£le ge-bÄ«dan, therefor = therefore on-bÄ«dan, earfÅðlÄ«ce = earfoðlÄ«ce
brecan, lētdse = lēt se burne, of of = of būtan, swīce = swice cempa, Huga
= Hūga ge-cēosan, usic = ūsic on-cirran, wealdendas = wealdendes corðer, þæ
= Ã¾Ä cūð, wīð- = wÄ«d- cunnan, þēawe = þēaw dÅgor, gehwam = gehwÄm dÅn,
ymbsittend = ymbesittend; hettend = hetend; þywað = þȳwað drīfan, feoran =
feorran dryhten, frēah- = frēa- dryht-scipe, drihtscipe = drihtscype
ge-dȳgan, wræcsið = wræcsīð eal, oncyððe = oncȳððe ealdor, herestræl =
herestrǣl ēacen-cræftig, iūmanna = iūmonna eofor-sprēot, hocyhtum =
hÅcyhtum eorlÄ«c, eorlic [ellen] = eorlÄ«c fÄh, wÄldrÄ“ore = wældrÄ“ore fela,
maððum- = mÄððum- oð-ferian, panon = þonan fÄ“ran, wære = wÇ£re fÄ“ond, feonda
= fÄ“onda flÄ“on, fenhÅpu = fenhopu floga, wīð- = wÄ«d- folc-toga, HrÅðgar =
HrÅðgÄr for, wonhydum = wonhyÌ„dum; handgeweorc = hondgeweorc fÅt-gemearc,
long = lang ge-frignan, þeodcyninga = þēodcyninga ge-fyrðran, fratwum =
frætwum ge-fyÌ„san, to sÄ“canne = tÅ sÄ“ceanne gÄn, swa = swÄ; [or] giong =
gÄ«ong; flore = flÅre; sÄ«ttan = sittan ge-gan, WÄ«glaf = WÄ«glÄf gÄr-wiga,
WÄ«glaf = WÄ«glÄf gæst, fÄ“de- = fēðe- gegn-cwide, þinra = þīnra ge-gyrwan,
yðlidan = ȳðlidan gÄ“oc, gást = gÄst geÅmore-lÄ«c, [bið] geÅmorlic =
geÅmorlÄ«c for-gildan, therefor = therefore gold-wlanc, guðrinc = gūðrinc
grētan, walgǣst = wælgǣst grim, searo-grimm = searo-grim habban, gecorene =
gecorone wið-habban, winsele = wīnsele hatan, sǣliðend = sǣlīðend hatian,
guð-sceaða = gūð-sceaða hÄr, heÄre = hÄ“are here-strÇ£l, -stræl = strÇ£l
heard, -stræl = -strǣl; regen- = regn- heorte, starc- = stearc heoro-drēor,
heoro-dreore (citation) = heoro-drÄ“ore hlið, hliðu = hliðo (twice) hÅp, hÅp
= hop (twice) hreow, þÄt = þæt hrÅf, gesÄ“ah = geseah hwÄ«l, seo = sÄ“o
hyÌ„ran, Ç£ghwilc = Ç£ghwylc inne, abÄ“ad = ÄbÄ“ad Ä«ren, drihtlÄ«c = dryhtlÄ«c
lÄð, gewiðru = gewidru; scynnum = scinnum be-lÄ“an, beleÄn = belÄ“an mÄ“tan,
Aescheres = Æscheres mearcian, mÅrhÅpu = mÅrhopu ge-mearian, hwam = hwÄm
morðor-bed, stred = strÄ“d mÅd, stið- = stīð nÇ£nig, horð-mÄðum = hord-mÄððum
on, hēaðe = heoðe; willen = willan rǣd, fǣst- = fæst reccan, hu = hū rīdan,
gealgan = galgan sang, -leasne = lēasne sceapan, Hugas = Hūgas (twice)
scÄnan, scÄ«onon = scionon scÄ«nan, scÄ«non = scinon secg, synnigne = sinnigne
ge-sÄ“can, -cyððe = cȳððe ge-sÄ«gan, ætsæcce = æt sæcce ge-slÄ“an, ge-slÅgan
= ge-slÅgon standan, stræl = strÇ£l stapan, furðor = furður ge-steppan,
Ohtheres = ÅŒhteres stincan, þæ = Ã¾Ä styrian, ge-wiðru = ge-widru sweord,
maððum- = mÄððum ge-swÄ«can, þeodne = þēodne tÄ“on (w. v.), nalæs = nalas;
teodan = tÄ“odan tÅ, hælum = hÇ£lum; sitte = site; Eofore = Jofore ge-trÅ«wan,
-wære = wÇ£re ge-twÇ£fan, Åððe = oððe þǣr, snotera = snottra þē, gimfæstan =
ginfæstan of-þincan, gehwam = gehwÄm ge-þolian, þÄt = þæt þū, sÇ£lran =
selran þūsend, sēofon = seofan un-hēore, -speru = -sporu ūs, ǣg-hwilc =
Ç£g-hwylc wacan, wÅcon = wÅcun werian, beaduscrÅ«d = beaduscrÅ«da be-werian,
scynnum = scinnum wÄ“n, orlÄ“g = orleg; År-wena = or-wÄ“na weorðian, leÅde =
lÄ“ode willa, wyllum = willum wilnian, fæðer = fæder nÄt, hwilc = hwylc
(twice) ge-wītan, wære = wǣre
Changes to Vowel Quantities in the Revised Edition: (_Revisions that were
mentioned in the source text have been siltently incorporated and aren't
listed here. Unless otherwise noted, changes are to all related forms of
the word._) Abel = Ä€bel aglÇ£c (æglÇ£c) = ÄglÇ£c (Ç£glÇ£c) Ättor = attor ÄwÄ =
Äwa begen = bÄ“gen gebræd = gebrÇ£d breme = brÄ“me Brosinga = BrÅsinga cÅfa =
cofa cymlīcor = cȳlīcor drusian = drūsian ēfstan = efstan eode (-iode)
[pret. of gÄn] = Ä“ode (-Ä«ode) [and in compounds] fæger = fÇ£ [in cpd. un-
and l. 774 only] fīftena = fīftȳna feor(-e/-es/-um) = fēor- [except ll.
73, 934, 1844] forþam = forþÄm Fresan/Frysan = FrÄ“san/FryÌ„san frinan
(gefrunon) = frÄ«nan (gefrÅ«non) (of)geÄfon = (of)gÄ“afon gen = gÄ“n genunga =
gÄ“nunga gÄ“o/gÄ«o = geÅ/gio [and in compounts] gigant = gÄ«gant Hǣðcyn =
Hæðcyn hēht = heht her = hēr ofer-higian = ofer-hīgian hliðe/hliðes =
hlīðe/hlīðes [dat. and gen. of hlið] hlifian = hlīfian Hreosna- = Hrēosna
(H)ūnferð = (H)unferð hydig = hȳdig hyda = hȳda læs = lǣs lixan = līxan
lyt(el) = lȳt(el) [and in compounds] Merewioingas = Merewīoingas meagol =
mēagol mearh [oblique cases], mear- = mēar- missere = missēre ne = nē [as
conjunct/disjunct] niwe = nīwe geniwian = genīwian niw-tyrwed = nīw-tyrwed
Åfost = ofost onettan = Ånettan oret/oretta = Året/Åretta Åð = oð [and as
verbal prefix] scÅp = scop [n. only] scyran = scyÌ„ran se = sÄ“ [as
substantive and relative] singal = singÄl sÄ«oloð (sÄ“oloð) = sioloð sleac =
slēac stæl = stǣl swēlan = swelan Sweon = Swēon (ge)trūwan = (ge)truwan tux
= tūx twegen = twēgen tydre = tȳdre (un)tyder = (un)tȳder tyn = tȳn þrag
= þrÄ Ã¾ritig = þrÄ«tig þryð = þrȳð þihtig/þyhtig = þīhtig/þyÌ„htig wag = wÄg
wæfre = wÇ£fre wel = wÄ“l [and in compounds] weÅx = wÄ“ox wÄ«ga = wiga WihstÄn
(WeohstÄn) = WÄ«hstÄn (WÄ“ohstÄn) witig = wÄ«tig ge-witnian = ge-wÄ«tnian wræt
= wrǣt uhte = ūhte [and in compounds]
End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Beowulf
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